Table of Contents

ORDER OF SUBJECTS CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME

SYMEON, ARCHBISHOP OF THESSALONICA.

Account from Leo Allatius in his *Diatribe on the Symeons*, 9. Another account, from Fabricius, *Bibliotheca Graeca*, ed. Harles, 17.

THE WORKS OF SYMEON.

AGAINST ALL HERESIES, and concerning the sole faith in our Lord and God and Savior Jesus Christ, as well as the sacred rites and individual mysteries of the Church; the author of which added nothing of his own, but collected [everything] by searching through the sacred Scriptures and the Fathers and composed it according to his ability, answering those who inquired of him at various times, 53.

Prologue, in which the Bishop and the Clerk converse, 33. Chapter I.—Against atheists, that God exists, 57. Chapter II.—That God exists, first demonstration from the sacred Scriptures, 37. Chapter III.—That God exists, second demonstration, taken from man himself; who has a notion of God, speaks, and inquires, 59. Chapter IV.—That God exists, third demonstration from creation itself: and its production, good ordering, providence, and dispensation, 59. Chapter V.—Against the pagans, worshippers of many gods, 41. Chapter VI.—Against those who impiously teach of fate and fortune, and concerning astrology, 43. Chapter VII.—That the most holy Trinity is the only God, 49. Chapter VIII.—Against the Jews and Sabellius, and others who teach impious things, 49. Chapter IX.—Evangelical sayings opposed to Sabellius. Other [sayings] (from the Old Testament) against Jews and other impious nations, 51. Chapter X.—Concerning the only-begotten Son of God and the Holy Spirit, 57. Chapter XI.—Against Simon Magus, Manes, and the like, and also against the impious Bogomils or Cudugeri, 65. Chapter XII.—Against Arius, Sabellius, Eunomius, Macedonius, and the impious Apollinarius, 73. Chapter XIII.—Against Nestorius, adversary of Christ and "man-worshipper," 75. Chapter XIV.—Against impious pagans, 77. Chapter XV.—Against the impious Eutyches, Dioscorus, and the foolish Armenians, Jacobites, and the rest of the Acephali; also against Sergius and Pyrrhus and Honorius and the other Monothelites, 81. Chapter XVI.—Against the impious Origen, Didymus, and Evagrius and the heretics who act with them; and concerning the resurrection of the dead, 85. Chapter XVII.—That an affectation of pride and arrogant estimation of oneself is the cause of those falling into heresy, 89. Chapter XVIII.—Against the impious Bogomils, who oppose the veneration of images, 89. Chapter XIX.—Against the Latins, 97. Chapter XX.—What things have been innovated by the Latins, 101. Chapter XXI.—Against those who consume foods disapproved by ecclesiastical tradition, 105. Chapter XXII.—That one ought to be cautious even in small things, 109. Chapter XXIII.—That it is necessary to represent divine things in images piously and according to the handed-down custom, 111. Chapter XXIV.—Of the first council, 125. Chapter XXV.—Of the second council, 125. Chapter XXVI.—Of the third council, 135. Chapter XXVII.—Of the fourth council, 135. Chapter XXVIII.—Of the fifth council, 157. Chapter XXIX.—Of the sixth and seventh councils, 157. Chapter XXX.—Against Barlaam and Acindynus and those like them, who impiously reject the divine grace of the all-holy Trinity, 137. Chapter XXXI.—Of St. Gregory of Thessalonica the Wonderworker, 145. Chapter XXXII.—Against the Latins, that the Spirit proceeds from the Father alone, 157.

EPILOGUE. Concerning heretics in general, 157.

OF THE SACRAMENTS, 175. Chapter XXXIII.—That there are seven sacraments of the Church, 177. Chapter XXXIV.—Of baptism, 177. Chapter XXXV.—Of chrism, 177. Chapter XXXVI.—Of the divine Communion, 177. Chapter XXXVII.—Of the laying on of hands, 177. Chapter XXXVIII.—Of matrimony, 179. Chapter XXXIX.—Of penance, 179. Chapter XL.—Of the holy oil, 179. Chapter XLI.—Of the resurrection or raising of bodies, 179. Chapter XLII.—Why the Word of God united Himself not to the nature of angels, but of men, 183. Chapter XLIII.—That Christ Himself accepted the sacraments into Himself, 185. Chapter XLIV.—That the Savior Himself celebrated the Eucharist by performing it, 189. Chapter XLV.—That Christ was ordained priest and high priest in a bodily manner, 189. Chapter XLVI.—That Christ blessed honorable marriage, and represented it in Himself with the holy Church, 191. Chapter XLVII.—That Christ preferred virginity to marriage, 191. Chapter XLVIII.—That virginity is a marriage with Christ, 191. Chapter XLIX.—That Christ Himself taught penance, 195. Chapter L.—That Christ performed the works of penance on our behalf, 195. Chapter LI.—That because of penance the grace of loosing and binding was granted to the bishops, and that by Christ, 195. Chapter LII.—That the form and habit of the monastic life is assumed from penance, and why that same habit is called angelic and the habit of penance, and what its power and significance is, 197. Chapter LIII.—That the Savior Himself even taught the use of a sacred form of this kind, 197. Chapter LIV.—What is the meaning of the saying in Matt. viii, 22: "Leave the dead to bury their own dead," 202. Chapter LV.—Of the saying in Luke ix, 62: "No one putting his hand to the plow," 203. Chapter LVI.—That the mystery of the holy oil, or oil consecrated by prayer, was handed down by the Savior, 203. Chapter LVII.—Why there is a use of oil in the holy and great ointment or chrism, and no less is oil used in the *euchelaion* of the penitent and the infirm, 205. Chapter LVIII.—Why does the priest perform prayers over a newly born infant? 207. Chapter LIX.—Exposition of the individual things that are done before baptism, in baptism, and after baptism, 207. Chapter LX.—That the Lord also received a name on the eighth day and was called Jesus, 209. Chapter LXI.—Consideration of those things which are performed in divine baptism, 211. Chapter LXII.—That the sponsor of the one being baptized ought to be one who thinks rightly of the faith and is pious, 215. Chapter LXIII.—What is the power and meaning of the word Alleluia, 225. Chapter LXIV.—That the meaning of the formula "The servant of God is baptized" is different from the formula "I baptize the servant of God," 227. Chapter LXV.—What does chrism or ointment confer upon the baptized? 229. Chapter LXVI.—That the baptized and anointed with chrism has in himself, by virtue and power, gifts of divine grace to be manifested in time, priesthood excepted, 229. Chapter LXVII.—Why those who are to be baptized have their hair shorn, and are clothed with the cowl and the humeral cloth, 251. Chapter LXVIII.—That the end and goal of baptism and chrism is the communion of the mysteries, 255. Chapter LXIX.—Against the Latins, that one ought not to prevent infants from communion, 255. Chapter LXX.—That it is the duty of the priest to rightly care for the water of baptism and the other sacred things, 257.

OF THE SACRED RITE OF THE HOLY OINTMENT, 257. Chapter LXXI.—Of the preparation and brewing of the holy ointment, 239.

^A

Cap. LXXII. — Regarding the sacred rite of the holy chrism. 259 Cap. LXXIII. — Consideration of the prayer over the chrism. 243 Cap. LXXIV. — That while all the faithful receive the chrism, only bishops and priests perform the imposition of hands. 247 Cap. LXXV. — That the sacraments are given to one another and are mutually perfected. 249 Cap. LXXVI. — That the bishop possesses in himself seven powers of the rites to be performed. 249 Cap. LXXVII. — That the holy chrism and the imposition of hands are performed by the bishop alone, and that through him, in all sacred rites, episcopal grace is bestowed. 251 Cap. LXXVIII. — That Christ is the fountain of the priesthood, and from Him, through His successors, grace is derived. 251

CONCERNING THE SACRED LITURGY

Cap. LXXIX. — What the descent of the prelate from the episcopal throne signifies, and what is understood by the sacred vestments and their donning? 255 Cap. LXXX. — Concerning the episcopal pallium, the pectoral case, and the pastoral staff. 258 Cap. LXXXI. — That there are seven vestments of the bishop, and what these are and what is signified by each. 257 Cap. LXXXII. — That the humeral should be made of wool, and not of any other material. And who are those who clothe the bishop, and what is the meaning of his procession towards the west. 259 Cap. LXXXIII. — What is signified by the fact that those bishops, priests, and clerics who are subordinate to the archbishop receive a blessing from him when they wish to don their sacred stoles, and incline their head and body before him. 261 Cap. LXXXIV. — Concerning those things which are performed during the offertory or mass. 263 Cap. LXXXV. — What is denoted in the prothesis or vestry, by the round table situated at the right side of the bema, and the rest. 263 Cap. LXXXVI. — Why leavened bread is offered. 263 Cap. LXXXVII. — Why is the bread offered for the holy Mass square and partitioned in four? 265 Cap. LXXXVIII. — That the Latins do not act correctly in this, by offering unleavened and round hosts, since Christ assumed flesh consisting of four elements. 265 Cap. LXXXIX. — Against the Latins who offer unleavened things. 267 Cap. XC. — What is the meaning of the words of Matthew XIII, 55 [13, 33]: "The kingdom of heaven is like leaven." 269 Cap. XCI. — Why were loaves unleavened under the Law, but leavened under the grace of the Gospel? 269 Cap. XCII. — Concerning those things which are performed in the Mass. 273 Cap. XCIII. — Against the Armenians (who offer water with wine, refusing it). 275 Cap. XCIV. — Concerning the particles of the prosanctified and all the holy things in the prothesis. 279 Cap. XCV. — Why incense is offered after the Mass. 283 Cap. XCVI. — What is noted by the asterisk and the sacred covers and the veils? 285 Cap. XCVII. — What does the bishop and those who are with him signify? 289 Cap. XCVIII. — What is hinted by the sacred bema or sanctuary and the sacred table? 291 Cap. XCIX. — That just as in heaven and on earth, so do priests and laymen stand in their order and communicate in the mysteries within and outside the sanctuary. 295 Cap. C. — Concerning the antidoron and that this is blessed bread (distributed to those not communicating in place of the Eucharist). 301

CONCERNING THE SACRED TEMPLE AND ITS CONSECRATION

Cap. CI. — Concerning the building of a holy temple and the prayers when its foundation is laid. 305 Cap. CII. — Concerning the holy altar and the inauguration of the temple. 309 Cap. CIII. — Why the prelate dons the sindon and girds himself. 309 Cap. CIV. — Why the laity are ordered to withdraw during the inauguration of the temple. 309 Cap. CV. — Why the relics are moved. 311 Cap. CVI. — Why censer-bearers and aromatics are used. 311 Cap. CVII. — Why the sacred table is washed with water. 313 Cap. CVIII. — Concerning the sacred antimensia or cloths, the vicars of the sacred tables. 313 Cap. CIX. — Concerning the four veils of the sacred table. 313 Cap. CX. — Why it is washed with wine and rose water. 315 Cap. CXI. — Why it is imbued with chrism and the Alleluia is sung. 315 Cap. CXII. — What the veils and the contiguous covering of the sacred table, and the other things seen on it, signify. 315 Cap. CXIII. — What the candelabra and the incense in the whole sacred building signify. 317 Cap. CXIV. — Why he (the bishop or priest) smears the whole building with chrism. 317 Cap. CXV. — That after the inauguration the bishop puts off the sindon and replaces the relics of the saints. 319 Cap. CXVI. — Why the relics of the martyrs are placed under the altar. 319 Cap. CXVII. — Why the relics are carried from the old temple into the new. 321 Cap. CXVIII. — Why the doors of the sacred building are closed and that is chanted (Ps. XXIII, 7): "Lift up the gates." 321 Cap. CXIX. — Why the bishop bows his knee. 323 Cap. CXX. — What is the reason and meaning of the prayer of the encaenia before the doors of the temple. 323 Cap. CXXI. — That it is necessary for the encaenia to be celebrated every year in any divine temple. 323 Cap. CXXII. — That it becomes any priest to perform the festival annually at the time of his ordination, and to hold divine service on that day. 325 Cap. CXXIII. — That the encaenia are even now celebrated annually in the Church of Thessalonica. 327 Cap. CXXIV. — Concerning the order of the encaenia. 327 Cap. CXXV. — That the custom of celebrating the encaenia annually has prevailed in Constantinople from the earliest times. 329 Cap. CXXVI. — Why the relics are sprinkled with chrism and placed under the altar. 331 Cap. CXXVII. — Concerning the sacred rite of the holy cloths or antimensia of the sacred table, and why they are generally made of linen. 331 Cap. CXXVIII. — What is the significance of the temple and the things in it. 333 Cap. CXXIX. — That things of the New Testament were foreshadowed by the things of the Old Testament. 337 Cap. CXXX. — That the fruit of other sacred things is lost to those who hold the sacred buildings in contempt. 337 Cap. CXXXI. — That one in the Trinity is foreshadowed by the temple. 337 Cap. CXXXII. — What is [signified] by the table and what is on it; and that Christ is all things. 339 Cap. CXXXIII. — What is [signified] by the veil and its four columns. 341 Cap. CXXXIV. — What is [signified] by the wax that is offered. 345 Cap. CXXXV. — What is [signified] by the upper throne, and so on. 345 Cap. CXXXVI. — What is [signified] by the intercolumniations and the joining of the epistyle added above for the sake of ornament, and by the curtain. 345 Cap. CXXXVII. — Why a small chamber called the prothesis is in the apse of the bema, and what this signifies. 347 Cap. CXXXVIII. — That the prothesis and the things in it are an image of Bethlehem and of those things which occurred regarding the birth of Christ and the adoration of the Magi. 347 Cap. CXXXIX. — What is hinted by the sacred bema or sanctuary and the sacred table. 347 Cap. CXL. — What do many lamps, twelve lamps, three lamps, and other things which are lit in the church signify? 347 Cap. CXLI. — For what reason are there in the temple sacred curtains, precious ornaments, and manifold fragrant incense. 349 Cap. CXLII. — Concerning the standing of the people in the temple. 351 Cap. CXLIII. — When the emperor communicates inside the sacred bema, and how. 351 Cap. CXLIV. — How the emperor is proclaimed. 351 Cap. CXLV. — How the emperor is crowned in the Church and inaugurated with prayers. 353 Cap. CXLVI. — Why the emperor is anointed with sacred chrism. 353 Cap. CXLVII. — Why the new emperor is led to be anointed by the imperial parents or by the supreme commanders. 353 Cap. CXLVIII. — That in times past prayers were performed in the Church even for the nobles and men established in dignity. 355 Cap. CXLIX. — What it signifies that the emperor puts on the sacred pallium over his imperial garments, and what the scepter from light wood hints at. 355 Cap. CL. — Why, in "Sancta," the new emperor enters. 355 Cap. CLI. — That having entered the bema or the "Sancta," the emperor communicates. 357 Cap. CLII. — Concerning the station of the faithful, of the catechumens, and of those who have committed grave sins. 357

or novus ingreditur. 355 Cap. CLI. — Quod in bema sive in sancta ingressus imperator communicat. 355 Cap. CLII. — De statione fidelium et catechumenorum et peccatis gravatorum. 357

CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME

Cap. CLIII. — That not all are now commanded to leave the church with the catechumens. 357 Cap. CLIV. — Why the vestibules of the church are called nartheces or ferulae, and the places of the catechumens. 357 Cap. CLV. — Why we stand outside the temple during the opening prayers, and what is signified by our entering through the opened doors, while the catechumens and penitents remain outside. 359

CONCERNING SACRED ORDINATIONS

Cap. CLVI. — That two ordinations are performed outside the bema or sanctuary, namely of the lector and subdeacon; but three inside the bema, of the deacon, presbyter, and bishop. 361 Cap. CLVII. — That all ecclesiastical matters are performed by the bishop alone. 363 Cap. CLVIII. — How the lector is ordained by the bishop. 363 Cap. CLIX. — Why the sign of the cross is used for the lector, and that tonsure should be performed everywhere. 365 Cap. CLX. — What things should be performed by the lector. 365 Cap. CLXI. — Concerning the subdeacon. 367 Cap. CLXII. — The ordination of the subdeacon. 367 Cap. CLXIII. — Why the subdeacon is clothed in a white tunic or sticharion and is girded. 367 Cap. CLXIV. — What things are to be done by subdeacons. 369

CONCERNING DEACONS

Cap. CLXV. — Concerning deacons. 369 Cap. CLXVI. — That deacons, according to the custom of the seven, are appointed as judges and curators of the greatest administrations. 369 Cap. CLXVII. — Why the subdeacon or deacon being ordained is adorned with the testimony of seven presbyters, and not by deacons. 371 Cap. CLXVIII. — That one must be ordained at a mature age. 371 Cap. CLXIX. — The ordination of a deacon. 371 Cap. CLXX. — That when the one to be ordained is being ordained, the ordainer must pour forth prayers for all, and that they are most effective at that time. 379 Cap. CLXXI. — That the bishop consecrates the one to be ordained with a triple sign of the cross. 379 Cap. CLXXII. — What is signified by the fact that the one ordained is raised up and clothed in sacred vestments. 381 Cap. CLXXIII. — What is indicated by the orarion or stole, and why the deacon imposes it on his left shoulder. 381 Cap. CLXXIV. — Why it is called an orarion, and that deacons, by being adorned with it, imitate the six-winged Seraphim. 381 Cap. CLXXV. — What is signified by the fact that the deacon kisses the sacred table, and the hand and cheek of the bishop, and the deacons. 383 Cap. CLXXVI. — Why the deacon, and also the presbyter, performs the sacred office for seven continuous days. 383 Cap. CLXXVII. — Concerning the presbyter. 385 Cap. CLXXIX. — The ordination of a presbyter. 385 Cap. CLXXVIII. — Why a presbyter is ordained at the age of thirty. 385 Cap. CLXXX. — Why a presbyter wears the orarion or stole as if it were hanging from his neck down his chest. 387 Cap. CLXXXI. — What the phelonion signifies. 387 Cap. CLXXXII. — By what reason the divine bread is given to the ordained presbyter like a tremendous pledge. 389 Cap. CLXXXIII. — That it is full of danger to neglect the office of the sacred mass. 391 Cap. CLXXXIV. — Why the newly ordained deacon and presbyter—the former reciting the final prayers, the latter those which are done behind the ambo in the church. 393 Cap. CLXXXV. — Concerning the vestments that are proper for seculars when deacons or presbyters are ordained. 393 Cap. CLXXXVI. — Concerning sacred vestments, the wider tunic, the subcula, and others. 395 Cap. CLXXXVII. — Concerning the bishop. 395 Cap. CLXXXVIII. — That no bishop is consecrated unless selected by suffrage. 397 Cap. CLXXXIX. — Concerning sacred suffrages, and that all the bishops of the province ought to participate in them, at the very least three. 397 Cap. CXC. — By what reason the chartophylax sits in the middle among the suffragan bishops. 399 Cap. CXCI. — That prayers are said when suffrages are to be rendered. 399 Cap. CXCII. — That those voting must cast their vote in the order of time in which they were elected, not by rank or dignity. 403 Cap. CXCIII. — Concerning the election of a bishop to be an archbishop who is present at some synod. 403 Cap. CXCIV. — That the archbishop’s opinion is held as a divine lot. 403 Cap. CXCV. — That if those elected are unwilling, another election is undertaken. 405 Cap. CXCVI. — How the renunciation is performed. 405 Cap. CXCVII. — That in that renunciation the use of prayers and incense and lights is required. 405 Cap. CXCVIII. — Concerning the ordination of a bishop. 407 Cap. CXCIX. — Concerning his confession and first seal. 407 Cap. CC. — What the three rivers, the city, and the eagle described on the floor signify. 407 Cap. CCI. — Concerning the first seal. 409 Cap. CCII. — That the solemn renunciation is like the consent of documents and the betrothal of instruments; the tradition of the dowry, the sacred and tithe-worthy gifts, and the pledges of grace are the confession, the sign of the cross, and the kiss. 409 Cap. CCIII. — Why he dons the episcopal mappula, and why the newly elected one does not exit upon his first entry. 411 Cap. CCIV. — Why the newly elected one is led by the presbyters up to the sacred doors. 415 Cap. CCV. — The ordination of a bishop. 415 Cap. CCVI. — Why the Gospel is placed on the head of the one being ordained a bishop. 415 Cap. CCVII. — Why those addressing the bishop invoke him as "Holy Master" and attribute great holiness to him. 417 Cap. CCVIII. — What is denoted by the humeral (omophorion). 421 Cap. CCIX. — What is signified by the fact that when the Gospel is read and in the celebration of the divine mass the bishop takes off the humeral. 421 Cap. CCX. — What the word "Axios" signifies, which they pronounce over the one being ordained: and what the kiss of the sacred table is, and whose right hand and cheek, and whose mouths the primary bishops kiss. 425 Cap. CCXI. — What the rite of the kiss is in the ordination of a patriarch. 423 Cap. CCXII. — Concerning the order of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops. 425 Cap. CCXIII. — Against the Latins, that there is only one cause in the Most Holy Trinity, the Father, so that multiple principles are not introduced. 425 Cap. CCXIV. — How he prays for peace for the people before the apostolic lesson, and why, about to pray for peace, he first receives a blessing from the archbishop. 427 Cap. CCXV. — That in the sacred communion the newly ordained bishop receives first, and how it is celebrated. 427 Cap. CCXVI. — That the rite of inaugurating the bishop after ordination onto his cathedra as if it were his throne, judges him enthroned in his Church, which now has ceased due to the injuries of the gentiles. 427 Cap. CCXVII. — Why the newly ordained one rides around the city and imparts a blessing to all. 429 Cap. CCXVIII. — Why the newly ordained bishop goes to the emperor and prays for him, and how this was done long ago. 429 Cap. CCXIX. — That episcopal dignity is not honored by kings as it was before, whence the wrath of God is provoked. 431 Cap. CCXX. — That it is against the canonical constitutions for bishops to be moved by the king to other places, and for them to kiss the king's right hand. 431 Cap. CCXXI. — That secular princes ought not to concern themselves with sacred matters, nor seek profit from things consecrated to God. 433 Cap. CCXXII. — That the elected bishop bestows a triple kiss, and how each kiss is performed. 435 Cap. CCXXIII. — Why at the third and final kiss incense with rose water is offered, and concerning the action or writing by which each of the ordination rites is explained. 437 Cap. CCXXIV. — Concerning the constitution and ordination of a patriarch. 437 Cap. CCXXV. — That the elected patriarch receives the dignity when the emperor himself is present. 439 Cap. CCXXVI. — How the decree concerning his election is made. 439 Cap. CCXXVII. — Against those who say that the emperor makes the patriarch. 439 Cap. CCXXVIII. — That he who was not a priest before is first ordained a priest before he receives the decree of his election. And concerning the patriarch's promotion or declaration by the emperor. 441 Cap. CCXXIX. — Why the emperor sends the pallium and the encolpion, or reliquary of the sacred relics, to the elected patriarch, but he himself hands the staff to him with his own hand. 441 Cap. CCXXX. — Concerning the enthronement of the patriarch and the decree which is given by the prelate, and how much is rendered to him. 445 Cap. CCXXXI. — Concerning the divine and great prelates themselves.

^A Cap. CCXXXII. — Concerning the enthronement of the patriarch. 445 Cap. CCXXXIII. — How the ordination of a patriarch takes place who was not previously a bishop. 449 Cap. CCXXXIV. — That the patriarch is also subject to the canons, and if he is to be ordained a bishop, he must issue his confession in the Church. 449 Cap. CCXXXV. — That when a patriarch is to be ordained, bishops do not enter the temple through the middle gate, but from the right side. 451 Cap. CCXXXVI. — That the patriarch is ordained by the Archbishop of Heraclea, if he is present; if not, by the first of any of the other archbishops. 451 Cap. CCXXXVII. — How the kiss occurs in the ordination of a patriarch. 455 Cap. CCXXXVIII. — That the Savior himself performed for all parts of the priesthood, of every degree, the work of salvation. 455 Cap. CCXXXIX. — That Christ, both priest, teacher, and prince of priests, was ordained by the Father according to his human nature. 455 Cap. CCXL. — That after the Transfiguration, Christ sent the Twelve and Seventy disciples, as if ordained, before his face to preach. 457 Cap. CCXLI. — Concerning the various ordinations outside the sanctuary or bema, of prefects and ecclesiastical officials, and first concerning the great oikonomos. 461 Cap. CCXLII. — Concerning the great sacellarios and the great skeuophylax, or guardian of the sacred vessels. 463 Cap. CCXLIII. — Concerning the great chartophylax and the prefect of the sacristy. 465 Cap. CCXLIV. — Concerning the protekdikos or first defender of the Church. 465 Cap. CCXLV. — Concerning the rest of the clergy in general. 463 Cap. CCXLVI. — For what reason it is said within the bema at the ordination of a bishop, priest, or deacon, "divine grace," but outside the bema for other offices, "the grace of the Holy Spirit." 463 Cap. CCXLVII. — That primates and judges receive the ordained Gospel from the hands of the bishop. 466 Cap. CCXLVIII. — That sacred persons ought to perform ecclesiastical duties, and not laymen, as in some places and in Trebizond. 463 Cap. CCXLIX. — That monks who are not ordained should not be established as confessors. 467 Cap. CL. — Why a mandate is given (in order to demonstrate episcopal authority). 467 ^B Concerning Penance. 469 Cap. CCLI. — That penance consists in one humbly submitting himself continually, regarding himself as a sinner, and hastening to confession. And that no one among men is pure from sins. 469 Cap. CCLII. — That penance is necessary for all, both priests and laymen. 471 Cap. CCLIII. — That this work of preaching penance was the Savior's and the apostles' own, and that this ought to be done before all things by bishops and priests. 473 Cap. CCLIV. — That this is the true preaching which stirs Christians to penance. 473 Cap. CCLV. — That attention must be paid to those who profess to repent, and genuine penitents are to be received when they approach; those who do so out of simulation are to be examined. 479 Cap. CCLVI. — Concerning confession, how this ought to be done. 479 Cap. CCLVII. — How one who hears confession ought to sit and be prepared, and how he who confesses. 481 Cap. CCLVIII. — That there are three things in us by which we either act rightly or sin, which are also called the tripartite faculties of the soul: the rational, the irascible, and the concupiscible. 482 Cap. CCLIX. — That there are three other things in us by which we do good or evil: the mind, the speech, and the actions which we perform with the body. 481 Cap. CCLX. — Regarding what is done rightly through the mind by the rational, irascible, and concupiscible faculties, and what happens to the contrary to those who are not attentive. 481 Cap. CCLXI. — What a man does rightly by reason with the tripartite faculty of the soul if he is attentive, and what he sins if he neglects to be attentive. 485 Cap. CCLXII. — What actions are good through the tripartite faculty of the soul when a man is attentive, and what are wicked when not attentive. 485 Cap. CCLXIII. — That confession is necessary for every man, since we all commit faults. 485 Cap. CCLXIV. — That even one who lives piously ought to live in obedience and be directed by the Father, and not trust in himself. 487 Cap. CCLXV. — Why the penitential and monachal habit is called by an angelic name? 489 Cap. CCLXVI. — Why most of those who now arrive at the episcopate are monks first? 489 Cap. CCLXVII. — Concerning monachal perfection. 489 Cap. CCLXVIII. — What it signifies that one is without shoes, naked, and with head uncovered. 491 Cap. CCLXIX. — What it means that one is brought in so naked, is received in garments, prostrates, and the rest. 491 Cap. CCLXX. — Why promises consist in questioning and response, and that it is shown that it is done spontaneously and by choice. 491 Cap. CCLXXI. — What the tonsure of the hair indicates. 493 Cap. CCLXXII. — What is the meaning of the prayers which precede the tonsure. 493 Cap. CCLXXIII. — What the holy habit of the monks, in which he is clothed, denotes. 497 Cap. CCLXXIV. — That a monk by his habit imitates the condition of Christ's death. 499 Cap. CCLXXV. — That after the kiss and all the ceremonies, the supreme good is the communion of the holy supper. 503 ^C Concerning Honest and Legitimate Marriage. 505 Cap. CCLXXVI. — Why crowns are used in nuptials. 503 Cap. CCLXXVII. — That an orthodox person should not be joined in marriage with one who feels otherwise. 507 Cap. CCLXXVIII. — Concerning the pledges of future nuptials. 507 Cap. CCLXXIX. — Concerning the sacred rite of the nuptial blessing. 509 Cap. CCLXXX. — Concerning the sponsor in nuptials. 509 Cap. CCLXXXI. — That the blessing of spouses is the work of the bishop. 509 Cap. CCLXXXII. — That those to be joined in marriage ought to be pure and to be blessed in a holy temple and to be partakers of the holy Supper. 511 Concerning the Sacred Rite of Holy Oil or Euchelaion. 515 Cap. CCLXXXIII. — Why there are seven presbyters in the rite of euchelaion, and why also often three on account of the scarcity of priests. 515 Cap. CCLXXXIV. — That the efficacy of the sacred oil is greatest. 517 Cap. CCLXXXV. — Against the novelty of the Latins concerning euchelaion. 517 Cap. CCLXXXVI. — That euchelaion is one thing, and the oil with which the dead are anointed is another. 519 Cap. CCLXXXVII. — That for deceased monks oil is sprinkled, for the laity dust from the censer. 519 Cap. CCLXXXVIII. — Concerning the sacred rite of euchelaion. 523 Cap. CCLXXXIX. — Why double prayers are used in all the sacraments. 525 Cap. CCXC. — That the sacraments consist of two things, material and spiritual, since we also consist of a double substance. 525 Cap. CCXCI. — What and how great the sacred oil accomplishes. 529 Cap. CCXCII. — That what remains from the anointing of the sacred oil ought to be reserved. 531 Cap. CCXCIII. — That the faults of priests ought to be corrected and punished by bishops. 533 ^D Concerning Sacred Prayer. 535 Cap. CCXCIV. — Concerning the salvific appellation and invocation of our Lord Jesus Christ, which is truly a holy and divine prayer. 541 Cap. CCXCV. — Concerning our holy Fathers, Callistus the patriarch and Ignatius. 543 Cap. CCXCVI. — With what words the sacred prayer is contained. 545 Cap. CCXCVII. — That all Christians, priests, monks and laymen, ought to pray in the name of Christ at stated times, as much as they can. 547 Cap. CCXCVIII. — That within the space of a day and a night seven laudations are celebrated, besides the holy Mass. 549 Cap. CCXCIX. — For what reason there are seven laudations. 549 Cap. CCC. — Why in the evening we begin the hymns to the saints and holy feasts. 555 Cap. CI. — That the liturgy of the holy supper alone, and delivered by the Savior, is the proper work of priests, and is not to be reckoned or counted with other prayers. 553 CAPP. CCCI, CCCII. — That the order of the canons is to be kept in the Church, and concerning the Jerusalem Typikon. 555 Cap. CCCIV. — Concerning the office which is performed in the middle of the night, and what the striking of wood denotes. 557 Cap. CCCV. — What it signifies that, in the absence of a priest...

^A, the beginning of prayers is made from the formulas of our Holy Fathers. 557 Cap. CCCVI. — On the fiftieth Psalm. 557 Cap. CCCVII. — On the CXVIII Psalm, which begins: *Beati immaculati* (Maxáριοι οἱ ἄμωμοι). 559 Cap. CCCVIII. — For what reason the Creed of the faithful is recited in the morning and evening. 559 Cap. CCCIX. — On the order of the morning office, and first, what it signifies that the veils of the temple doors are opened, and the entry through them, and the incense. 562 Cap. CCCX. — On the nine Biblical odes which are sung according to the prescription of the Canons. 569 Cap. CCCXI. — On the Psalms and canticles which are sung by those sitting. 569 Cap. CCCXII. — On the brief and more diffuse hymn (for a holy day or some feast). 571 Cap. CCCXIII. — On the hymn in which the word *exapostilarion* (ἐξαπόστειλον) is repeated, and on the praises and the great doxology. 571 Cap. CCCXIV. — On the Trisagion hymn. 573 Cap. CCCXV. — What is the sentence of the Trisagion, *Holy, holy, holy*, etc. 573 Cap. CCCXVI. — What is the sentence of the Trisagion hymn: *Holy God, holy mighty, holy immortal, have mercy on us*. 575 Cap. CCCXVII. — Against Peter the Fuller. 575 Cap. CCCXVIII. — On the Trisagion hymn and the prayer *Our Father*, a repeated exposition. 577 Cap. CCCXIX. — On the doxology *Glory to the Father and to the Son and to the Holy Spirit*, and by whom it was composed. 577 Cap. CCCXX. — A succinct interpretation of the most holy prayer, *Our Father*. 579 Cap. CCCXXI. — Why we ask for mercy in all petitions and before any prayers whatsoever. 583 Cap. CCCXXII. — What the acclamations in the prayers designate: *Wisdom*, and *Let us attend*, and *Standing in wisdom*. 585 Cap. CCCXXIII. — On the prayer at the end or dismissal of the ecclesiastical office. 587 Cap. CCCXXIV. — On the first hour. 589 Cap. CCCXXV. — Why at every hour, and in the other orders of the ecclesiastical office, we pray, *Lord have mercy*, for forty days. 589 Cap. CCCXXVI. — On the other hours, the third, sixth, and ninth, and at the same time the first. 591 Cap. CCCXXVII. — On the Psalms of the third, sixth, and ninth hours. 591 Cap. CCCXXVIII. — That all the orders of sacred rites are well constituted to be performed at three times for the honor of the Holy Trinity, and so that we may not be idle or negligent. 593 Cap. CCCXXIX. — On the order of the typica. 593 Cap. CCCXXX. — On the Beatitudes of the Savior, and a succinct exposition of them. 595 Cap. CCCXXXI. — On the evening office, and that the three principal offices take their beginning from the altar and end there: the morning, the liturgy of the sacred body and blood of Christ, and the evening. 595 Cap. CCCXXXII. — That the three primary Psalms are referred particularly to Christ the Lord. 597 Cap. CCCXXXIII. — What the evening entries signify, and why the priest bows, and again rises, and ascends to the altar and enters. 603 Cap. CCCXXXIV. — Why on the evening of the Sabbath the entry is more splendid, and on other Sundays and feasts of the saints. 607 Cap. CCCXXXV. — What the entry signifies in the morning office. 607 Cap. CCCXXXVI. — That in monasteries also on Sunday morning an entry is made for the signification of the resurrection. 607 Cap. CCCXXXVII. — On the preliminary rites which are proposed daily, and what these signify. 609 Cap. CCCXXXVIII. — On continual supplication, and on prayers, that they are altogether necessary. 611 Cap. CCCXXXIX. — On the procession into the Narthex, and the other prayers and litanies outside the temple. 613 Cap. CCCXL. — On the final prayers in the procession. 615 Cap. CCCXLI. — Why lamps are always carried in front. 615 Cap. CCCXLII. — On the breaking of the bread. 617 Cap. CCCXLIII. — On the order of the compline office which is sung after supper. 619 Cap. CCCXLIV. — That it is necessary to observe what has been commonly designated. 621 Cap. CCCXLV. — The beginning of the institutions, and of the precepts and cautions of the order. 623 Cap. CCCXLVI. — On the vespertine chant. 623 Cap. CCCXLVII. — What the incense, which is wont to be done silently before the evening and morning office, signifies. 625 Cap. CCCXLVIII. — On the three small antiphons in the evening chant. 631 Cap. CCCXLIX. — On the morning chant. 635 Cap. CCCL. — On the prayers which are recited in the narthex of the church, and on the incense which is made there, and on the entry into the temple, and what is signified by these things. 641 Cap. CCCLI. — On the fiftieth Psalm. 645 Cap. CCCLII. — On the Canticle between the third and sixth hour in fasts, and on the mass of the Presanctified. 649 Cap. CCCLIII. — Why litanies are performed outside the church, and why we carry crosses and sacred images around in them. 655 Cap. CCCLIV. — Why in the evening office, and while the head is read from Proverbs, lights are kindled, and concerning the phrase: *Christ appears to all*. 657 Cap. CCCLV. — That while the Presanctified [gifts] are brought in, it is fitting for us to prostrate ourselves even more. 657 Cap. CCCLVI. — On the vigil in the first week of holy Lent. 659 Cap. CCCLVII. — On the holy bread of the most holy Virgin which is lifted high. 661 Cap. CCCLVIII. — On good order in the meal of the brethren and prayers. 663 Cap. CCCLIX. — On the rite of lifting the bread of the most holy Virgin high. 665 ON OUR END AND DEPARTURE FROM LIFE AND ON THE SACRED ORDER OF BURIAL, and what is wont to be done for the memory of the deceased. 669 Cap. CCCLX. — On this, that it is necessary to communicate frequently in the tremendous mysteries, which thing is above all salutary. 671 Cap. CCCLXI. — On the burial of bishops, priests, and also monks and laymen. 675 Cap. CCCLXII. — Why the sacred image of Christ is placed over the body of the deceased. 673 Cap. CCCLXIII. — Why the Trisagion hymn is sung when the deceased are brought into the temple. 675 Cap. CCCLXIV. — On cemeteries, and how the bodies of the dead are buried in them. 677 Cap. CCCLXV. — On those who do all things inordinately and confusedly; and that this is vehemently grave and tiresome. 679 Cap. CCCLXVI. — On those who enter the [church] of the faithful with neglected order, when they are neither priests nor monks, and arrogantly stand or sit before the priests and monks. 679 Cap. CCCLXVII. — What the hymn of salutation, which is sung over the deceased, denotes. 685 Cap. CCCLXVIII. — What it signifies that *Eternal memory* is sung afterward. 685 Cap. CCCLXIX. — Why twelve supplications are made for the deceased. 687 Cap. CCCLXX. — That the most holy sacrifice of the supper is useful to the deceased above all. 687 Cap. CCCLXXI. — On the oblation of *colyba* from fruits and produce, which is wont to be made for the deceased. 687 Cap. CCCLXXII. — Why the memorial of the deceased is celebrated on the third, ninth, and fortieth day. 691 Cap. CCCLXXIII. — Why we celebrate the annual memorial of those who have departed this life. 691 EXPOSITION ON THE DIVINE TEMPLE and on its priests and deacons and bishops and on the sacred stoles with which each of these is clothed, and also on the divine Mass, where a reason is rendered for each and everything that is performed in the divine rite. 699 1. What the effect of holy baptism is. 699 2. Who the sacred unction is. 699 3. What the reason for the sacred temple is. 701 4. Why the temple is twofold. 703 5. What the sacred table signifies. 703 6. What the veil is. 703 7. What the chancel is. 703 8. What the names of the four evangelists sewn on the altar cloths are. 705 9. What the primary sacred table is [and] what the cloth or pall cast over it is. 703 10. What the sacred table and the stone are. 705 11. What degrees the ascent to the *bema* denotes. 705 12. What designates the bishops ascending to the altar. 705 13. What the Gospel and cross placed on the altar are. 705 14. Why relics are [placed] under the sacred altar. 705

15. Why the sacred table is anointed with ointment. 705 16. Why it has a covering with which it is clothed. 705 17. Why it stands in an elevated place. 705 18. Whom those designated who are in the bema or sanctuary are. 705 19. What incense is. 705 20. What lights are. 705 21. What the part outside the bema is. 707 22. What the veils at the doors of the narthex are. 707 23. What the meaning of both is. 707 24. What the ornamentation and beauty of the temple are. 707 25. What those things offered signify (oil, wax, and incense). 707 26. What is signified by the priests. 707 27. Who is [signified] by the other clergy. 707 28. Who [is signified] by the faithful people. 709 29. What is foreshadowed by the bishop. 709 30. Who those orders are which are ordained in the bema or sanctuary. 709 51. What the duty of a presbyter of the mysteries is, who can baptize and consecrate the Eucharist, but cannot ordain. 709 52. What the liturgical duty in a deacon is. 709 53. What is signified by the sticharion or tunic. 711 54. That the deacon uses the sticharion and the orarion. 711 55. What the orarion or stole of the deacon is, which is carried on the left shoulder. 711 56. Why the deacon, when he communicates, is girded. 711 57. What the undulations in the sticharion or episcopal [garment] signify. 711 58. What the undulations and cups on the episcopal mandyas or pallium [signify]. 711 59. What the priestly stole denotes. 711 40. What the cingulum [is]. 713 41. What they call the supergenuale. 713 42. What the supermanicalia signify. 713 43. What the chasuble is. 713 44. What the reasoning is for the humerale and why it is made of wool. 715 45. Why they perform the sacred rites with head uncovered, except for the patriarch of Alexandria, bishops, and priests. And that it is not permitted to celebrate the sacred rites with covered head. 715 46. What is signified by the chair from which the bishop descends. 717 47. That he is clothed in sacred vestments. 717 48. Why he enters through the western doors of the temple. 717 49. Why the psalms and the hymn of grace in us through Christ are sung together. 717 50. That we call the first [hymn] the Theotokos. 717 51. Secondly, the holy ones. 719 52. Thirdly and lastly, our Savior. 719 53. What it denotes that the bishop stands lower than the bema or sanctuary, and what the deacons standing with him [denote]. 719 54. What the first exit of the priests from the bema signifies, and their entry with the bishop while the Gospel is carried. 719 55. What is signified by: Come, let us adore, and what the propitious acclamations of those entering signify. 719 56. Why the bishop returns and enters the sanctuary. 719 57. Why the holy doors are closed, and [opened] while the bishop is entering. 721 58. Why he completes circular incense around the sanctuary. 721 59. What the double candle signifies, and why the bishop marks the Gospel with the cross. 721 60. What the Trisagion hymn teaches. 721 61. That the bishop again marks the Gospel with the triple candle. 721 62. Why he returns from the priests' seats, and why he marks the cross with the triple candle from them. 721 63. What is denoted by the formula, "Peace be to all." 721 64. Why the first reading is taken from the Apostle, then the Gospel. 723 65. Why the bishops and priests sit during the apostolic readings, but not the deacons. 723 66. Why the Alleluia is sung before the reading of the Gospel. 723 67. What is signified by the reading of the Gospel. 723 68. Why the censing is done before the reading of the Gospel. 723 69. Why, when the Gospel is read, the bishop puts off the humerale. 723 70. Why the deacon carries the folded humerale in his hand, and holds the triple candle and goes before the holy things. 725 71. What it signifies that the bishop descends from the priestly seats, and makes the sign of the cross three times with the triple candle. 725 72. What it is that the same [bishop] approaches the altar and prays. 725 73. Why the catechumens are ordered to have left. 725 74. Why it is necessary [to offer] the gifts and for whom they offer tiny particles of the sacred host. 725 75. Why the bishop should wash himself before he enters the sacred rites. 727 76. In what manner the entrance of the divine gifts occurs with pomp and splendor. 727 77. Why the priests who enter together should pray for the bishop and make mention of the kingdom of God. 727 78. That the faithful should fall prostrate before the priests in the great entrance. 727 79. Why the priests in the entrance also should hold the sacred vessels. 729 80. Why the divine gifts are covered on the sacred table. 729 81. Why prayers are asked of everyone for the bishop. 729 82. What it denotes that after the entrance he marks the people with the sign of the cross with the triple candle. 731 83. Why the sacred doors are closed after the sign of the cross. 731 84. Why the Creed is recited and the kiss is bestowed. 731 85. Why the divine gifts remain covered until the Creed is finished. 731 86. In what manner the Trisagion hymn is sung inside and outside the bema. 731 87. Why the bishop makes mention of the holy and most holy Theotokos in the celebration of the holy mass. 733 88. The response against those who affirm that we believe that the divine gifts are perfected by prayers. 733 89. Why the Lord’s Prayer teaches us [to ask for our needs]. 739 90. Why the bishop sits on the humerale. 739 91. What it signifies: One is holy, one is Lord, and what is taught by this. 741 92. What it denotes that the divine bread is lifted up on high. 741 93. Why the bishop divides the sacred bread into four parts, and sets them so that they resemble the shape of the cross. 741 94. Why they pour hot water [into the chalice] for the mysteries or for the consecrated [elements]. 741 95. Why hot water is also used in the presanctified [liturgy]. 743 96. That the bishop imitates the Savior's sacred action when he divides the bread into parts. 743 97. That the bishops and priests communicate. 743 98. What it denotes that the communicating priests kiss the bishop’s hand and cheek. 745 99. Why the priests in the bema or sanctuary take the sacred mysteries with their hands and lips, [while] the laity take them with a spoon and outside the bema. 743 100. What it signifies that after the mysteries the incense is done, and "Exalt the Lord" is added. 745 101. That the bread is blessed, and that it is given instead of the Eucharist to those who are unprepared for the holy communion. 745 102. What reason they have for the particle of the sacred host offered to God in honor of the holy Virgin and for the holy living and dead, and what those confer. 747 103. That the priest must wait to offer the sacred particle. 747

A BRIEF EXPOSITION OF THE DIVINE AND SACRED SYMBOL OF OUR RIGHT AND SINCERE FAITH,

WHAT IS CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME

829 Foreword. QUESTION I. — For what reason does an angel often appear in the form of a man, and how is the demon transfigured into an angel of light? How does he, being devoid of matter and incorporeal, move and act? And whether angels can appear in other forms? 831 QUESTION II. — How does respiration occur in us, for what reason does an infant breathe in its mother's womb, and how is a person extinguished when respiration is intercepted? 837 QUESTION III. — For what reason do angels stand by God, and how, as in the book of Job, did the devil stand in the midst of them? Item: whence do angels know what God wills, and for what reason can a demon condemned to darkness be present before the face of God? 839 QUESTION IV. — Upon departing from their bodies, are souls received by one or several angels, and whether they depart without an angel? How can a soul devoid of matter be received, and whither does it go? Whether it can be contained by fire, like the soul of the Rich Man? 841 QUESTION V. — For what reason are certain spirits personal, like angels and souls, and appear in a form, although they are devoid of matter; but others are destitute of form, like air and winds? 817 QUESTION VI. — How does internal speech become the name of speech, for the speech that we speak is deservedly called external. And how does speech produce sound when it is devoid of matter? 847 QUESTION VII. — Are there, besides the lower waters, other systems of supercelestial waters, and how do they subsist? 819 QUESTION VIII. — Why do the atheists (Muhammadans) snatch away so many myriads of the faithful and of infants, and for such a long time now, and especially baptized boys, and those ignorant of all things? Has God no regard for any of these, and why are they all delivered over in this way? 819 QUESTION IX. — Is God the cause of the transgression of Adam and the unbelief of the nations, since they are handed over against their will? And if God is not the cause, how are those who are handed over against their will punished? 851 QUESTION X. — Whether the sacrifice of an unworthy priest, and baptism, and whatever he does, be valid or not? 859 QUESTION XI. — Whether he who is ordained unworthily receives grace or not, and whether what is performed by him is to be accepted? 859 QUESTION XII. — If someone who is ordained unworthily to the priesthood and has become a spiritual Father, does he validly remit sins, and when he has not been commanded as often, can he then remit sins; and when he is a monk, is he able to perform the function spiritually? 859 QUESTION XIII. — If someone becomes a priest or bishop unworthily, and ordains the worthy and unworthy, and appoints confessors, and they all perform the sacred office, is all this acceptable to God? 859 QUESTION XIV and XV. — Whether priests who have had intercourse with their wives the previous night ought to celebrate the sacred Supper or not? Is it permitted on the day of the sacred Supper to use the custom of a wife? 865 QUESTION XVI. — What must be done by a spiritual Father or confessor, when husbands and wives do not abstain from one another during the time of Lent, and desire to use the sacred mysteries? 867 QUESTION XVII. — If someone has been ordained, why is there a need for sacred vestments; and whether he can perform the sacred office without a stole? 867 QUESTION XVIII. — What is signified by the mantle seen in images of the sacred angels, and the nimbus around the heads of angels and saints, and the circular, cloud-like figure in the hands of the angels? 869 QUESTION XIX. — Why are bishops not clothed in a toga marked with many crosses or a sackcloth? And if they do this, is it something to be reprehended? 869 QUESTION XX. — What does the wearing of the mitre denote, and whence did the Roman and Alexandrian [churches] receive the custom of using it; likewise, why do other bishops perform the sacred office with head uncovered? 871 QUESTION XXI. — Why the high priest in the time of the Old Testament had a turban on his head, but was barefoot: whereas our bishop celebrates the sacred rites with head uncovered and shod? 873 QUESTION XXII. — What is signified by the linen cloth upon which the body and blood of Christ is placed, and what is the tonsure of a reader and of a priest? 873 QUESTION XXIII. — Why is one who has returned from apostasy only anointed with sacred ointment, and not baptized again? 873 QUESTION XXIV. — Whether the things that one has already confessed ought to be confessed again to others? 875 QUESTION XXV. — Is it permitted to baptize or celebrate weddings during the time of the holy Lent? 875

QUESTION XXVI. — How is the Lord to come in his second advent, and what kind of kingdom is God's, and the light that knows no evening? 877 QUESTION XXVII. — Whether Paradise and every creature is to be transformed on the final day, and how? 877 QUESTION XXVIII. — Whether there is to be one (age) at the end of the seven ages, or in the eighth age, or when is it to be? 879 QUESTION XXIX. — Certain people kiss the vestments of priests when they enter the temple; others sign the cross on the ground: what is the use of this custom? 879 QUESTION XXX. — If a bishop in anger punishes or interdicts from the sacred rites, or a priest or confessor endures to do this, is this good, and what is to be done if the person being punished refuses to accept it? 879 QUESTION XXXI. — Concerning the excommunicated, how one ought to conduct oneself. 881 QUESTION XXXII. — What is to be done to him who has forbidden himself from the sacred rites or subjected himself to anathema? 881 QUESTION XXXIII. — Whether the function of a priest or the condition of a monk is greater? 881 QUESTION XXXIV. — Which sins are to death or mortal. 883 QUESTION XXXV. — Since the chiefs of the priests are likewise a patriarch, a metropolitan, and a bishop, what is the difference between them, and how is one superior to another? 883 QUESTION XXXVI. — Is it good and commendable that bishops give monks the faculty to hear the confessions of sins, and although these are not priests, they indiscriminately bless and remit sins? 883 QUESTION XXXVII. — What is the difference between a bishop and a priest; and why does a priest not ordain, even though he celebrates the sacred Supper and baptizes? 885 QUESTION XXXVIII. — Is it permitted for a bishop alone to celebrate the sacred Supper without any priest or deacon present? 845 QUESTION XXXIX. — Why does a bishop ordain many readers at once, but is not accustomed to ordain many deacons and priests at once? And is it fitting to ordain priests outside the celebration of the sacred Supper? 887 QUESTION XL. — Is it permitted by necessity, where no priest is at hand, for a deacon to administer the sacred Supper to someone? 889 QUESTION XLI. — We have also received that monks in the deserts administer communion alone; is it fitting to do so, and how is one to communicate? 889 QUESTION XLII. — If a priest or another faithful person, through the heat of anger, has denied God in words, what is to be done; and is it lawful for such a priest to perform sacred rites? 889 QUESTION XLIII. — That the perpetrator of sins, if he confesses, is to be received, and what is the utility of this? 891 QUESTION XLIV. — Is a man made liable to punishment for all sins, even the smallest? 891 QUESTION XLV. — Does anyone die immune from sin? 891 QUESTION XLVI. — If a priest has received various offerings over a period of time, ought he to offer from them all? 891 QUESTION XLVII. — What are the particles and what can they accomplish when they are offered? Also, is it permitted to offer for women who have lived with heretics or the impious? 893 QUESTION XLVIII. — Can the holy oil be consecrated by one priest? 893 QUESTION XLIX. — If someone judges a priest worthy of condemnation in some matter, and does not believe he can be sanctified by him, what is he to do? 893 QUESTION L. — Can a priest who has lapsed into sin be ordained again by a bishop or a synod, or be recalled to the sacred office in any way? 895 QUESTION LI. — Why was penitence or conversion not given to demons, but only to men? 895 QUESTION LII. — What is the fast of the Lord, and why is it called Lent, which consists of more than forty days, and how is the "tithe" (decimatio), by which we tithe the days? 897 QUESTION LIII. — Why do we fast on the fourth day of the week and on Preparation day and other fasts? And is it permitted for laymen also to fast in the same way? 899 QUESTION LIV. — Whence is the fast of Lent and of the holy apostles and of the Virgin Mother of God, and who first instituted them? Since there are those who contend that they are new. 899 QUESTION LV. — Whence is the tradition of the Mass of the Presanctified, and why is it not complete, and why is it not celebrated in other fasts, whence some deny that the other fasts were handed down by the apostles. 903

ORDER OF THE MATTERS CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME.

QUESTION LVI. — Why are the Presanctified [Gifts] not celebrated in other fasts as well? 905 QUESTION LVII. — Does anything come to the presanctified holy gifts by means of prayers? 909 QUESTION LVIII. — Whether in the Mass of the Presanctified a fragment of the divine bread or the whole [loaf] ought to be offered? 911 QUESTION LIX. — Why the Mass of the Presanctified is not celebrated on other days of the year. 911 QUESTION LX. — Who first handed down the divine and holy habit of monks, why it is called angelic, and what is the rationale for its being handed down. 911 QUESTION LXI. — What significance the vestments of a monk have, and whether it behooves them always to be clad in these. 915 QUESTION LXII. — Some, out of infirmity or for another reason, sing the psalms while sitting, whether on a journey, or on a ship, or at home: others complete the whole office of prayers in the evening, others at a different time: what therefore is to be done? Must the office of prayers be interrupted because someone is sitting, or [should it] be performed otherwise? 915 QUESTION LXIII. — Is it fitting to work with one’s hands and at the same time to chant or pray? 917 QUESTION LXIV. — Concerning the seven ages or times, and when is the end of them? 917 QUESTION LXV. — Is the world to have an end? 919 QUESTION LXVI. — How will the sins of each person be manifested in the final judgment? 919 QUESTION LXVII. — Why does the expression *synulosis* (scars as it were remaining in penitents from sins committed after baptism) appear in the Theologian Gregory Nazianzen? 919 QUESTION LXVIII. — What are the darkness and stench [mentioned] in [the works of] St. Macarius? 921 QUESTION LXIX. — Whether remission is obtained, and [in what way] as Chrysostom says? 921 QUESTION LXX. — From where did the apostles take the handle for handing down the remission of sins and penance? 921 QUESTION LXXI. — Why in this life does God demonstrate many modes of His kindness, goodness, and [invitation to] penance, but in the other [life] will punish rigidly and eternally; where, therefore, is His goodness? 923 QUESTION LXXII. — Some confessors, perhaps out of a greed for shameful lucre, enjoin those who approach to give alms and seek a gift: but they forbid them to contribute to the oil of anointing and to the liturgies, even though they think that [the latter] is also a good thing. It is asked, which of these is better? 925 QUESTION LXXIII. — Ought confessor fathers to ask for alms, so that they themselves might distribute them? And if they receive and have them, what ought they to do? 953 QUESTION LXXIV. — If a priest taking upon himself the celebration of a liturgy does not celebrate it, what does that profit him and [the person] who offered a gift for its performance, and is he obligated to perform it? 953 QUESTION LXXV. — What sort is the best kind of alms? 933 QUESTION LXXVI. — If someone has ten coins, and there are on hand one captive and ten poor people, to which of these should he distribute them? 935 QUESTION LXXVII. — Should one give alms by oneself, or through a spiritual father? 935 QUESTION LXXVIII. — How is it that for him who blasphemes against the Holy Spirit, sin is not forgiven, neither in this age nor in the future one? Is there, therefore, even in the future age a remission of sins? Or is the Holy Spirit greater than the Father and the Son? 935 QUESTION LXXIX. — What is the meaning of the words, “Seven times a day I have praised you”; and what are those seven praises? 937 QUESTION LXXX. — Who is it that first handed down that such and so many hardships, exercises, toils and pains, bodily afflictions and vexations, the pursuit of virginity and holiness, and above all, supreme patience and submission are to be taken up? For what cause [are] all these things, and what is the utility from them? 943 QUESTION LXXXI. — If it happens that during the offering the sacred elements are spilled, or are consumed by some animal: what is to be done? 945 QUESTION LXXXII. — How ought one to communicate the sick who are unable to be present in the temple? 949 QUESTION LXXXIII. — If by the forgetfulness of the priest it happens that the sacramental union does not take place, and he has [vainly] turned up the chalice, what is to be done? 951

Concerning the Priesthood, to a certain pious monk adorned with the sacred office of deacon and later elevated by the bishop to the rank of presbyter. 953

END OF THE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-FIFTH VOLUME.

Paris. — From the Presses of L. MIGNE.