Excerpts on the Antiquities of Constantinople

GEORGE CODINUS, EXCERPTS CONCERNING THE ANTIQUITIES OF CONSTANTINOPLE

TO THE MOST EMINENT AND REVEREND PRINCE, FRANCESCO BARBERINI, CARDINAL OF THE HOLY ROMAN CHURCH, MY LORD, TO BE CULTIVATED WITH THE HIGHEST RESPECT, PETER LAMBECIUS SENDS GREETINGS.

^A There are many things, most eminent Prince, that offer a path to a man aspiring to immortal glory; but either I am deceived by a love of my own opinion, or there can be found nothing more honest or more brief than either learning itself or the benevolence and kindness shown to the learned. To the former, the entrance to the highest praise is open to any needy and obscure sons of the earth, provided nature has not denied them a suitable talent, nor have they themselves lacking the diligence due for their own progress, and the legitimate ambition for fame. The latter, however, may be attained only by those to whom God has willed to grant such an amplitude of family power and fortune, so that they might be able to protect and support others. Therefore, the poor honor the rich so that they may obtain the necessary resources for their studies; the rich, in turn, foster them so that the memory of their name and virtue may be celebrated by posterity in the monuments of literature; thus, each, being needy in itself, thrives by the aid of the other. ^B Therefore, I have always considered those to be the most blessed who have attained this happiness, as it were, complete in every respect, so that they are venerable and conspicuous both for a most splendid station in life and for merit of no ordinary erudition. Among these, I number you, most eminent Prince, who, while you shine with the majesty of the sacred purple and the prerogative of a pontifical family, sufficiently without any splendor sought from elsewhere, are yet so devoted to the study of letters—amid the public duties of such great dignity—both always and even now, that you could rightfully and boldly contend for the palm of multifarious science with those who have spent their whole lives doing nothing else. For your most rich and choice library testifies to this—than which, after the Vatican, Rome has nothing more perfect or magnificent; the not inconsiderable number of excellent minds with which your court has never failed to be adorned testifies to it; the public judgment of the most learned men regarding you testifies to it, who have often brought to you the arbitration of the most serious questions. Since this is so in abundance, if I am not mistaken, it is apparent for what reasons I am now impelled to dare to dedicate this volume of the *Antiquities of Constantinople* to your most eminent name. ^C For, in the first place, I have no doubt at all that, because of your singular affection for letters, whatever this little literary gift may be, you will receive it with a most joyful countenance; then, by this method of dedication, I will take precautions so that I may not be reproached for what Laertius reports the philosopher Anacharsis once criticized in the games of the Greeks, that the unskilled judge the skilled. Finally, I am certain that the protection of your esteemed name will not only be an honor to my labors, but also a safeguard against the base detractions of the malevolent; for no sane person would dare to attack those things which are approved by you, the best and most keen critic of writers. And these, indeed, are the chief of the reasons which I hold in common with all learned men for why I should merit and willingly consecrate to you, most eminent Prince, whatever this book—of whatever kind it may be—is. ^D Yet, I have many other private reasons as well, which I would like to call domestic, and I consider these all the more important to the rest, the more vehemently I fear to incur the crime of ingratitude. For, as I recall the memory of all that time which I spent traveling through foreign regions for the sake of studies, no day occurs to me that is not notable for some singular benefit of yours bestowed upon me. Upon my first arrival in Paris, you saw to it that I was most humanely received by those who at that time were in charge of your affairs there. Soon, having returned to Lyon, you made me a participant at your table and admitted me among your intimates; and, to comprise everything in a few words, you pursued me with such affection that I could not have desired more from an uncle. I experienced the same benevolence afterwards at Rome, where, while staying in your court for two whole years, I had such an opportunity for seeing and learning many things that I can truly boast that I have profited more in that light and courtly bustle than in any retreat and shade of an academy. Returning then to France, it is incredible to recount how much utility I derived from your recommendation in many other places, but especially at Toulouse, whose most illustrious archbishop, Lord Charles de Montchal—a man of holiness and of most rare prudence and erudition—treated me for eight continuous months in his palace with more than paternal

liberality and care. I believe it is inconvenient and superfluous to add more of this kind, both because this enumeration of benefits themselves seems to have I know not what of levity and arrogance, and because, even from the least of those things which have already been said, it shines forth sufficiently and more than sufficiently, under what necessity of obligation I am bound to you. Receive, therefore, most eminent prince, and take in good part this fruit, such as it is, of my youthful diligence, by which I strive to declare both my gratitude to you and how much I value the sharpness of your judgment and the authority of your name. If, by chance, you sometimes find the edition to have been less fortunately curated, I would wish that you forgive me, and kindly take into account that three years have now passed since I left this work completed in Paris, and therefore whatever error has been committed under the press is to be attributed to my absence. Farewell. Given at Hamburg, the day before the Ides of December, 1653.

LAMBECIUS’ PREFACE TO THE READER

When I was living in Paris two years ago, the innate desire for public utility and the exhortations and examples of many most learned men had such power over me that I believed it to be a supreme disgrace to be lacking, through any work of mine, in the undertaking of the edition of the corpus of Byzantine history. I sought, therefore, at which part I might best employ my labor, and when I saw that almost everything had been preoccupied by others, I finally began to consider with myself that it would be worth the effort if I were to bring to light the hitherto unedited ^A Excerpta of Codinus regarding the antiquities of Constantinople. For, besides the fact that they are relevant to the matter and bring much light to Byzantine history, they deserve to be edited also on this account: that they have been praised very often by the most serious writers of this and the previous century and have been used for the confirmation of doubtful opinions. Indeed, Joannes Leunclavius makes very frequent mention of the books on the buildings in his *Pandects of Turkish History*; and whatever Nicolaus Alemannus inserted into his notes on Procopius from the unedited *Patria* of Constantinople was taken from there. Likewise, Petrus Gillius transcribed entire pages from the aforementioned book on the buildings and another on the statues. It is also certain that that unedited *Chronicon Constantinopolitanum*, which Joannes Meursius cites very frequently in his *Glossarium Græco-barbarum* and elsewhere, was nothing other than an unedited part of the extracts of Codinus, which is now being published. The cited passages testify to this, and the complete *Chronicon* will testify to it, if ever it comes to light. Similarly, those ancient collections regarding the *Patria* of the city of Constantinople, which the most learned Jacobus Sirmondus cites in his notes to Sidonius Apollinaris and says are to be met with in many libraries, are to be understood as these previously unpublished extracts of Codinus. I would add many other contemporary authors in whose writings these are cited, were it not long and superfluous to enumerate them. Since, therefore, I had now completely decided to edit those unedited writings of Codinus, nothing was more important to me than to signify this plan by letter to my uncle, who not only did not disapprove of it but warned me to urge on the endeavor, and furthermore sent me two manuscripts containing these little works of Georgius Codinus: On the *Patria* of Constantinople, On the Topography of Constantinople, On the Statues, Columns, and Sights, On the Buildings, On the construction of the church of Hagia Sophia, On those who reigned in Constantinople until the capture of this city by the Hagarenes, On the order of offices and dignities of the palace and the Great Church.

Of these, the first, fifth, seventh, and the beginning of the third had already been edited long ago by Georgius Dousa, Franciscus Junius, and Jacobus Gretserus; the rest, however, are now published by me for the first time. Moreover, besides the two codices of my uncle, one of which he had received as a gift from the most learned Peiresc, and the other he had ensured was transcribed from a Vatican exemplar, I have used four other codices in preparing the edition, the first of which, described from a British exemplar, was given to me by the most learned Isaac Vossius, when I was still in Amsterdam; the second, the R. P. Jacobus Sirmondus shared with me; the third, the Royal library provided to me by the permission of the brothers Petrus and Jacobus Puteanus; the fourth, I myself found in Rome in the Vallicellian library.

So far I have said whence the unedited works of Codinus have emerged: it follows that I should speak briefly about my own notes. I wrote them for three main reasons, namely, that I might propose for the judgment of others’ intellects various readings that seemed capable of changing the author’s meaning; then, that I might correct and explain passages that were faulty, doubtful, obscure, and less correctly understood by others, and, where it was needed, to provide the rationale for my correction and explanation. But whether I have performed this task that I proposed for myself well or not, the matter itself will indicate. In the meantime, however, friendly reader, I would have you believe that I have applied myself diligently to serve your utility as faithfully as possible to the best of my strength, and that I would not abuse your patience by being excessively diligent and compiling many unnecessary things or things said by others many times before.

Furthermore, so that you may more easily forgive me if I should have stumbled, as humans do, either in a translation or in the observations, I have avoided every single occasion that presented itself to me to contradict those who have published something of Codinus before me or understood it otherwise than they ought. And if at any time I was forced by necessity to expose their errors, I used such moderation in that matter that it is unclear against whom I am writing; yet it is manifest that I did this not to seek glory from the errors of others, but solely to take care that I not appear to have omitted anything necessary through ignorance. It remains, therefore, that you accept these my labors kindly, and if you find in them anything that will less please you, that you indulge somewhat in my youth and in my excessive zeal for you and in the heavier occupations, through which I could not follow up and examine everything most exactly. Thus you will show yourself gracious, and you will render me more eager to perform greater things. Farewell. Rome, May 1st, 1649.

A BRIEF DISSERTATION BY LAMBECIUS ON THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF GEORGIUS CODINUS

^A That Georgius Codinus lived not merely under the last emperors of Constantinople, but also survived for some time after the conquest of Constantinople itself, appears clearly from his own writings. However, the surname "Curopalata," which is attributed to him by those who published his book *On the Offices of the Palace of Constantinople*, I have not found in those manuscripts which I have seen; and I would much more easily believe that the surname "Curopalata" was imposed upon him because he wrote about the "Offices of the Palace," than that he himself attained the dignity of Curopalata. But as for his writings, they are not to be condemned for that reason alone by some sort of vain prejudice, since Codinus flourished only two hundred years ago; seeing that he excerpted and collected whatever he published from more ancient and more approved authors. For as concerns his first work, which holds the place among his opuscula and is inscribed *Concerning the Origins of Constantinople* (Περὶ τῶν πατρίων), its major part is transcribed word-for-word from Hesychius of Miletus, and the rest from the Annals of Glycas, the Alexandrian Chronicle, and another work hitherto unpublished, whose author is a certain Julius Pollux, who lived some centuries later than that ancient Julius Pollux who dedicated his *Onomasticon* to the Emperor Commodus. ^B The first part of his book *On the Statues*, concerning the idols of the pagan gods, is taken from Cornutus and from the as yet unpublished book *On the Months* by Joannes Lydus of Philadelphia, from whence Suidas also drew the same things. The second part, which treats *concerning the statues and sights* (περὶ στηλῶν καὶ θεαμάτων), which is, as I interpret, of statues and other sights worthy of being seen at Constantinople, is entirely transcribed word-for-word from the collections of the antiquities of Constantinople of an ancient anonymous author, which he inscribed *Short Historical Excerpts* (παραστάσεις σύντομοι χρονικαὶ), and compiled from Theodorus Lector, Papias, Eusebius, Socrates, Marcellus Lector, and many others. These collections are now for the first time coming to light from a most ancient manuscript of the Royal Library, which, as all who have seen it testify, was written at least four hundred years ago. And it is among the manuscripts of that library numbered one ^C thousand and twenty-seven. Whoever, therefore, the author of those collections is, he is at least two or three hundred years older than Codinus. From the same collections a fairly large part of the book *On the Monuments* (περὶ κτισμάτων) is excerpted; the rest is taken from Joannes Antiochenus, Panodorus the Egyptian, and others who are cited in that book. Finally, the whole catalog of the emperors of Constantinople up to the reign of the first Alexius Comnenus is from an author much older than Codinus: for he wrote the catalog under Manuel Comnenus, the grandson of Alexius, as he himself testifies in these words: "The lord Alexius Comnenus, the grandfather of our powerful and holy emperor." The remaining part of the catalog, from Theodore Lascaris of that name, the first of that name, up to the final conquest of Constantinople, was added by Codinus himself to the former parts, since, as I said in the beginning, he survived that fall of the city for some time. ^D

GEORGII CODINI EXCERPTA EX LIBRO CHRONICO DE ORIGINIBUS CONSTANTINOPOLITANIS

^A Some say that the Argives were the first, having received the oracle from the Pythian [goddess]: Where two curs seize the brine, Where fish and stag graze the same pasture, to fix their settlements in that spot where the rivers Cydarus and Borbyzes flow out ^B—the one flowing from the north, and the other from the west—and mingle with the sea near the altar of the nymph Sesimetra.

When, therefore, they had arrived there according to fate, and were offering sacrifice to the local deities, a raven snatched away a small piece of the victim and carried it to another place, which is called the Bosporus. A shepherd pointed out the flight of the bird, from which that place was also called Bucolia. Others have recorded that the Megarians, tracing their lineage from Nisus, landed there under the leader Byzas, from whom they claim the name was also given to the city. These, therefore, tell diverse stories about this; but we, for those desiring to know the history, will record what is likely, starting with Io, the daughter of Inachus. For Io was the daughter of Inachus, king of the Argives.

^A His daughter’s virginity was guarded by Argus, who they say had many eyes. But as Jupiter, captivated by love for the maiden, procured Mercury to kill Argus by treachery, he changed her, whose virginity had been lost to Jove, into a cow. Juno, indignant at what had happened, sent a gadfly to sting the heifer and drove her through every region of land and sea. But when she arrived in the land of the Thracians, she left behind the name Bosporus for that place; and she herself, returning to what is called the Horn, ^B where Cydarus and Borbyzes join together, prophesying to the inhabitants what was to come, brought forth Ceroessa, from whom the place is called Ceras. Others attribute the reason for the name rather to the situation of the place; while others call it the horn of the goat Amalthea because of the abundance of fruits. Now Ceroessa, having grown up and being embellished with a marvelous beauty that far surpassed all the other virgins of Thrace, having been joined to Neptune of the sea, gave birth to him who is called Byzas, who took his name from the nymph Byze, who had reared him in Thrace, whose waters the citizens draw even to this day. When, therefore, the youth reached the flower of his age and was dwelling in the mountains of Thrace, being feared by both wild beasts and barbarians, he received embassies from the lords of that place, urging him to be their ally and friend. When Melias, the king of the Thracians, sent for him for the contest with the wild beast, ^C and Byzas returned with glory from it, offering the conquered bull in sacrifice to his ancestral gods at the confluence of the aforementioned rivers, an eagle suddenly appeared and snatched away the heart of the victim, and flying off to the edge of the Bosporian shore, landed opposite Chrysopolis, which Chryses, the son born of Chryseis and Agamemnon, left as a monument of his own tomb to the local inhabitants, when he was fleeing the snares of Clytemnestra after the murder of his father and was intent on searching for Iphigenia, for his end overtook him there. Byzas, therefore, ^D marked out a city at the point of the Bosporian sea; and, as they say, with Neptune and Apollo assisting, he built it. Nisaean Megarians, who trace their origin from an island, Byzantium. Byzantes; it was named from Byzas, son of Ceroessa, daughter of Io, and Neptune. (10) Byze. So that the derivation of the name is consistent, there is no doubt that it should be written Byzes. But what Codinus adds, that the Byzantines were accustomed to draw water in honor of the memory of the nymph Byze, I think should be referred to the river Borbyzes, which was likewise believed to have been the educator of Byzas. (11) Byzas. Done in the reign of Tullus Hostilius. Cassiodorus in the Chronicle: Tullus.

[He also constructed] the walls, fashioning them in a manner surpassing all description. For he had arranged the seven towers ^A (12) that were within it to converse with one another and to echo back and forth; for if ever a trumpet or any other sound came to the towers, one would transmit the noise to the next, and they would relay it to the one situated at the end. Moreover, we shall not omit another detail reported by those who wrote of these things: it was said that the tower of Hercules, ^A standing within the wall ^A (13) relayed the mysteries of the enemies. After the crown of the wall, he also fashioned the sacred precincts of the gods. He established a temple and statue of Rhea according to the place called the royal [site], which was honored by the citizens as the Fortune; and he raised a precinct of Poseidon by the sea, where the house ^B of the martyr Menas (14) is now adorned. [He placed the precinct] of Hecate at the location of the present-day Hippodrome, and that of the Dioscuri, Castor and Polydeuces, at the confluence of the rivers, in which also the cleansing of ailments came to be for men. Near the so-called Strategion (15) he erected altars to Ajax and Achilles, where even now the bath of Achilles is designated. He built a temple to the priest Amphiaraus in the so-called Sycae (16) which took its name from the sycamore trees. Higher than the temple of Poseidon is the precinct designated as that of Aphrodite, and [those] of Artemis and Athena [are situated] near that of Aphrodite.

^B When he had organized these things for his own city, it was necessary henceforth to repel the barbarians coming against it, and especially Haemus, the tyrant of Thrace, who, having come to the very city of Byzas, was challenging the hero himself to battle and was eager to plunder everything (17). Not enduring the onset of the barbarian, he contended alone against him, and struck down Haemus upon his own namesake hill. Byzas, then, after the aforementioned victory, was driving the enemies toward Thrace; but Chryses, the king of the Scythians, having crossed the Ister and passed over to him, ^C was besieging the walls of the city. Against whom the wife of Byzas...

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius

^A a woman, taking no account of the multitude of the enemies, made use of her female hand and fought, having outwitted the barbarian by the alliance of the serpents. For the snakes which she had gathered in one of the places of the city and was keeping guard over, she suddenly revealed to the opponents, and hurling the beasts like missiles of javelins, and having destroyed very many, she in this way saved the city. From this, therefore, an ancient legend is carried down, that it is not right to destroy the serpents captured in the city, as they had become its benefactors.

Not long after, a man named Strombus, and himself born from Ceroessa, brought war upon Byzas, leading a large force. Therefore, all the Scythian nations were stirred up, and there ran together also those holding sway in Hellas, and the no small force of the Rhodians, and the toparch of the neighboring ^B Chalcedon, Dinaeos, a colonist from Megara, having settled there nineteen years before the principate of Byzas. Now Chalcedon is named as the place, as some say, from the Chalcedon river, but as others, from the son of the seer Calchas, who lived after the Trojan war. Others say [it was named] from Chalchis, a city of Euboea, from which colonists had been sent there, whom indeed they called blind, because they had overlooked Byzantium. But, therefore, when Dinaeos came with a large fleet to the aid of Byzas, being unable to put into port at the city, for their king Byzas had recently passed away and all the people were in anxiety, he arrived at the place called Anaplus, where, having stayed, he gave the name Hestias to the place. A little while later, however, having crossed into the city and driven back the barbarians, he himself ^C managed the affairs of the people of the Byzantines a second time.

In those times also, very many species of serpents frequented the city and were destroying those dwelling in it; these they managed to deal with by the incursion of what are called storks, with Poseidon, as they say, helping them. But not long after, when the birds adopted a hostile spirit toward them and were bringing death once more, throwing the serpents which they had caught into the cisterns of water, and leaping upon the citizens in the public squares, they remained in a state of speechlessness. But a certain man from Tyana named Apollonius, of hewn stone ^D erected three storks facing one another, which endure even to this day and do not permit storks to enter the city.

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius

(18) *The alliance of the serpents.* Hannibal used this same stratagem against Eumenes, as Cornelius Nepos reports in his Life. LAMB. (19) *neighboring Chalcedon,* for it was distant only seven stadia. Pliny, Book VI, last chapter. MEURS. (20) *nineteen,* only ten. MEURS. (21) *called blind.* Polybius, Book IV, Strabo, Book VII, Herodotus also, Book IV, Pliny, Book V, 32, Manasses in his Annals. MEURS. (22) *to the cisterns of water.* A historical fragment, which I have subjoined here, excerpted from an ancient codex of the Royal Library, pertains to illustrating this passage of Codinus. (a) [See our volume CXXII. Ed.] (23) *Three — Storks.* ...consecrated by magic, which blocked the storks from entering. Justin Martyr referred to this, speaking thus: ...How can the works of Apollonius in the parts of creation, which, as we see, hinder the surges of the sea and the gusts of winds and the incursions of flies and beasts, be [divine]? ...talismans against earthquakes, statues, productions that bring about health or disease, of which Psellus makes mention in the book (a), whose title is: What the Greeks suppose concerning demons. LAMB.

^A erected storks, looking face to face at one another, which remain to this day, not allowing the race of storks to visit the city.

After the aforementioned prefect Dinæus had departed this life, a certain Leo of the Byzantines received the chief magistracy, under whom Philip, king of the Macedonians, son of Amyntas, having brought up a great force, besieged the city, and with mines and other siege engines approached the walls; and he would have easily taken it, aided by a moonless night and an immense downpour of rain, had not some god brought them aid, and stirred up the dogs throughout the city to bark, and led forth shining clouds ^B toward the northern regions. By this fact, the citizens, being awakened, saved the city that was already almost taken by Philip, and repaired the towers and the bulwarks of the wall, which had been weakened, with stones from the tombs. For the sake of this thing they named that wall the Sepulcretum, having simultaneously erected a lamp-bearing statue of Hecate. Afterward, however, having turned to a naval battle, they famously defeated the Macedonians. And by this manner the war being broken off, Philip yielded to the Byzantines.

But after Leo also had departed from life, the Athenian general Chares, with forty ships, having come for the aid of the Byzantines for the war against Philip, seized the promontory of the Propontis, which lies between Chalcedon and Chrysopolis, and in that place joined in the danger of war. In the same place he buried his wife, the companion of his expedition, who had died of disease, and set up for her an altar and a column, on which a damalis, or heifer, is seen ^C of polished stone; for by this name had that wife of Chares been called, as it is manifest from the verses inscribed there, even until the times preserved to our day. And these are the verses:

I am not an image of the Inachian heifer, nor from me Is the face-to-face Bosporian sea named. For the heavy anger of Hera drove that one formerly To Pharos; but I, a Cecropian, am dead. I was the wife of Chares, and I followed him To be sure, when he sailed against the Philip-ships. I was called a Heifer, but now, a pleasing wife of Chares, I rejoice in both lands, in either soil.

But when Chares had sailed to Athens, Protomachus succeeded to the command, who, when he had subjugated with arms the Thracians who were rising up, set up bronze trophies in that place of the city which is called the Miliarium. And when he too had died ^D.

[alt-version omitted]

Meursius and Lambecius notes. (24) Shaining clouds. Suidas uses a similar formula of speaking in v. *Maxentius*: He saw in the sky a pillar of fire. LAMB. (25) For which the wall. For the same reason we see on some Byzantine coins the figure of the moon, with this inscription BYZANTINH LAMB. (26) A heifer in a column. Remained until the times of Constantine son of Leo, as we learn from Cedrenus. MEURS. (27) I am not the heifer. An ancient unpublished chronograph, which is kept in the Royal library, mentions this statue with these words: LAMB. (28) Others ascribe the epigram to a certain Dioscorides, others to Hecatæus. It exists in the *Anthology*, book III. MEURS.

OF THE ORIGINS OF CONSTANTINOPLE

^A Timesius, a man from among those raised in Argos, first sailed to the Euxine Sea, to the place called Ephesiate—where the Ephesians, having once sent out colonies and attempted to build a city, heard the oracle of Byzantium:

Happy are they who shall found a sacred city in the straits of the Pontus, And upon the Thracian shore the citizens shall build. Where two hounds lap the gray sea, Where the fish and the deer graze the pasture in the same place.

Upon failing in his attempt to build the city opposite, and having lost that hope, he settled among the Byzantines, and having been proclaimed commander of the whole people, he transformed the entire city into something greater and more illustrious, establishing laws for daily transactions and instituting civil customs by which he rendered the citizens refined and humane. ^B He also erected many temples to the gods, some of which he built himself, and others he restored which had existed before. For the temple situated on the promontory of the Propontine Sea, which Jason once had dedicated to the twelve gods, he rebuilt after it had fallen into ruin, and he renovated the house of Artemis at the port called that of Phrixus. After him, Calliades, having served as commander of Byzantium and having fought most excellently in both foreign and civil wars, consecrated that renowned and marvelous statue of Byzas in the Basilica, with this inscription:

Calliades, having adorned with a column The powerful Byzas and the lovely Phidalia(?), Erected them joined together.

^C [Notes of Meursius and Lambecius follow; index: entries preserved]

^A And these things indeed happened while the Byzantines were governed by an aristocracy, and still later while they were ruled by tyrants at various times. But when, through the governance of the consuls, the Roman power surpassed all other authorities and went on to enslave even the Greeks, the Byzantines also naturally continued to be obedient to it. However, after some time, when Severus was reigning over Rome, they—having preferred the hope of the tyrant of the East, Niger—dared to arrive at the hands ^B of the emperor. Having been deprived of their civic rights, and with the very crown of their wall demolished, they were ordered to serve the Perinthians, who are called Heracleots. But when the anger of Severus had ceased, they again had him as emperor, who restored Byzantium to a greater and more manifest splendor. Indeed, he erected a very large bath near the altar of Equestrian Zeus, or the grove called that of Heracles, a place which some believe gave its name to Zeuxippus, because he [Heracles] tamed there the horses of Diomedes. He also adorned the neighboring space of the hippodrome, sacred to the Dioscuri, with boards and porticoes, where even now the turning-posts reveal the signs of the overseers ^C through the eggs placed upon the bronze obelisks. And for as long as Severus was alive, the city was named Antoninia after his son Antoninus. Six hundred and eighty-five years passed from Byzas until Severus.

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius

An interpreter advises that for overseers one should read overseers, and following that correction he translates into Latin thus: "where even now they exhibit signs of the curvatures of the ascents, along the upper parts, which rest upon bronze obelisks." But it must be translated without any change to the Greek text: "where even now the turning-posts exhibit signs of the divine guardians, that is to say, the eggs placed upon the bronze obelisks." For by "overseers" are understood the guardians and inspectors, the Dioscuri, to whom Hesychius himself stated a little earlier ^D that the Constantinopolitan hippodrome was dedicated. Therefore he adds that the standards of the camps remained there until his own time, that is to say, the eggs placed above the turning-posts on the bronze obelisks. Furthermore, after the words add from Hesychius what have been wrongly omitted from Codinus, which signify here as in Homer, *Iliad*, the military divisions. Similarly, those words in Hesychius require explanation, whose interpreter, in a long and different sense, translates thus: "and assigned in this matter expenses from the military treasury."

[Regarding] "the city was named Antoninia," correct Suidas, in whom it is wrongly read. After "the city was named Antoninia," add from Hesychius what is omitted here: that is, "after he was enrolled in the number of the gods (i.e., Severus), the city again received the name of Byzantium." But in Hesychius, instead of "needful," one must write "so that it refers to both," namely Severus and Antoninus Caracalla, since those things which precede are so conceived. Furthermore, it should be noted that the words "same to value" occur here, as if he had said "the same as he had said," as Tacitus says at the end of Book XV of the Annals.

^A But we must return to the narrative, and recount how Severus took control of Byzantium. Severus, having set out from Rome 39, occupied Byzantium, which at that time was held by Niger, the son of Timesius; and, having made a peace treaty with Niger, he entered Byzantium with his nobles. Because the Byzantines were being badly besieged and harassed by the Macedonians 40, Severus went out against the Macedonians to fight on behalf of the Byzantines. As he prepared to depart, he gave his own daughter to the son of Niger in marriage, for Severus had left his army at Chrysopolis. During the wedding feast, two Roman philosophers, named Phorton and Marcion, stood at the table 41 and said to the feasting Byzantines: "We have brought you joy without profit, and grief without loss." Niger, calling his philosophers to him, made a search regarding this saying. But no one was able to interpret it. One of those reclining at the banquet, a man of very sharp mind but now old, pondering the aphorism, said: "This is a horse race and an athletic contest." Then Severus, for the conciliation of his son-in-law 42, Niger, built two baths: one inside the city and near the palace, called the Zeuxippus, and the other outside the city, the one now called the Caminia, a large and marvelous bath. Because of its vast size, two thousand people bathed in it every day. This bath was heated by Persian 43 fire.

The Antiquities of Constantinople according to Hesychius Illustrius

^B

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius

[Regarding note 38: omitted in this translation as it pertains to internal apparatus.]

39 *Severus having set out from Rome.* All that follows regarding the reconciliation of Severus and Niger is futile and nonsensical. For he confuses the Emperor Severus with Severus Aurelianus, whom Aelius Spartianus reports betrothed his daughters to the sons of Niger. "But he was deceived," he says (referring to Niger), "by the counsels of Severus Aurelianus, who, by betrothing his daughters to his sons, made him remain in the empire." I have already refuted the claim that Pescennius Niger was the son of Timesius by a double argument, namely the distance of the times in which they lived, and the authority of Spartianus and Dio, who say he was an Italian, and ^C had for his father Annius Fuscus and for his mother Lampridia. But since everything which is recounted here by Codinus regarding Pescennius Niger and Severus is full of futility and the greatest levity, it is sufficiently evident from this—without any other argument—what faith is deserved by the things he reports here about Timesius, the father of Niger, which are never read anywhere else. LAMB.

40 *By the Macedonians.* It appears he speaks of the Macedonian legions, which the Emperor Severus used to storm Byzantium. LAMB.

41 *At the table.* That is, the lower part of the table, or the "division" [or "diaphragm"]. Val. cod. LAMB.

42 *Of his son-in-law.* He again confuses Severus Aurelianus with the Emperor Severus. LAMB.

43 *Persian fire.* One must ask what this Medic [Persian] fire is. I find *Pomaicum* also in Leo the Deacon and Michael, whom likewise I do not know. MEURS. By Medic fire I believe one should understand naphtha, which Nicander calls the "Medic" [fire]... whereas they say the bride was burned by this fire by Medea, as Pliny testifies 2.105. Otherwise, the Greeks call it "Medic oil," as Procopius relates in *Gothic Wars*. But perhaps in Procopius instead of "Medea," it was written "Media," that is, of the region of Media. Thus Ammianus Marcellinus, book XXIII, and Solinus, chapter 21, call it "Medic oil," and the ancient scholiast of Nicander and our author in this place... Regarding the use, however, of naphtha or Medic fire in heating baths, nothing elsewhere...

≫ ^A that part of the Hippodrome which survives to this day was built by Severus himself, there being gardens there belonging to two brothers and a widow. As far as the bronze column of the Tetrapleurum 45, the ground was level, but from there to the Sphendone 46, since the ground was precipitous, large columns and buildings were erected. It is there that what is called the "cold" cistern is situated, because the location 47 was precipitous. One section of the tiers was completed by Severus himself. The other was left unfinished because a message arrived for him that the Gauls were plundering Rome 48, and he had to go there. Indeed, he died there of the falling sickness, having reigned for seventeen years.

Sixty years, and more, passed 49 until the reign of Constantine the Great. ^B In the three hundred and sixty-second year 50 of the principate of Augustus Caesar, when old Rome and its affairs had already begun to decline, Constantine, the son of Constantius, having seized the scepter, founded this new and most beautiful city 51, distinguished by the name of Constantine 52.

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius

...the "cold" cistern, or what is called the Tetrapleurum. Regarding the "Medic oil" or "Medic fire," observe that our author meant the flame used for punishment. *Meursius.*

(44) *Built by Severus. See Suidas.*

(45) *Of the Tetrapleurum. This column, having collapsed and lain prostrate for a long time, was re-erected by the Emperor Theodosius through the efforts of Proclus. A poem concerning this stands in the Anthologia...* The interpreter errs who translates this as "a quadrangular column." It was actually a place in Constantinople where there were statues of naked Cupids throwing fruit at one another... *Meursius.*

(46) *Sphendone. Cedrenus also mentions this; thus, observe the punishments customarily meted out there to wrongdoers. Meursius.*

(47) *Precipitous. In one Vatican codex I have examined [the word] "whelps," although the reading followed by the interpreter who previously translated the passage was "destined for lion cubs." Lambecius.*

(48) *And arriving. Having heard this, Severus arrived. Vatican codex. Lambecius.*

(49) *Sixty years. After his death there passed... Vatican codex. Lambecius.*

(50) *In the three hundred and sixty-second year. See Suidas, s.v. Constantinople; also s.v. Great. Meursius.*

(51) *Of the elder Rome. I have restored this passage from manuscript codices and Hesychius. Previously it was read incorrectly... Lambecius. Hesychius is certainly more appropriate (p. 43)...*

(52) *Son of Constantine. These are to be read in a continuous series. In previous editions, after the word "arrived," there was a punctuation mark, with a new title following: "Beginning of the reign of Constantine the Great." The rest read as follows: "Constantine the son of Constantius." But before I proceed further, I wish to append here a fragment from the chronicle of a certain anonymous Julius Pollux, which has remained unpublished until now, by the collation of which what Codinus narrates thereafter concerning Constantine the Great and the restoration of Byzantium can be corrected and illustrated.* ^{C D} [alt-version omitted] The Emperor Constantine began to build a city in his own name in the plain before the sun, above the tomb of Ajax, where it is said the Greeks who campaigned against Troy had their naval base, wishing to transfer the empire of Rome to that place. But God commanded the Emperor in a dream to build in Byzantium the city now called Constantinople. He renewed the former wall of the same city of Byzantium, adding a long distance of new wall, and joining it to the old wall of the same city; he also completed the Hippodrome, and adorned it with bronze works and every virtue, and built within it the royal spectator’s seat, in the likeness of the one in Rome. He also built a large and handsome palace...

and having prolonged it in beauty from far off, he moved the walls toward the Troadic porticoes, ^A and built two large houses, and in the so-called Forum of the Strategion, ^B a likeness likewise of the one in Rome near the Hippodrome. He built also a great and very handsome Forum, setting in the middle a red porphyry column worthy of admiration, and upon this same column he set up his own statue, having seven rays on his head. This bronze work he brought from Heliopolis in Phrygia. And having brought the Palladium statue secretly from Rome, he placed it in the same forum beneath the column of his own hall. He built also two porticoes from the entrance of the palace ^C to the forum, handsome, decorated with men and marbles, calling the place of the porticoes "Rhigian"; he also built a basilica nearby, having a niche and outside large columns and statues, which he called the "Sinaton," planting opposite it to his own mother, Helena, a statue of the Augusta Empress. Similarly, he filled out the so-called Zeuxippus public bath, decorating it with columns and variegated marbles, and bronze works. For he found it incomplete, having been begun formerly by Emperor Severus; and when he had completed everything, he finished the Hippodrome, first viewing the spectacle there, wearing on his head a diadem of pearls and precious stones, desiring to fulfill the prophetic voice ^D which says, "Thou hast set a crown of precious stone upon his head." For none of the emperors before him had ever worn such a thing. And he celebrated a great feast in the month of May, which is also the eleventh day of Artemisius, according to the great Antioch, of which he was a namesake. Ordering on that same day the festival of the birthday of his city to be celebrated, and at the completion of his consulship, he threw largesse in Constantinople to the Byzantines, distributing daily rations of bread in the form of reeds—which those breads he called "Palatine," because they were taken from the palace—each loaf having an allotment of wine, meat, and vegetables. He provided the revenue for these from his own private resources, and called those who received them "Palatines." Seeing the inhabitants to be few, as in a city of such size, he chose those of note by birth from Rome and from other places, and having built and bestowed large houses upon them, he made them inhabit the city. He built the church of Holy Peace, and of the Holy Apostles, and of Saint Mocius, and of the Archangel in the Anaplus. And in the church of the Anaplus he saw and heard wondrous signs. He also demolished the three temples, those existing in the so-called Acropolis, of the Sun, and of Artemis, and of Aphrodite, and ordered that they remain henceforth useless. He sets up a new Rome, the one now called Constantinople, and willingly endured the appellation.

^A Where once those holding command used to receive their honors, he inscribed himself upon a stone stele, and raised a statue of his mother, Helen, upon a column, and called the place the Augusteum. He was also generous to the senators who had followed him from Rome, gifting them houses which he had built at his own expense. Additionally ^B he added the conduit for water to the city. He also raised two arches toward what is called the Forum, and the purple-hued and much-admired column, upon which stands the statue of Constantine himself, which we see shining down upon the citizens like the sun. This statue, however, fell from the column and killed about ten men and women who were present there, on the fifth of the month of April, in the fourteenth indiction, in the year 6614, the twentieth year of the reign of the lord Alexius Comnenus. It was about the third hour when darkness gathered and a fierce, violent south wind blew, caused by the comet called the "javelin," which appeared on the evening of the Preparation day [Friday] of the first week. This man also made houses for the deliberative senate and named the place the Senate, in which also stands the statue of the Dodonaean Zeus and two monuments of Pallas. He was also generous to the populace by distributing daily bread every year, which he called "palatines," because they were provided from the palace. Moreover, he instituted that wine, meat, oil, and grain be distributed, which the city enjoys even to the present time, presenting tokens cast by him in place of symbols. Furthermore, he promulgated laws of commerce based on equity and good faith, and by encircling the city with very ample walls and ornamenting it in various ways, he made it splendid, after the likeness of ancient Rome. ^C

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius.

(58) Augusteum. MEURS. — (59) And raised the two arches. Write in the Latin according to Hesychius, "and the two arches." LAMB. — (60) The purple-hued. This mention of a purple column is frequent among the authors of Byzantine history. And there was also at other times a use for such things. But it should be corrected by opportunity as in Sidonius, L. II, ep. 2: "They are not Median pillars, but columns, which more expert architects of buildings have called 'purple'." Today it is edited as "purpuras." MEURS. — (61) Upon which stands Constantine. Cedrenus, Zonaras, and others. But there were inscribed upon these statues of Constantine these four verses: [Greek text: O Christ, ruler of the world and Master, / To You now I have offered this, Your servant city, / And these scepters, and the power of Rome. / Guard it, and save it from every harm.] They exist in Cedrenus. MEURS. — (62) This statue. All that follows up to here is missing in the Vatican codices. LAMB. — (63) The twentieth year of the reign. Zonaras, Annal. 5. MEURS. — (64) Of the javelin. Acontiae are what are called comets, which are carried in the manner of a javelin, about which see Pliny, 2, 25. LAMB. — (65) Of the Preparation day [Friday]. Recent Greeks call the days of Friday… ^D (66) The Greeks call the day of Friday by the institution of St. Sylvester, of the Roman pontiff of that name, in whose acts these things are read: LAMB. (67) This, indeed, is understood as Constantine the Great. In the Vatican codex, I found it written as in Hesychius, "in addition to these," etc. LAMB. (68) Two monuments of Pallas. Zonaras, Annal. 5, does not narrate two palladia but one; and he places it not in the senate, but in the Forum of Placitus. MEURS.

^A He rendered it more glorious. He built two temples in the first place, one in the name of Saint Irene, the other of the Holy Apostles. Then he abrogated all the superstitions of the pagans. Then he built several other temples, of which we shall speak shortly after. He founded the temple of Saint Sophia, covered with a wooden roof, from which four hundred and twenty-seven statues were removed, of which the greater part were of the Gentiles, namely of Jupiter and Carus and Diocletian; furthermore, the twelve signs, both the Moon and Venus, and the star Arcturus placed on two Persian columns, and the southern pole, and the priestess of Minerva, having ^B the philosopher Hieron prophesying at her side; but of the Christians, very few, as I said. The excellent emperor also built the temple of Saint Agathonicos, and the temple of Saint Acacius, and the temple of the Holy Apostles, together with his mother, having made this also a "dromikos," and with a wooden roof. But also monuments for the emperors, in one of which he himself was buried. ^C (75)

Notes by Meursius and Lambecius

(69) "Daily rations." I correct it to *artous hemeresious*. See our Glossary on the Palatines. MEURS. (70) "Of the reeds thrown by him." Is this word *calami* (reeds) left over? So I cast it out. Suidas confirms me, for in this very matter [he says] these words: "He added to these meat and wine and oil, which the city enjoyed until a certain time, bearing the marks of those [rations] thrown by him." Unless... to substitute *panarias* for *mali* (evils). MEURS. He calls [by] the marks of the reeds the *tesseras panarias*, by which, as if by certain signs and symbols produced, it was recognized who had the right to enjoy the distributions of civic rations. Julius Pollux in the chronicle fragment cited a little earlier calls them so. See Salmasius, who discusses this passage of Codinus most fully in his notes on Flavius Vopiscus. LAMB. (71) "Laws and contracts." Write... [The Latin text discusses manuscript variations of *kath' hekasten* (each day) versus *kath' hemeran* (daily) and refers to the Digest/Institutions of Gaius and Theophilus]. LAMB. (72) "From which [they] were removed." Suidas in *Sophia*. MEURS. (73) "Carus the father of Diocletian?" I clearly deny it. Go to Aurelius Victor: he will tell you he was a Dalmatian and a freedman of the senator Anulinus. But it is also in Suidas, in *Sophia*. What then? I think it should be written in both places... For Carus was the predecessor of Diocletian. MEURS. These words are read differently in almost all manuscripts. In one Vatican codex I found [this] written... ^D [The text continues discussing the confusion of imperial names: Constantius Chlorus, Constantine the Great, Carinus, etc., and proposes the emendation of *tou pro* (before) to distinguish the father.] LAMB. (74) "The southern pole." This statue of the southern pole is quite suspicious. In the anonymous *Collectanea Chronica* it is read... therefore I fear it should be read as a statue of a horse's foal, with head bowed-down, in the form of one grazing, such as are seen in very many ancient coins. I would like to submit as an example a very rare coin of the emperor M. Opelius Macrinus, on which a horse is seen grazing between two... with the inscription... This coin is possessed by Franciscus Gotufredus of Rome. LAMB. (75) "In one of which he himself is placed." Eusebius, *Life of Constantine*, Book IV, is the author [of the claim] that he erected burial places for the Apostles, but [built] his own in the middle of them, with [those of the] six at either side. MEURS. After these words, not a few things are added in one Vatican codex, which are missing both in the printed [editions] and in the rest of the manuscripts. They are these: that the great Constantine began to build Constantinople in the year 5837, having reigned in it for nineteen years. The eleventh year of the same emperor having thus been passed, and having taken the beginning...

^A of the twelfth year, he undertook to build the city of Byzantium. It should be known that in the year of the world 5837, in the third month of the second indiction, on the twenty-sixth day of the month of September, on a Wednesday, the sun being in the zodiacal sign of Sagittarius—for Cancer was the horoscope—in the first year of the two hundred and sixty-fifth Olympiad, they laid the foundations of the western walls ^B of Constantinople. And having finished, in nine months, both the land wall and the seaside wall, with most of the buildings that were constructed in the city, on the eleventh day of the month of May the dedication of the city took place, and it was named Constantinople. And on the day of the dedication, he ordained that for the times to follow, his statue should be seen with the customary honor, when the horse races were being held, by the emperor reigning for the time being and by the people, and that they should ascend as far as the *stoma*. These things were done in the twelfth year of the reign ^C of the great Constantine, while there cooperated with him and consented to such a building of the God-guarded city those who were assigned to it, Euphrates the chamberlain, Urbicius and Olybrius the praepositi, Isidorus and Eustorgius and Michael the first vestiarius, all of them patricians, and Honorisius the prefect, precisely as Eutychianus the first secretary, the grammarian, and Eutropius the sophist—who accompanied the apostate Julian in Persia—and Constantine the epistolographer, and Eleusius the deacon the philosopher, and Troilus record the accounts.

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius

Agathias, who thought the origin of the Saturnalia was from the dedication and lustration—if I may use that term—of the city, is not to be passed over. The learned man does not correctly interpret *natalicia*. After these words, some things are added in the Vatican codex which are missing in the printed editions. ^D For the rest, these words are not to be understood as concerning the dedication of Constantinople, which was celebrated in the twelfth year of the reign of Constantine, but concerning the beginning of its building, which fell in the twelfth year of the reign of Constantine, when he came from Rome to Byzantium. Indeed, Codinus himself testifies that these words are to be so interpreted in the fragment of the Vatican codex cited a little before, and below on page 150. But this [the interpretation in the text] cannot be true, for it says before that it happened in the third month of the second indiction. And the indiction comprised fifteen years, and counting began through it when, after the killing of Maxentius, a trusty and fixed peace was given to the Christians by Constantine, only in the tenth year of his reign, as we know from the Chronicle of Eusebius. Therefore, from the beginning of his reign to the second indiction, when this dedication of Constantinople took place, there are necessarily twenty-five years. And clearly Cassiodorus and Jerome in their Chronicles refer this event to the twenty-fifth year. In Cedrenus the number is corrupted again.

^A of the city, Euphrates the chamberlain, Urdicius and ^B Olybrius the praepositi, Isidorus, and Eustorgius, and Michael the primovestiarius—all of whom were patricians—and Honoratus ^A the prefect, as Eutychianus the grammatikos and protoasekretis, and Eutropius the sophist who accompanied Julian the Apostate in Persia, and Constantine the letter-writer, and Eleusius the deacon the philosopher, and Troilus the rhetor who successfully held many offices with distinction, and Hesychius the shorthand writer relate. All these, having been eyewitnesses of the events which then occurred, recorded these things accurately. In the twelfth year of his reign, he made, as has been said, the city of Byzantium greater, and called it Constantinople. He founded also the palaces from the Chalke ^B and the Excubita, and he raised up there the temple of the Holy Apostles, and the dome of the Heptalychos (the Seven-Lamp), which even until now is preserved inside the schools, and the tribunal, and those things now called the Noumera, and these also into the palace, and the Nineteen Accubita, and the Step-simon, and the temple of Saint Stephen, in which he had a winter bedchamber. He raised up also the Magnaura and the church of the Lord; [it] ends after the ninth year ^C of the settlement and dedication of Constantinople.

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius

(89) Honoratus. In some codices it is read Onotarsius. I believe it should be read Honoratus: for he seems to speak of Honoratus, who, being a son of Constantius the son of Constantine, was made the first urban prefect of Cpol. from being praetorian prefect of the Gauls, as Jerome and Nicephorus Callistus (ix, 44) write. LAMB.

(90) Eutychianus the grammatikos and protoasekretis, who was with the apostate Julian in Persia, Eutropius the sophist and letter-writer of Constantine, Troilus letter-writer of Justinian.

(91) Eutropius, Book X of the Breviary of Roman Matters. "Hence," he says, "Julian gained possession of affairs and brought war upon the Parthians with vast equipment, at which expedition I myself was also present." LAMB.

(92) The letter-writer Constantine. It seems therefore that Eutropius was in charge of the letters for the emperor Constantine. Thus infra p. 134, he mentions a certain Plutarch, whom he calls letter-writer of Justinian. LAMB.

(93) The Chalke. The house of the emperor Anastasius. Julian, Anthol. iv, 25. House of Anastasius, the tyrannicide king, Alone I rise, most excellent, a wonder bringing ^D to all by the stars of the earth. "Bronze-roofed." If you send glimmers of bronze roofs. The bronze-roofed [part] of the palace, which was what is now called the Chalke and served as a prison. And there are found also the tombs of impious emperors in our holy temples, as also that of the apostate Julian in the temple of the holy and all-praised Apostles.

(96) The Nineteen Accubita. Diaconus in *Leone Constant. F.*: On the following Holy Saturday the emperor will appear in the ten and nineteen accubita. MEURS. The ancient Greeks called them *anaklintēria*. They are called *accubita* in Latin, as in Lampridius in *Heliogabalus*: he did not lie down in *accubita* easily, unless on those which had hare's fur or partridge feathers. A manuscript Vetus Lexicon which is preserved in the library of Petrus Seguierius, the great Chancellor of France, interprets [it] and adds: The same: LAMB.

(97) The temple of Saint Stephen. The temple that had collapsed to the ground, Basilius Macedo restored, as Cedrenus testifies. MEURS.

(98) The Magnaura. Diaconus calls it Manaura in Mauricius and Constantine son of Constans; it ought to be restored as Magnaura. It is the carelessness of lazy copyists. Here, however, the emperors used to receive distinguished foreign persons. Cedrenus: ...

^A Its successor, John Tzimiskes, destroyed it and rebuilt it from Chalcean material, and in it he was buried. Moreover, Constantine, desiring also to build a circus in his city in imitation of the Roman one, completed the one which Severus had left unfinished, specifically one part of the tiers, by which the ascents led up to the two covered walks, and also the parapets, enclosures, the goals, and the factions. He erected all the bronze statues and images collected from various places and cities for the adornment of the city. Likewise, he paved the columns of the covered walks with tessellated pavement. He himself presented the first gymnastic and equestrian games there. But the statue which has winged feet was brought from great Antioch; it is Bellerophon, who was worshipped there. We shall speak briefly at the end regarding the remaining statues, how many and what they are, whence each came, and why they were erected.

^B Constantine, desiring that his city be inhabited especially by Romans, secretly took the rings of every most distinguished man and sent them to the king of the Persians, who was called Sapor—namely, four masters: Adam, Protasius, Scolymbrus, and Philoxenus, and eight patricians: Probus, Domninus, Darius, Maurus, Rhodanus, ^C and Sallustius.

...[trans. omitted due to text overlap segment in source]...

^D (1) *Hktron*: An oval room of the palace, so named. The anonymous historicist mentioned in it in the *Life of Anastasius* in the library of the most Christian King: "And thunders," he says, "and lightnings circling about the palace, and the king fleeing from place to place, held him in one of the chambers called the *Hktron*, so that he was found suddenly dead." LAMB.

(2) *The new*: The Deacon in the *New* [History] of the time of Mauritius. MEURS.

(3) *And the equestrian*: This is spoken of Constantine the Great. But regarding what Codinus says, that the Hippodrome of Severus was completed by Constantine, the anonymous chronicler in the Royal Library confirms it with these words: LAMB.

(4) *The factions*: The factions are called the places of the Hippodrome where the two popular factions sat, namely the Prasina (Green) and the Veneta (Blue). Otherwise, the factions signifiers the parties themselves. LAMB.

(5) *He having winged feet, etc.*: In one Vatican codex, for "winged," I have found written "bird-footed." One might believe, therefore, that it should be read "bird-footed" or "bird-like." But if this emendation is true, it is likely that this was a statue of Perseus rather than Bellerophon. For the former is said to have traveled through the air having received winged sandals from Mercury on his horse Pegasus, while the latter did so on the horse Pegasus. However, in another Vatican codex, this passage is conceived thus: "The statue having the equestrian feet they brought from...". It seems, therefore, that Codinus is speaking of that equestrian statue placed in the forum named the Bull, which he mentions in the book about statues, number 48 and 49. LAMB.

(6) *We shall speak*: Namely, in the excerpts *On the Statues and Spectacles*. LAMB.

(7) *Desiring, therefore, Constantine the Great*: Sozomenus 2, 3 relates all things briefly: "But since he did not consider the indigenous people sufficient citizens for the size of the city, he built very large houses sporadically about the markets, and having made men of importance masters along with their households, he settled them in these, some having been called from elder Rome, others from other nations." MEURS.

^A Probus, Domninus, Darius, Maurus, Rhodanus, Saltion, the prefect Modestus, and Eubulus. He dispatched them with a great army, and they spent sixteen months in Persia. Meanwhile, Constantine the Great, having sent envoys to Rome, summoned their wives, children, and households. He also appointed builders and architects so that they might observe the houses of each man and the location and position of the site, whether on the seashore or inland, along with the form of the structures and the staircases, which were spiral. And having taken the households of the senators, they went up to Byzantium and built every one of them in the same likeness, and settled their households within them. Having returned there, then, from the Persian land with victory, and having also received three hundred and sixty-five centenaria of tribute, the emperor received them gladly, and having prepared a feast, he said to them: "Do you wish to go away to Rome?"—testing them. They replied that they would not go down for two months. The emperor said: "Tonight I have to give you your houses," having commanded Euphrates, his chamberlain—who had also made Constantine the Great a Christian—to restore to each one their houses. ^B When, therefore, they saw the gates and the courtyards and the staircases similar to those in Rome, and the measurements and the shapes and the heights and the view from the windows, they thought themselves to be in Rome in a dream; but when they also found their own households, they were astonished. When they questioned their own households and learned accurately, then at last they believed that it was no phantom, but the prudence of the emperor, who by this means had compelled them to dwell there against their will and desire. ^C But the places were named after their names. Philoxenus built a cistern, which is called Philoxenus’. Probus erected the church of the Forerunner, which Constantine Caballinus, or Copronymus, changed into a smithy called Probus’. Domninus built a house in the region of Maurianus, in which Agricolaus dwells. Darius founded the house of Canatisa, the wife of Sclerus; Maurus built a house, which is now called Bellona; Chodanus built a house called In the Heavens; and Sallustius built that which is called Contomiti. Modestus built a house at the Holy Apostles, which is called Lampri; Eubulus, however, built its three courtyards. The same man built four porticoes from the palace up to that place of the land wall into which refuse is carried out. One began from the Tzycanisterium of the Manganis, ^D and indeed with the emperor proposing to give them tribute, the departure of the time of the Egyptian tribute—three hundred and sixty-five centenaria—took place.

m of the Manganis, and indeed with the emperor proposing to give them tribute, the departure of the time of the Egyptian tribute—three hundred and sixty-five centenaria—took place. ^A He built a house which is called "In the Heavens" (13). It is near [the quarter of] Mamaina. Saltion built a house which is called "of Kordomites" (14). Modestus built a house at the Holy Apostles called "of Lampros." And the three gateways (15) were built by Eubulus. The same person (16) also built four colonnades (embola), from the palace as far as the land walls (17), with vaulted ceilings. One of them began from the Tzukanisterion and the Manganes (18) and the acropolis and the [gate of] Eugenius (19), and extended as far as Saint Antony; the other began from the Daphne and the Sophias [quarter] as far as the Rhabdos (20); and the other two colonnades [began] from the Chalke and the Milion (21) and the Forum as far as the Taurus (22) and the Bous (23) and the Exakionion (24). ^B Above the colonnades were stone paved walkways and countless bronze statues for the adornment of the city. He also built the sewers (25), and he brought in the conduits (26) from Bulgaria. He also constructed arched drains (27) (28) throughout the entire city, as deep in height as the colonnades, so that there would be no foul odor, and so that many diseases would not attack, but [would flow] into the depth.

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius.

(13) The Rodas behind Saint Sophia, which is called Valianus. (14) The name Kordomites is taken here from a shortened form of "nasus" (nose); for in Greco-barbarian it is called short, and also "vel nasus." Therefore, it is composed in the same way. MEURS. (15) Zonaras also mentions the three [gateways] as built by Eubulus, which burned down under Justinian. MEURS. (16) The same [built] the four vaulted ones from the palace as far as the land wall. MEURS. (17) The land walls. He was considering the earthquake under Leo, as the Deacon testifies. MEURS. (18) The Manganes. "Mangana" was a place destined for the keeping of war machines and mechanical materials, of which there is much discussion, p. 74. LAMB. (19) Eugenius. It should have been "from the gates of Eugenius." For the plural number is not unusual among the Greeks. ^C But the gate of Eugenius was near the acropolis. This author himself [states this] in his book on the offices of Constantinople: This epigram exists concerning this in the Anthology, 1. 4: MEURS. (20) As far as the Rhabdos. Here were the temples of the martyrs Demetrius and Aemilianus. The author Cedrenus. MEURS. (21) The Milion. The heads of criminals were hung here. I observe from the Deacon regarding Constantine Copronymus: "But he beheaded the Bagrae in the vivarium, and hung his head in the Milion for three days." MEURS. (22) The Taurus. He had constructed a nymphaeum in what is called the Taurus, under Valens, by the prefect of the city. Zonaras, Annal. 3. It perished in this fire under Leo the Great, in the fifth year of his reign. Cedrenus is the witness. The Forum was also connected. Evagrius 2, 13: MEURS. (23) The Bous. Whence the place gets its name, Zonaras transmits in Phoca: "The wretched body was burned near the Bous, where there was a furnace, as is said, made of bronze, having the shape of an ox, which had been brought from Pergamon, from which the place was also named." Its vestibules burned under Justinian, in the 65th year of his reign. ^D Thereof. MEURS. (24) The Exakionion. Also below: from the Exakionion as far as Gold. However, you will find it mentioned twice in Cedrenus, and in Nicetas in [the history of] Alexius Manuel, and [in the life of] the monk: for it was a monastery, as we learn from the text itself. But I believe the reading of our Codinus to be more correct. Thus I find seven columns in Evagrius, Hist. Eccles. 1, 15, and 94 columns in Victor in the Chronicle: up to the forum of Constantine above the length of the street of the columns 94. And Phranzes mentions the diplocionium, Chron. 1, 39, and 3, 8. MEURS. (25) The sewers (mudronas). The word "mudronas," never read elsewhere. There are those who explain it in Latin as a smithy, as if derived from [Greek], which word signifies incandescent iron. But perhaps it should be read as "hydronas," that is, as I interpret it, water pipes or places of water supply. The ancient Greeks called them "hydrea," as Strabo does constantly. Also Pliny and Solinus call them "hydrea." But it is more likely that it should be written "aphedronas," that is, sewers or latrines. LAMB. 5038. ap. Band. (27) He constructed. It is in the middle of the colonnades, where the public road is, and he built vaulted canals in every other part of the city. Vat. (28) Gaboi. The more recent Greeks call these concave [places] or caves. But in this place they signify the sewers or caverns through which the filth flowed into the sea. LAMB.

(28) Γάβοι recentioribus Græcis dicuntur cavi seu loca concava. Hoc loco autem γάβοι ἐγχορηγοὶ ἐποίησε significant cloacas seu cavernas, per quas colluvies effluebat in mare. LAMB. ^A flow off the foul matters and descend to the sea. These were built, as has been said, by Urbicius the praepositus and Sallustius the eparch and the rest. Having left them six hundred pounds of gold for the porticoes, the conduits, and the walls, he himself went against the Scythians, and having subdued them, he built cities there: Persthlava, Distra, Pliscousa, and Constantia. These were built, according to the voice of Hermius, by Urbicius within two and a half years. He also built those of Armatius. And he set up his tent and stored his armor there, when he subdued the Byzantines. And in the names of his three sons he built the palaces called the Constantinian and those called the Constan. He also established the house of Tubaces and of Oberitzes, which the Acropolites possesses. But as for the churches and all else that Constantine the Great raised, we shall speak of them later in the book concerning buildings.

CONCERNING THE FORM AND AMBIT OF THE CITY OF CONSTANTINOPLE

^B It must be known that the palace of Byzas was in the acropolis; and the church of Saint Menas was formerly a temple of Zeus, for which reason even now on its marble arches, which are supported by two very large columns, the statues of Zeus and Saturn remain. For it was the custom [(31)] among ancient leaders to build their palaces in the acropolises. Now the wall began, as it does even now, in the time of Byzas from the tower of the acropolis, and passed to the tower of Eugenius, and ascended up to the Strategium, and passed to what is called the bath of Achilles. And the arch seen there, now called that of Urbicius, was formerly a land gate of Byzas; and the wall ascended to the Chalcopratia as far as what is called the Milion. And there was also a land gate of the Byzantines there, and it passed to the twisted columns of the Tzycalaria [(32)], ^C and descended to the Topoi, and again turned back through the Mangana and the ther-

Arcadianas, and thus at length returned to the acropolis. The entire wall contained twenty-seven towers. ^B

Such was the layout of the city under Byzas; but the second, as it was built under Constantine the Great, is this. On the seaward side, extensions were made from the acropolis and the Tower of Eugenius as far as the Zeugma of Saint Antony, and from the so-called Topoi as far as the most holy Theotokos of the Rhabdos. The land wall ascended as far as the Hexacionium, and from the Milestone it proceeded as far as the old gate of the Forerunner and the monasteries of Stoudios and of Icasia; it passed as far as Bounos and the church of the holy martyrs Manuel, Sabel, and Ismael, and descended to the Harmatius, and concluded at the church of Saint Antony. This configuration of the wall lasted for one hundred and thirty-two years, during the time of ten emperors. In the fifth year of his reign, however, Theodosius the Younger—when there was an earthquake and the walls were collapsing because the Amalekites and Chazinzarii were living in the city and were impiously mocking the Trisagion—instituted prayers and supplications in the Campus of the Tribunal ^C together with the Patriarch Proclus and all the people, crying "Lord, have mercy" for many hours. While everyone was watching, a small boy was snatched up into the air, and the boy heard the angels chanting and singing: "Holy God, Holy Mighty, Holy Immortal, have mercy on us." When the boy was lowered to the ground, the people chanted in the same manner, the earthquake ceased, and the emperor expelled all the heretics from the city. He extended the walls from the Hexacionium as far as the Golden Gate. Wherefore he also set up his own statue there behind the elephants, and he extended the sea wall from the Raudus as far as the Golden Gate and from Saint Antony, situated in the place called Harmatius, as far as the Blachernae and the Golden Gate.

The two factions built the walls, having been commissioned by him, as is contained in the writings concerning the buildings. ^B

ON ADIABENE

This region lies facing Mesopotamia ^B towards the east, beyond the Tigris. In it is produced asphalt, which is called naphtha. It is called Adiabene because there are many rivers in it, which render the crossing difficult. Nineveh is also situated there. The asphalt imparts such security to the buildings that, when mixed with baked bricks and small stones, it becomes stronger than any iron. There also is the breathless mouth, from which a terrible spirit exhales, ^C sufficient to destroy every terrestrial and winged animal, should it chance to smell it; and it does not issue forth in a straight line, but after ascending a little, it rises and then is reflected back, and because of this, creatures flying at a higher level are safe. And it destroys everything smelling of it in the surrounding regions of Asia, except for eunuchs. ^D

CONCERNING STATUES, COLUMNS, AND SIGHTS OF CONSTANTINOPLE

^A Concerning the statue of Janus (55). They recount the statue of Janus to be four-faced, because of the four seasons. Others represent him holding a key in his right hand, as the beginning of time and the opening of the year, and a bolt (54). Others [represent him] holding three hundred pebbles in his right hand, and sixty-five in his left, as if he were the father of time.

Concerning the spear-bearing statue. The statue of Athena holds a spear, to signify its constancy and courage; likewise a shield, because all treachery is repelled by wisdom; for it is the same as the mind. And they give her a helmet, because the summit of wisdom is invisible; and an olive tree, since it is of the purest essence; for light...

^B Notes of Meursius and Lambecius. ...is preserved, and those grazing round about. Dio says he saw something similar to this in Hierapolis of Asia, which destroys everything that smells it, except for eunuchs. ^C ...there is Ctesiphon in the region of Adiabena... Note that it is called Adiabene: which is otherwise called... It is interpreted in an old manuscript lexicon, where I think it means the same as...

^D ...taken almost word-for-word from the *De Mensibus*: His words on this matter are: "We must speak therefore concerning Janus, who he is, and what opinion the ancients held concerning him. And some mythologize him as two-faced, at one moment carrying keys in his right hand like a janitor, or at another time counting three hundred pebbles in the right and sixty-five in the left, like the year." Whence they also depict him four-faced from the four seasons of the year; a sign of which, they say, still exists to this day in the Forum of Nerva. LAMB.

...at this place means the same as... that is to say, "janitor" or "doorkeeper." *Etymologicon Magnum*: "It is taken in the aforementioned words of John Philadelphus; that is, according to the interpretation of Macrobius, *Saturn.* lib. i, cap. 9: 'And when he is depicted with a key, it is as the guardian of gates.' It signifies also the barrier of a door, as in Homer's *Odyssey*: 'Then he placed a great [bolt] against the doors.' To which words Eustathius notes that by Homer it is called 'a stone closing the entrance of a cave.' From here, therefore, it sufficiently appears that learned men are mistaken, one of whom thinks that for *bolt*, *watchman* should be read, and another *door*, as if the word *bolt* had no other meaning than *shield*. LAMB.

^A olive wood; and they place a Gorgon on her breast, because of the quickness of the mind.

Of the statue holding a lyre.

Of the statue holding a bronze pair of shears.

Of the statue carrying a tower.

Of the statue bearing a comb.

Of the statue of Zeus.

^A a scepter in his left hand, and extends an eagle with his right. His sitting signifies the stability of his power; that his upper parts are naked intimates that he is manifest to the intelligent and celestial parts of the world. The rest is covered, because to those who crawl upon the earth, God is unknown. Holding the scepter in his left hand signifies his sovereign power. Extending the eagle with his other hand signifies that he rules over the spirits of the air, as the eagle does over the birds that soar aloft. By the three apples, he signifies that the three climates hold the entire order of the world (62).

Concerning the statue of the winged Hermes

Concerning the statue of Hermes carrying a purse

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius

(62) "Of birds." But they also fashion him holding three apples in his hand; and by the three apples he signifies that the three climates hold the entire order of the world. "Climates." By the three apples, he signifies that as spheres they hold the entire order of the world in three climates. "And of Rhea." There are those who say that Hermes is, allegorically, the son of Zeus and Maia; that Zeus is Mind, and Maia is Prudence; and that the child born of both is Hermes, who signifies speech (logos), and they made him the youngest of all, inasmuch as speech does not grow old. Furthermore, they have made him most swift by providing him with wings, signifying the sharpness of mind and the speed of speech through such art. The poet therefore says, "winged words." Then, too, the Greeks fashion him in a four-cornered shape, providing this as a very great proof that he is speech, and true speech; and merchants used to pray to Maia and Hermes that their gains might be without risk.

(63) "Of gain." ^C Joannes Lydus in his book *De mensibus* says… "Mercury, the cause of gain," and "god of commerce." Hence, he seemed to be the overseer of commerce, and was named *Embolaeus* (commercial) and *Kerdōios* (god of gain). They say of him (that is, Hermes) that he is both the cause of gain and the overseer of commerce.

(64) "Cause of gain." Joannes Lydus in his book *De mensibus*... ^D "Of gain"—"god of commerce." In no place, so far as I know, has this been read; it occurs only once in that sense in Nonnus of Panopolis in his *Paraphrase on John*, chap. II, verse 15, where he calls it the "money-changer's table," or trapezic shop. One would not be wrong, therefore, to think it should be read here. But it seems to me that it should be written as Caesar says in Book VI of *De Bello Gallico*: "They worship," he says, "the god Mercury; they consider him the one who has the greatest power over monetary gains and commerce." And Phurnutus, writing on Mercury, says... And in Suidas it is read... I have restored the "purse" omitted before from the Vatican manuscript. I also advise that the same should be restored in Suidas, at the entry where it is missing. This reading is to be preferred to that which is held in Suidas.

Concerning the Statue of Gratitude

Concerning the Statue of Priapus

Concerning the Statue of the Earth

Concerning the Statue Having Horns upon its Head

Concerning the Atrabatics

^A color; for they call black *atrous*. Or it is because they were accustomed to use these with *trabes*, and the luxurious cloaks are called *trabiae* 75.

Concerning the Augusteon

On the fifth 76 day of the month of October, the regents of the regions of the city used to hold dances in the Gusteum, that is, the food market, in honor of the emperor ruling at that time. Therefore, the common people call this very place the Augusteon. In it, statues of the great Constantine and his mother were also set up; for which reason, he named the place the Augusteon, though it was formerly called the Gusteum 77, that is to say, the food market.

Concerning the statues in the arch of the vault of the forum

In the arch 78 of the vault of the forum, two statues of Helena and Constantine stood, and a cross in their midst, upon which was inscribed 79: “One is holy, one is Lord, Jesus Christ, to the glory of God the Father, amen.” Likewise, there were also two winged statues of angels 80; they were set up by the eparch of the forum.

Concerning the equestrian statue in the Augusteon, holding a cross and a sphere

When Justinian had built the church of Saint Sophia, he also cleared the area situated before it and adorned it with marbles, as before it had been the Gusteum, or food market; and for that reason, he erected his own equestrian statue there upon a column, which holds a sphere in its left hand, ^C with a cross fixed upon it, signifying that because of his faith in the cross, he had become master of the entire world. For the sphere signifies the earth because of its spherical shape, while the cross signifies the faith, because of God, who was fastened to it in the flesh. He extends his right hand toward the East, indicating the agitation of the Persians, and that they should not cross into ^D Roman territory.

^A “Halt, Persians, and do not advance further; for it will not profit you.”

Of the Cross situated in the northern part of the Forum

In the northern part of the Forum is situated a Cross, like the one which the great Constantine saw in the heavens, covered in gold and having round spheres at its extremities. ^B Hence, both he and his sons are seen gilded until this day.

Of the Xerolophus

Some used to call the Xerolophus “Theama” [the Spectacle] in former times; for sixteen cochleae [spiral columns] stood there, and the statue of Artemis and of Severus the founder, and a three-legged theamatium. Severus made many sacrifices there, and many oracles were delivered in that place. During that time, also, a virgin maiden was sacrificed there. ^C And there was an astronomical position [thesis] that lasted for thirty-six years. The same Xerolophus, as the discerning account says, had the statue of Theodosius the Little, and of Valentinian, and of Marcian beneath the column. But after an earthquake occurred, the statues fell.

Of the two crosses of the thieves, and of the vessel containing the ointment

Beneath the column of the Forum, these two crosses are buried, and the vessel of ointment with which Christ was anointed, and many other wonder-working relics, placed there by Constantine the Great, and secured by Theodosius the Great.

Of the bridge beyond Saint Mamas

Beyond Saint Mamas stood a bridge of equal size. ^D

^A It consisted of twelve arches; a very large river used to flow down under it, especially in the month of February. A bronze dragon also stood there, because some believed that a dragon dwelt at the bridge. For this reason, many virgins were sacrificed there, as well as multitudes of sheep, oxen, and birds. For a certain Basiliscus, having fallen in love with the place, being one of those from the party of Numerianus Caesar, built a home and dwelt therein; and he also erected there a temple to Jupiter of immense size. Zeno overturned all these things in the second year of his reign.

Of Saint Menas

Of the statue of the eunuch in Chelone

Of the place called the Cynegion

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius

I was terrified and fled to the ^A church, and when I reported what had happened, no one believed me until I confirmed it with oaths. Therefore, some of the kinsmen and friends of the deceased emperor went with me to the Cynegium, and before they saw the corpse of the man, they marveled at the fall of the statue. A certain philosopher named John said that he had discovered that an illustrious man would be crushed by this figure; wherefore, the emperor Philippicus, having been informed, ordered the same figure to be buried in the same place.

Of the two statues of Verina, the wife of Leo the Great.

^B There are two statues of Verina, one further to the south near the holy martyr Agathonicus, after the ascent of the steps there, and the other opposite it, near the church of Saint Barbara. And the one of Saint Agathonicus was erected while her husband, Leo Macella, was still living, but the one of Saint Barbara was erected after his death, when she crowned her brother Basiliscus, after Zeno, her son-in-law, had fled.

The statue of Euphemia, the wife of Justin the Thracian, was erected in the church of Saint Euphemia, which was built by her.

Arcadia, the second wife of Zeno, had her statue set up near the steps of those ^C called the Topi, in the region of the Archangel Michael, in the Arcadian baths. There, Zeno once judged those who had followed the side of Basiliscus, and he made the place a secretum. Concerning the first wife of his, Ariadne, and Zeno himself...

^A he placed them at the royal gate of the Chalke.

In the Chalke, near and above [that] of the illustrious Pulcheria, towards the palace promenade, a column was erected. And in this same place, Zeno and Ariadne stand. There are also two other pedestaled columns standing on a small base, having elegiac couplets by Secundus the philosopher. Opposite the bronze arch are two semi-Gorgon heads, with female faces, partially gilded. Eight columns were brought from Ephesus, from the temple of Artemis; four were ordered to be set up in the regions of the Taurus, in the old palaces—[those] of Constantine and Julian and his wife and his children and Gallus—and the other four in the left part of the Chalke. ^B There, Justinian set up a cross and a gilded column of Belisarius, and of Tiberius the stooped Thracian, and of Justinian. The first is thin. There are also seven columns of his relatives, some of marble and others of bronze. And the two horses, which stand above the Gorgon heads in the aforementioned arch, were also brought by Justinian, the builder of Hagia Sophia, from the temple of Artemis at Ephesus. And he set them up so that he would not be outdone by the horses. Similarly also the cross, because of [its] stability. And a very heavy column of Maximinus stands in the same place, where today all the lineage of the great Theodosius exists. And [the statues] of Maurice and his wife and children stand [there].

In the vault of the Milion are statues of the great Constantine and Helena. There, a cross is also seen, held by them toward the east. ^C And in the middle of the cross, the fortune of the city—a cauldron kept locked and magically consecrated—was [placed], so that the city might be unending in every way and might bring victory over all nations, [such that] it would no longer be possible for [enemies] to approach or touch [it], but rather to remain far off and retreat as if defeated. And the key to the cauldron...

^A was buried beneath the bases of the columns.

In the same Milestone stand three statues: Sophia, the wife of Justin the Thracian, and Arabia, his daughter, and Helena, his niece.

The statue of the great Leo Macella, called the Pittakes, was erected by Euphemia, his own sister, because she had a house there; and the emperor Leo used to visit it every week, as she was very prudent and maintained perpetual virginity. Therefore, all those who were wronged by others, whether citizens or provincials or from any other part of the world, used to place their petitions ^B on the steps of this column, with the guards assigned to this task keeping them there, and from them they were later offered to the emperor when he came there; and every person would receive their resolution on the spot. When the emperor was staying at the palace, he would send one of his chamberlains every morning to receive the petitions deposited with the aforementioned ministers; he would immediately respond to them, and he would send the responses back by way of the hebdomadaries or chamberlains to the column of the Pittakion, to be returned to the guards, who in turn would give them to each of the supplicants. For this reason, those who wished to be settled quickly would place their petitions in the evening, and on the following day they would receive their result. From this, the place was called "the Pittakia."

In the tribunal of the palace, statues of Eudoxia, the wife of Theodosius, and of Theodosius himself, and of Marcian and Constantine were set up. There, ^C solemn dances of the two popular factions used to take place until [the time of] Heraclius.

The Baths of Zeuxippus were built by Severus, and were constructed by a certain art so that they were lit by glass lamps. The water boiled quite fiercely, and it also heated the air of the bath. Later, some senseless mortals destroyed this. Oh, what a loss!

The statue standing in the Armamentarium is of the tyrant Phocas, which he had erected upon a column in the seventh year of his reign, eighteen days before he was deposed from the empire. The holy Symeon was living at that time. ^D [But] he was cast down from his rule.

^A The same Phocas built the church of Saint Phocas in the Milion, though he did not yet finish it with a roof. Up until that time, the relay station for the public post horses was there, and in that place he severed the tendons [of the horses] at the hocks, and from the fact that it was previously a land relay station, he changed it as far as the Golden Gate. After he had slain [his predecessor] and obtained the empire, he set up there two bronze statues of horses with their tendons severed, and square stone altars near the church of Saint Phocas, which he himself had raised, naming the place the "Diippion." ^B For he also set up there four images of Constantine and Helena with golden tesserae. But Heraclius, when he came and seized power, honored the church, roofing it over.

[Note: There were] of course those Symeones Stylites, the first of whom flourished in the times of the emperors Marcian and Leo Macellus, as Cedrenus, Suidas, and many other writers record; the second finished his life about the twelfth year of the emperor Maurice, as Evagrius 4, 22, and Nicephorus Callistus 18, 24 testify. But since both lived before the empire of Phocas, they have nothing to do with the present matter.

^C That the column behind the Magnaura, toward the eastern part of the solar structure, belongs to Phocas, in the seventh year of whose reign he showed much zeal for ascending it, is clear. ^D As to the relay station, it stands for the land-based relay of the public post; the expression *Diippion* signifies the place of the severed horses, as has been shown. [alt-version omitted]

^A and having renamed it in the name of the holy apostle and evangelist John the Theologian.

The Lausiac house was the house of Lausus, patrician and praepositus, who held many magistracies and attained many honors during the times of Arcadius, son of Theodosius the Great. He adorned this house with various precious small columns and marbles. This house was one of the twelve which Constantine the Great had built. In it, stone eagles, basins, steps, and square altars for the adornment of the city remain to this day.

Near the arch of the Milliarium there is an equestrian statue of Trajan, and near it an equestrian ^B statue of Theodosius the Younger. The equestrian statues of Arcadius, the son of Theodosius, and of Hadrian stand near the statue of Theodosius the Great, in the regions of the Taurus, near the column, in the lower part.

The colored statue standing in the baths of Zeuxippus is of Philippicus, the most mild prince.

Concerning the Basilica or Royal Cistern.

The so-called Royal Cistern was built by Constantine the Great. The great statue sitting on a throne which is seen there is Solomon’s, which Justinian the Great erected, holding his jaw with his hand and gazing at Saint Sophia, because it, in length and beauty, surpassed the temple built by him in Jerusalem. A statue of Theodosius the Great also stood there, upon two square, gold-plated columns, behind the basilica, near the Milliarium.

First Spectacle.

In the basilica itself, near the Milliarium, there was... ^{C D}

and a virile gilded statue (where the *Examon* of Emperor Heraclius was) and a kneeling one of the tyrant Justinian. There Terbelis ^A gave a public address, and in that same place stood a huge elephant, erected by Severus. There was also a hill before the part of the steps where the school of the city guards kept watch. A silversmith also lived there, who used dishonest scales [(50)] in his sales. When his shop was overturned by the elephant, he threatened the keeper of the elephant with death if he did not restrain the beast. But the beast-keeper would not yield. The maker of the scales killed him and gave him to the elephant to be devoured. The untamed beast killed him as well; and Severus, hearing of this, offered sacrifices to the beast. In that same place, the beast and the beast-keeper were immediately carved [in relief]. There also Hercules was worshipped, having received many sacrifices, who was later moved to the Hippodrome. In the time of Julian the consul, he came from Rome to Byzantium, and was brought in with ten columns.

The second spectacle near the *Milion*

40 In the *Milion* [(31)], from ancient times, there stood upon two columns a chariot of the Sun as if flying, to which four fiery-colored horses were yoked. There Porphyrius the charioteer was received with the auspicious shouts of the Venetian faction, after he defeated the charioteers of the Green faction, Azotius and Byzantus. But when that chariot in the Hippodrome was overturned, Constantine made a new statue of the Fortune of the city, carried by the Sun, which—

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius

^C Here Codinus’s double error is evident: first, he confuses Constantine the Great, the emperor, with a certain Constantine, a chariot-racer in the circus, in whom some epigram of the *Anthology*, book 5, exists; next, he confuses this Constantine with another charioteer, Porphyrius, in whom similarly many epigram-verses exist. The anonymous author quotes a part of one, containing the auspicious acclamation of the Venetian faction, in the words cited above. This is the epigram:

For Porphyrius, having ended his toils and loosened his headband, Stood there previously as a bronze figure in return for his excellence. Here again they have set him up in bronze and silver. Old man, you who have met with the gifts of strangers, As the people shouted, you took the returned whip; And as you have grown young twice, you rave in the stadiums.

This Porphyrius is the charioteer of the Venetian faction, whom Codinus wrongly calls Constantine the Great and says was received with auspicious acclamation on account of defeating Azotius. The very words of that acclamation are contained in the last couplet of the cited epigram. By Azotius I understand the charioteer of the Green faction, who competed for the palm with Porphyrius. Similarly, Suidas is to be corrected and illustrated, who, after his custom, inserted into his lexicon the very things read here in Codinus, under the word *milion*.

^A which was brought to the tribunal of the Hippodrome with a great retinue, and from thence it would go out again crowned. It was placed in the Senate until the recurring birthday of the city. But because it had a cross on its head, which Constantine had engraved, Julian ordered it to be cast into a pit and covered with earth.

Concerning Arius

Concerning the Senate

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius

(54) *Stama* signifies the royal seat of the Hippodrome, in which the emperor sat when he watched the Circensian games. See what I have noted on p. 17, to those words... LAMB.

(55) Arius. See Suidas on *Arian*, Rufinus 1, 15, Cedrenus, Zonaras Annal. 3. I do not transcribe the places. MEURS. Whatever Codinus relates here concerning Arius is a fragment of the third *theama* or spectacle that was in the forum. Its complete description exists in the *Collectanea* of an anonymous writer, from which, out of a Vatican codex, this place of Codinus is to be supplemented and reformed thus: (i.e., In which place (namely, in the vault of the Forum) Arius also met a horrible death, who dared to blaspheme against Christ worse than the Gentiles themselves, and, relying on the power of the emperor, tried to invade the episcopate of Constantinople by force. But Alexander the bishop resisted him, right up until he delivered him to an evil death. Therefore, in that same place, twenty-nine paces from the vault of the Senate, which is in the forum, the god-fearing Theodosius ordered the images of Arius, and Macedonius, and Sabellius, and Eunomius to be engraved in marble for contempt, so low that they might be contaminated by passersby with dung, urine, and spittle. LAMB.

(56) Of the forum of the Senate. Write "vault of the Senate," which is in the forum, namely the Constantinian, where the porphyry column stood. LAMB.

(37) *Apedoken* [i.e., "rendered" or "met his end"], where also those passing by... and dung they placed upon that most loathsome Arius. cod. 5058.

(38) Macedonius. He was substituted in the place of Paul the bishop by the Arians in the 5th year of the reign of Constantine the Great, in the 24th year he was expelled from Constantinople. Jerome in his *Chronicle* is our witness to this thing. MEURS.

(39) Sabellius. Sabellius lived under Volusianus; concerning whose heresy see Eusebius 1. vi and Harmenopulus, book on Sects. MEURS.

(40) Eunomius. He lived under Valentinian and Valens. Jerome is the witness in his *Chronicle*. MEURS.

(41) Callistratus the first. These things are narrated at length in the anonymous *Collectanea*. LAMB.

(42) Of the people. By this is meant the Prasina faction. LAMB.

^A and will advance to something else. But he, being afraid, fled to the church. Constantine swore that he would do him no harm; however, he, not trusting him, was first ordained presbyter, and then created bishop.

Of the Column of the Forum

In the lower part of the column of the Forum were placed the Palladium [(43)] and many other wonderful things. The circuit of the Forum is as great as was the circumference of the tent of Constantine the Great, which he had fixed there when he came from Rome to Byzantium. Those two semicircular porticoes at that time were stables around the tent; and that column, upon which Constantine placed a statue of Apollo under his own name, having fastened to its head, in the likeness of rays, some of the nails of the Passion of Christ our God, so that it might shine forth upon his citizens as a sun.

Of the Artopolia

In the Artopolia is visited a statue, which is adorned with the heads of a peacock, an eagle, a lion, a hare, rams, sparrows, a crow, a turtle-dove, a mouse, a weasel, and a heifer; also two Gorgons carved in marble, one to the right and the other to the left, facing each other, and finally a large herd of swine. They stood until the time of Zeno. A certain Galen, [(47)] a physician and philosopher, passing by these Gorgons, said that they were hieroglyphics and contained an astronomical prediction of the future, and he declared all the histories together with the name of Constantine the Great, who erected them. But when Galen had already narrated much, and was occupied in understanding those things which were one day to happen to Zeno through Verina, and broke into laughter, a certain Callistratus, a man of no account [(48)], who conducted a tavern, hearing this as Zeno was returning to Constantinople, ^{B C D} [(45)] [(46)]

slandered Galen. And Zeno had him put to death. It is said—and it is true—that when herds of pigs were driven past that place to the so-called Artotyrian area, into the middle of the archway from which one ascends, even if the swineherds beat the herd of pigs severely with staves, they were unable to move them from that spot until blood flowed from their nostrils as a sacrifice to that place. When a little blood had flowed, the herd of pigs would suddenly rush off. And this is true.

^A That in the Taurus stands a statue of the great Theodosius. It was formerly of silver. This was where he received those who came from foreign nations; and formerly it was a palace and hospice of the Romans, that is to say, at the so-called Alonitzion. Above the great column is set a statue of Theodosius, and his sons—Honorius above the stone arch to the West, and Arcadius in the stone arch to the East. Above the conspicuous great columns of the tetradision, and in the middle of the courtyard, is an equestrian statue which some say is Jesus (Joshua) the son of Nun, and others say is Bellerophon; it was brought from great Antioch. The four-sided stone plinth of the equestrian statue has engraved upon it the histories of the final things ^B for the city, of the Russians who are about to sack that same city; and it has a small, entirely human-shaped bronze figure, bound and kneeling. The left foot of the great horse itself also signifies what is inscribed therein. Similarly, the great hollow column and the Xerolophus exhibit the final fates of the city.

^C Meursius and Lambecius’s notes.

—These words should be arranged as follows: “Where formerly there was a palace and hospice of the Romans, and he received those who came from foreign nations there, that is to say, at the so-called Alonitzion.” Alonitzion, in the usage of the more recent Greeks, is called a house destined for the public maintenance of anyone, whether indigenous or a foreigner. In Constantinople, it was called a palace built by Constantine the Great in the region of the Taurus, into which the nobles of ancient Rome arriving at Constantinople would be received, as Codinus testifies in his book *On the Buildings*, p. 74, v. 9. He calls this place [Alonitzion]. The term is also found written contractedly, as [the variants follow].

—p. 848: “...but whatever he may say, there is no doubt for me what the equestrian statue of some ancient Roman emperor was: for it is usual to see them formed thus from ancient coins and statues.”

— “...the histories of the final things...” These are to be understood as the inscription and the other ornaments which were engraved on the base of that equestrian statue. But Codinus here prattles in the manner of the more recent Greeks, who interpret all inscriptions and figures of Roman antiquity as oracles and presages of future events.

— “...kneeling...” This is the reading [in some copies]; the word seems to refer to what was said above. But it is probable that the bound and kneeling virile statue which Codinus says was placed at the feet (for this is how he translates it) of that equestrian statue, was an image of some defeated nation. [Regarding the term for] “kneeling,” it truly signifies this, just as above in the description of the second theme. Meursius, therefore, errs, who in his *Glossarium Graeco-barbarum*, citing both passages of Codinus, believes it to be taken as a noun, and to signify a cushion that is placed under the knees.

— “...the left foot of the great… horse…” These words are attached to the preceding without punctuation, and for “the great” read “the horse.” Therefore, it is credible that Codinus wrote: “That is to say, even the anterior left foot of the horse, in which the bound and kneeling bronze virile image is enclosed, signifies what is inscribed therein.” Codinus is indeed referring to that which Nicetas Choniates reports, p. 849, that in the left anterior hoof of that horse there lay hidden a consecrated image of a man transfixed by a nail and surrounded on all sides by lead; which was enclosed there for the preservation of the city and for preventing the incursions of barbarians. Cf. the same, p. 858. I have noted other things elsewhere regarding consecrated statues of this kind.

^A Likewise, the Great Column 55, the Kouphos, and the Xerolophos have the final histories of the city inscribed in the records.

That which is called the Philadelphion represents the sons of the great Constantine. For when the great Constantine died, while he was in the eastern parts, and Constans and Gallus were arriving from the West, they joined each other there and embraced one another. The place is called the Philadelphion, not because they met there, but because a statue of their meeting was erected there. Others say that what is now called the Philadelphion, where there is a base of an arch, was in ancient times a fortress and a landward gate, constructed by Carus. There stood the column of the Forum, which they carried to the Charoucha 56 from the Philadelphion, or, as the more discerning say, from the Magnaura. The column placed in the Forum, having received many hymns, was adored by everyone as the fortune of the city; it was raised upon the column, with the priest standing by with supplication and crying aloud one hundred times, "Kyrie eleison," and many wondrous and paradoxical things were placed thereon above the head of the column. A forty-day festival was held concerning this, and the emperor gave many food rations at that time. On the following day, the birthday of the city occurred, and a great chariot race was held, at which time the city was named Constantinople.

Saint Constantine erected the cross that is in the Philadelphion upon a column gilded with stones and glass, according to the cruciform shape that he saw in the heavens and the form of that porphyry column. ^C Furthermore, he placed statues of his sons sitting on a throne, and opposite them a column inscribed with hieroglyphic signs, which predict the final state of Roman affairs with various figures. And it stood opposite his two sons who were sitting on the throne and the others who were embracing one another 58.

The so-called 59 Modion was a horologe, that is, the gauge of the modius. It stood above the arch of the Amastrianum, between the two hands, constructed by Valentinian, because the Lamia [is] also near them. Beneath, in the scroll held by the hands, there are histories; those skilled in such things will find them. The modius was ordained to be sold as a *koumoulion* 60. One of the mer- ^D chants…

55 That is, the Great Column. I believe this refers to the cochlied column of Theodosius situated in the Taurus, which was accessible to the interior up to the very summit, and adorned all around with sculpted figures. Manuel Chrysoloras in his letter on the comparison of old and new Rome calls them "inscribed columns." Of this kind are the Trajan and Antonine columns, which are still seen in Rome today. Codinus here trifles in his usual way, and takes Roman figures for oracles. LAMB. 56 Charoucha is said for *currus*. LAMB. 57 Codinus calls the histories expressed in figures "living" (enzodous). LAMB. 58 He speaks of the statues of Constantius and Constans erected in the Philadelphion after their father's death for the hope of perpetual concord, of which he makes mention above on p. 43. LAMB. 59 That which is called the Modion. One should read: "That which is called the Modion horologe, and the gauge of the modius." See how I have translated it, and what I have noted regarding this matter on p. 65. LAMB. 60 It is called *koumoulion* in Latin, which the ancient Greeks call a "heap" and "super-measure," that is to say, a full measure, or just as it is added. The same is valid among more recent writers. Thus in this place, and p. 65, Codinus calls the heaped modius a *modion koumoulion*. LAMB.

^A and sold grain to someone by the *biglion* (61) to the modius. The emperor, having learned of this, had his two hands cut off and set up to be seen, and likewise the modius, which he used as a 62 timepiece.

That in the place of the Amastrianum, the Sun stood in it, set upon a marble chariot, and a Hercules reclining 63. There is also a river, and a Lycus worshipped 64. Also turtles are there, with birds, and eighteen she-dragons. And a marble pillar standing from the region of Paphlagonia of the master, and another buried in dung and urine, a servant of the Paphlagonian from the region of Amastris. And in that same place both were sacrificed to the demons and were set up. There is also an ornament of white columns erected in a semi-circular shape. And many demoniac visitations took place there.

^B To the place called the Ox (65), a furnace of immense size had been built, having the head of an ox. There also the criminals were punished, from which fact Julian also, on the pretext of convicts, burned many Christians within it. And the furnace was an image of the sight of a most immense ox, in imitation of which an ox was also fashioned in the *Neorion*. And the furnace existed until Phocas the tyrant, who was the last of all to be burned in it by Heraclius. In that same place there were also arches erected ^C similar to those which are seen in the Xerolophos, and they contain statues and stone-carved histories.

The Hexacionium was a land wall (66) built by Constantine the Great, and it lasted for 32 years until the reign of Theodosius the Younger. Outside it stood a column having a statue of Constantine the Great, and for this reason it is called Hexacionium. ^D

^A And there stood many statues, but the emperor Maurice smashed them. Yet, even on the columns that are preserved to this day, there stand statues that came from Cyzicus. That which is now called the Tetrapylon [(68)] was formerly called the Tetradion, and it lasted [(69)] for one hundred and sixty years until the reign of Zeno. There was a chamber there, supported by columns, built by Constantine the Great in imitation of that which is in Rome [(70)]. The kinsmen of the deceased emperor, and the Augusta herself, would take the funeral procession there; they would mourn the deceased inside the chamber, having drawn the curtains so that none of the people could enter or look in, and they would make lamentations and intense weeping there for six hours. ^B And from there they would take the departed to the Church of the Holy Apostles and perform the funeral rites for him. Then, in this way, the women would return. The statue standing in the Hexacionium on a small column, toward the northern side, was that of Constantine the Blind, the younger son of Irene. ^C The statue standing in the Sigma [(71)] on a column is that of Theodosius the Younger, the son of Arcadius, which was erected by the eunuch and *accubitor* Chrysaphius. The statues of elephants at the Golden Gate came from the temple of Ares in Athens, by order of Theodosius the Younger, who built the land wall as far as the Blachernae within a space of sixty days, through the work of the two factions of the populace, which contained eight thousand men. The prefect of the Veneti faction was Mandalas, and of the Prasini [(Green)] faction, Charsias, his brother, together with Eulampius. ^D Both factions—the Veneti from the Blachernae and the Prasini from the Golden Gate—joined together at the gate called Myriandra, which is also called Polyandros [(72)]; thus it was named Polyandros because both sides were united there. [(67)] On account of this it is called Hexacionium. Therefore, according to the etymology, it must necessarily be written ἑξακιόνιον; yet I have found it written ἑξαχιόνιον in all the codices. It seems to me that this place was called by both names, namely both ἑξακιόνιον and ἑξαχιόνιον. I have frequently observed such diverse pronunciations of the name of a single place in Codinus. For example, he says that one and the same place is named... [(68)] The Tetrapylon was terminated by porticoes and had as many doors, for which reason it was also called Quadrivium or... [(69)]... [(70)] ... [(71)] Sigma: that is, in a semi-circular portico, which is called Sigma from the similarity of its structure; the ancient Greeks drew the sigma as the Roman C. [(72)] The Myriandra gate, or Polyandros, is today called the Hadrianopolitan gate, and it occupies the middle place in the land wall, as the most accurate and learned writer of Turkish history, Jo. Leunclavius, reports. At this gate, Constantine, the last of the Greek emperors, perished, crushed by the crowd of people.

^A The statues standing in the Golden [Gate] are those of Vigilius—as the more recent Greeks call the watch—the *asikretis* and astronomer, along with the female statue that holds the crown in the likeness of the city. Above and below these are other small carved figures, which provide great knowledge to those who are experienced in this matter.

The place called the Strategion is a statue of Alexander of Macedon ^B, which stands on the great column. It stood formerly in Chrysopolis, because he there distributed to his army a double stipend for one year; and for this reason that town was named Chrysopolis by the Macedonians. But it was named the Strategion by the people. The statue stood, as has been said, in Chrysopolis, where the people erected it, six hundred and forty-eight years [before] the great Constantine moved it to the city. The soldiers used to be reviewed there, because the place was a plain level area. And it took the name Strategion from the army (*stratos*).

The monolith standing there was a fragment of that which stands in the Hippodrome, and it was brought from Athens by Proclus the patrician in the times of Theodosius the Younger. ^C In the same Strategion there was also placed the tripod, containing knowledge of things past, present, and future, and the South Pole, and the basin of the *Trikakkados*, which was placed in the land of the Tzyri; for the place served as an oracle. Near there also was the Fortune of the city. But Bardas the Caesar, the uncle of the Emperor Michael, moved these, broke them, and smashed them. Regarding the monolith, the chronicler relates the same history. The "small Strategion" is the statue of Leo Macellus.

The harbor of the Sophians was built by Justin the Curopalate, husband of Sophia, surnamed the Lobe. In the middle of this harbor stand four statues, the Sophia ^D and Justin, Arabia, and Vigilantia, his mother. And...

two of them were removed by Philippicus. They even bore inscriptions of future events. ^B The harbor of Eleutherius was built by Constantine the Great; and there stood a stone statue of Eleutherius the secretary, carrying a scapular on his shoulders and a shovel in his hand, both made of stone. But when the statue of Theodosius was being erected upon the pillar of the Bull, the earth (rubble) poured into the harbor and it was filled up.

The little cross established upon a pillar near the Artopoleia, in the paved courtyard, was erected by Constantine the Great, when the city was built. In the old days, the charioteers of both parties used to bring their horses there, and they would cry out in praise: “May the power of the cross be their aid.” There also stood bronze gates for the four parts, and four promenades round about, and many ensigns; and they lasted until [the time of] Theophilus. Since then, it was called the Valley of Lamentation by him, and the slave-merchants were ordered to sell domestic persons there.

Concerning the Hospital of Theophilus

In the place called the Zeugma, above the hill, where is seen a long building for the infirm, Constantine the Great—

[alt-version omitted]

^A erected it as a brothel. ^B There stood a statue upon a turned stone column, that of Venus; and when the citizens went there and loved the harlots who lived there, no other brothel was found outside that same house. And there were retreats ^C at the columns with rings and curtains. And thus the lovers took their pleasure there in wantonness. There was also a statue of those women and maidens who were under suspicion of purity. And when those who did not wish to confess were urged by their parents and kinsmen, they said to them: "Let us go to the statue of Venus, and if you are pure, you shall be proven so there upon the statue." And when they approached, she who was blameless passed by unharmed, but she who was defiled, when she approached the column of the statue, against her will and desire, by a sudden impulse her clothes were ripped away, and it revealed her private parts. Likewise, even for those who had husbands, if they were secretly committing adultery, this same thing happened to them, and thus they were exposed. And everyone marveled and believed in the depravity that had occurred; for those women immediately confessed. The sister-in-law ^D of Justin the Curopalates broke the statue because her own private parts had also been revealed when she was committing adultery, while she was passing by on horseback to the bath of the Blachernae, because there had been such an immense downpour of rain that she could not travel by any other way except along the imperial dromoi.

Concerning the so-called Kontaria

^A There were guards there, who remained for seven years. After a two-year war, a temple was built there by Gallienus; after this was destroyed, Constantine the Great erected on its site a temple to the Holy Theotokos, and caused an image of Christ, his holy Mother, and himself to be inscribed there, and celebrated the festival of the Dedication for twelve full days. Later on, this temple was named after Saint Thekla. At that time, the arch of the Milion served as a land gate, and at the place called the Diippion was the relay station for the public post horses. As for the place called the Kontaria, it was a large mound where, fearing the incursion of the western peoples, the Byzantines kept guard. The so-called Biglentia was the firmest guard-post of Constantine the Great when he captured Byzantium. ^B Concerning the Neorion: Constantine the Great laid its first foundations; it was a forum for those who engaged in maritime trade, which was later transferred under Justinian to the harbor of Julian. The aqueduct of the great arches was built by Valens, as can be seen today. The cistern called the Aspar cistern was built under Leo the Great by the patricians Aspar and Ardaburius; when it was finished, both were killed therein. As for the house of Aspar, it was the one that Basilios the Accubitor later possessed. At the cistern of Aetius, which was built by the patrician Aetius, a statue of Aetius himself stood. The patrician Bonus, returning from Rome, built the cistern of Bonus and covered it with cylindrical vaults. ^C Among the many statues brought from Rome, a significant number were placed in the Hippodrome, especially sixty of them, among which is also that of Augustus. Many statues also arrived from Nicomedia, from which the one of Diocletian is preserved in the Hippodrome to this day, standing as a helper in the middle of the imperial tribunal. Similarly, from Athens and from Cyzicus... ^D

and from Caesarea, Tralles, Sardis, Mocissus, Sebastia, Satalis, from Chaldia, ^A and Antioch the Great, and Cyprus, and from Crete, and Rhodes, and Chios, and Attalia, and Smyrna, and Seleucia, and from Tyana, and Iconium, from Nicaea in Bithynia, and from Sicily, and from all the cities of the East and the West, various columns and spectacles were brought by Constantine the Great, which were also placed and erected (99).

The statue of Diana is in the Hippodrome, where athletes are tested. The four gilded horses, which are seen above the railings, were brought from Chios under Theodosius the Younger.

In the walkway of the two factions, equestrian and pedestrian statues of Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius, and of the hunchbacked Firmilianus, were set up for the sake of laughter ^B.

As for the ones giving birth to beasts and devouring men in the Hippodrome, one signifies the tyrant Justinian, showing the history of his second reign (1); the other, on which there is also a ship, some say is Scylla, devouring men from Charybdis, and he whom she holds by the head is Ulysses. Others say that the earth and the sea and the seven ages are the ones eating and being eaten, while others say it signifies the flood, and the one remaining is this seventh age.

Some say that the one sitting on the seat ^C is Verina, the wife of Leo the Great, while others say it is Minerva brought from Greece.

The hyena was brought from Antioch the Great by Constantine the Great. As for the rest of the statues of the Hippodrome, both male and female, and the various horses, and the stone columns of the turning posts, and the bronze (2) obelisks of the turning posts, and the histories of the monolith (3), and the charioteer statues with their pedestals that have histories, and the columns of the walkways with their capitals and bases, and those among the chests in the sphendone and the twists and steps and soles, from whence (4) they are there, a writing is found. And, in particular, in the bronze gates ^D of the last days and of things to come, all the histories are present, which Apollonius of Tyana set up in memory for those encountering them, because they are indelible. Likewise, he also consecrated statues throughout the whole city (5).

also record the reason why they were erected and what they signify. ^A

Augustus Octavianus began his first consulship in the month of August, and for this reason he honored this month, which was previously called Sextilis, by naming it August. He also died in this same month, on the 19th day. He was born on the 23rd of September, and on the second day of September he defeated Antony and began his monarchy; he honored this month by making it the beginning of the indiction, that is, the beginning of the year, which is why September is held in honor (6). Those who have written the Roman histories, Appian and Dio (7) and certain other historians, relate that Caesar, while crossing from Nicopolis to Dyrrachium (8), when a great storm arose and the helmsman was at a loss, not knowing that he was carrying Caesar (for he was covered up so as not to be recognized), uncovered himself and said to the helmsman: "Be bold against the storm; for you carry Caesar and Caesar’s fortune." With this saying he restored the helmsman’s spirit, and the storm having fortuitously settled, he escaped unharmed (9). ^B

Cranus the philosopher, one of the seven philosophers who accompanied Eudocia, the wife of Theodosius the Younger, from Athens, requested of the emperor to be allowed to see the monuments preserved in the Hippodrome; and when he had seen all the rest, he also saw the statue commonly called the Perichytes (11) and the donkey proceeding before it; the man, turning to those present, asked who had placed it there, and upon learning that it was Valentinian, he said, "O miserable state of affairs! When a donkey is so preferred to men, that they follow behind it in their miseries." ^C

Meursius's and Lambecius's notes

(6) Concerning the beginning of the indiction, i.e., the beginning of the year, from which time September is honored. Indiction denotes the assessment or a period of time.

(7) Appian and Dio. It is to be corrected, as it was written erroneously in the codices as *Os...*. See Appian the Alexandrian in *The Civil Wars*, where he narrates at length the reason why C. Julius Caesar attempted to sail alone and unknown from Dyrrachium to Brundisium, and how he encouraged the spirits of the sailors, exhausted by adverse weather, to have hope by revealing who he was. LAMB.

(8) "From Nicopolis to Dyrrachium" is false. Therefore, correct Codinus from the passages of Appian and Dio which he himself cited, and write "from Dyrrachium to Brundisium." Indeed, Caesar was attempting to sail from the camp which he had placed at Dyrrachium to Brundisium, to transport the soldiers whom he had left there with Antony. LAMB.

(9) "And the storm having settled, he escaped unharmed." Codinus narrates this as if, the storm having been settled, that voyage of Caesar’s afterwards turned out successfully; but this is not true either. For neither did the violence of the storm remit, nor could the ship be moved further by the strength of the oars; wherefore, with the wind against the stern, Caesar was forced to return to his camp. LAMB.

(10) Above he called these statues wonders or images of the Hippodrome. LAMB.

(11) *Perichytes*. An anonymous writer in the *Collectanea* relates that this was a human statue, with a helmeted head and the whole body naked, except for the private parts. If, therefore, instead of *Perichytes* one were to read *Perichytos*, it is probable that this statue was so named because it was surrounded or encircled in the middle by a covering. LAMB. ^D

^A and be forced to follow. Now the names of those seven philosophers were these: Cranus, Carus, Pelops, Nerva, Silvanus, Apelles, and Curvus. While the emperor was riding ^B by, and they were looking on and marveling, the emperor said, "What do you see that makes you marvel?" Apelles, responding to this, said, "We marvel, O king, that with the Olympians changing, horses shall have men as riders." Nerva said, "It is an evil for the queen of cities, that to the element of fortune another element runs alongside." Silvanus, seeing the kneeling figure, said, "This denotes that times of collapse are at hand." And Curvus, looking toward the people, said, "O people, through whom executioners shall abound." And Pelops, seeing the goals of the horses, asked whose project it was; and upon some saying "Theodosius'," he said, "Either the philosopher is without authority, or the emperor is not true." Carus, seeing a feminine figure inscribed with four-part zodiacal characters, said, "O fourfold-fated one, for from you crafty and inexperienced ones shall proceed." And Carus, being urged to speak further, said, "Everything seems unfortunate to me; for if these elements, as they attempt to show, speak the truth, why then does the city ^C seem to subsist through them?" And under the Emperor Anastasius the Great, Asclepiodorus ^D seeing the great figure that was in the Hippodrome—

Meursius's and Lambecius's notes

(12) "Those who follow in calamities." An ass of bronze in the Hippodrome, with a man standing in front of it and a wretched man behind it, painting the life that now is, as the Attic sage Cranus said before. He spoke also to the ruler of that time: "Alas for the calamity, that a man is lesser than an ass. For there will be a time in later ages when an uninstructed, base, and gluttonous person, and every unrefined man, having poured himself into beastliness, shall be considered better than the wise and the orderly."

Cranus, seeing the naked, man-like figure carrying a helmet on its head, and the ass in front of it, said: "How long shall an ass be a man, and alas for the calamity, that a man is not ashamed to follow an ass leading the way!"

(13) "Of the Olympians." Here, *Olympia* is taken for the Circus games. LAMB.

(14) "To the queen of cities." By *regina urbium* he understands Constantinople. The "element of Fortune."

(15) "Why does the city seem to subsist through them?" Such ignorance and superstition had taken hold of the Constantinopolitans that they held whatever ancient statues there were to be consecrated by magic, and believed that through their virtue their city was preserved unharmed. To this, therefore, apply those words: "But these things which are here called 'elements' at Codinus, Nicetas Choniates calls *stoicheia*, that is, consecrated fortifications of the city or statues preserving the city." The same author reports that the Latins, after they had stormed Constantinople, first of all overthrew those famous consecrated statues which had been erected like a wall or rampart against enemies attacking the city either by open force or by treachery. LAMB.

(16) "Asclepiodorus." The reading of the Vatican codex is faulty. For it should be written, "Asclepiodotus, the philosopher and physician," who was a disciple of Proclus and flourished in the time of the Emperor Anastasius Dicorus. He is discussed at length in Photius, in the excerpts from Damascius's *Life of Isidore*, and in Suidas. Moreover, how dear and friendly he was to Proclus, Proclus himself testifies in the preface of his unpublished commentary on Plato's *Parmenides*, which he dedicates to him with these words: "You, [he says], who have a mind worthy of philosophy and are dearest of my friends, Asclepiodotus, receive the gifts of the man, complete and perfectly, into the most genuine bosoms of your soul." There exists to this day in the Medicean library a book by the same Asclepiodotus on military science, which is titled... It is divided into 12 chapters, and begins in this way: "Of the perfect preparation for two-fold war, land and sea; concerning land [war]..."

^A holding his hand to his face, he suddenly cried out: "O the force of genius and prudence, upon whom alone of all men necessity presses!" But when someone showed him letters carved into the marble, he read them and said: "It is better not to speak of those things which are about to happen; and as far as I am concerned, I would be happy if I had not read them."

The god Thesaurus is worshipped, and the Arabs honor him most of all. His image is a large, quadrangular, unshaped stone, four feet high, two feet wide, and one foot deep. It is placed upon an inlaid golden base. They sacrifice to this [stone], and they pour out the blood of the victim; this is their libation. The entire house and its walls are of gold; for the walls are golden and the offerings are many. ^B The image is in Petra, a city of Arabia, and they worship him there.

Statues of Perseus and Andromeda were brought from Iconium; for in that city the wonderful struggle that took place between Perseus and the dragon is recorded. A dragon was lurking there, and at appointed times they gave it a noble and beautiful maiden. At that time, they offered up Andromeda, a beautiful and lovely virgin. Perseus then, passing through, and having heard the wailing of the maiden, asked why she was lamenting. And she explained: "Because I am being set before the beast as food." And as soon as he heard this, having cut off the head of the Gorgon—which he had previously forbidden the virgin to look upon—Perseus turned his face backwards and showed it to the dragon; and as soon as it looked, it perished. And for this reason the place received such a name from the logist Philodorus, because Perseus showed the image of the Gorgon to the dragon there. ^C Before this, the city had the name Danaeia, then, because it was filled with lamentations, it was called Threnos, and finally, because of the aforementioned narration of Philodorus, Iconium. Perseus and Andromeda lived there and died there. Therefore, on the gate of the city, statues of both were set up. These statues were brought to Constantinople, and they were set up in the great bath of Constantine, near the Tzycanisterium.

Meursius and Lambecius's notes

^A In the subterranean gate, which is now entirely filled up, stood the statue of Phidaleia the Greek, or, I believe, of that most ancient woman who was the wife of Byzas. When the statue was removed by order of the emperor, it was a miracle to be seen that for a long time that place was shaken by an earthquake, so that all, and indeed the emperor himself, were struck with awe, and a procession was instituted; and when this was done, the earthquake at last ceased only through the prayers of the most holy Sabas, who was dwelling in Constantinople at that time.

In the so-called Neolaea, ^B upon white columns, there stands a gilded statue of a woman riding in a chariot, and beside her an altar with a calf. There also are to be seen four golden horses, and a charioteer upon the chariot, holding in his right hand a statue, which, as was written before, the Great Constantine honored for the fortune of the city. And until the time of the Great Theodosius, it was a spectacle performed by the citizens. With wax candles, the citizens and the attendants, carrying it upon a chariot, led it from the railings up to the mouth. This they would perform whenever they celebrated the birthday of the city. There, also, figures were erected upon two columns: Adam and Eve, and Prosperity and Famine.

In the so-called port of the Neorion, a very large bronze ox stood. They said that it was accustomed to bellow once a year, and that on that very day, some misfortune would happen to the city. ^C The statue of Maurice, and of his wife and children...

Meursius and Lambecius's notes:

(23) *Now filled up.* (24) *Sabas.* He shone with a wondrous example of holiness, and twice he was sent as an envoy by the patriarchs of Jerusalem to the emperors Anastasius and Justinian at Constantinople, where he labored strenuously for the Catholic faith against those who were attacking the holy Synod of Chalcedon. See more about him in the Menologies for the 5th of December. Lamb. (25) *In the Neolaea.* ^D Some say that the Neolaea was a construction of Constantine (others that he only joined it, and that the rest was ancient and nothing was constructed by Constantine). For until the Great Theodosius, it was a spectacle performed by the citizens in the Hippodrome, all wearing white wax candles and cloaks, bringing in the same statue upon a chariot, or *carruca* [carriage], as far as the... (28) *With wax candles.* Everywhere *kēroi* signifies wax candles. Likewise in the unpublished Acts of St. Silvester, Constantine the Great, after the publication of Christian religious liberty, is said to have returned to his palace. Lamb. (29) *Attendants.* Speaking of the same matter, he calls it *doryphorein*, which is "to act as a spear-bearer," which he says is *opsikeuein*, that is, to be followed by a guard; he enters the mouth. Properly, this is called by more recent Greeks the same as the Latin *obséquor*; likewise the same as *obsequium*, which is also taken for a retinue and entourage. Lamb. (30) *From the railings.* (31) *Port of the Neorion.* Thus also another region description calls it the Port of Neorion. But the ox, which Codinus says was placed there, had been made as an example of another, which stood in the forum called the Forum of Taurus, as he himself testifies on page 46. Lamb. (32) *It bellowed.* (53) *The statue of Maurice.* Historical writers of Constantinople record that Maurice, after he had allowed the soldiers who were captured by the Chagan to be killed through his own greed, dreamed one night that he and his whole family were being handed over to be killed by Phocas by the image of Christ placed above the bronze gate of the palace. I believe, therefore, that in perpetual memory of that dream, Maurice erected his own statue and those of his wife and children by that image of Christ as if they were suppliants with hands extended.

e, that in perpetual memory of that dream, Maurice erected his own statue and those of his wife and children by that image of Christ as if they were suppliants with hands extended. These were fashioned by Maurice himself; the others were brought hither from the land of the Athenians. Among them, it is said, is one of a certain philosopher, as Ligurius also relates. ^A After Maurice had been slain by the tyrant Phocas, a certain deacon, one of the disciples of the heretic Eutyches, by the name of Acatus, seeing his teachers overcome, fled himself and reached a fortress called Serapion. This happened to be one of the regions belonging to the Persians. He revealed to Perittius, the prefect of the guards, the weakness of the citizens living in Chalcedon, adding that upon his arrival he could easily subdue them. ^B And indeed, the aforementioned Persian marched out without delay, taking seventy thousand soldiers with him, and seized Chalcedon. The inhabitants could barely manage to flee to Constantinople with the precious relics of Saint Euphemia—the saint for whom that impious and unholy traitor Acatus was especially eager to exact vengeance, as he wished to defend her on account of the fact that she had put to shame the tomes of their heresy, and also because the wretched Eutyches was not permitted to bring such good fortune to this metropolis. Having plundered everything there, the Persians then took the golden image of the Sun-god, called Cronus, crafted in enamel, carried it away into Persia, and honored it as a god.

Under Leo the Isaurian, many ancient images were overturned and destroyed, because he was utterly irreligious.

In the subterranean vaults ^C of the temple of St. Mocius was a place—

[Notes section] ^D (38) In the times of Emperor Marcian, the Eutychians, although condemned by the Council of Chalcedon, did not yet rest; they claimed that the authority of the council relied upon the power of the emperor rather than the truth of the faith. It was eventually agreed between them and the Catholics that the dogmas of both sides should be written in a single volume, sealed, and both placed together upon the breast of the martyr St. Euphemia, so that by her miraculous judgment an end might be put to the religious controversy. ^D Therefore, the volumes were written according to this pact and placed upon the breast of St. Euphemia. After three days, in the presence of the emperor himself, both sides approached the sarcophagus. Upon opening it, the book of the Eutychians was found at the feet of the martyr, while that of the Catholics was in her right hand, which is said to have been extended toward the emperor and the patriarch. Looking back to this history, Codinus says that Acatus the Eutychian had decided to avenge the dishonor brought upon the writings of his sect by the relics of St. Euphemia. “Tomes” here signifies the papers in which the dogmas of the Eutychians were inscribed. Thus Zonaras. (39) ^D In the cell: these things are annexed, and are thus conceived: (namely, under Leo the Isaurian) I interpret as concave, subterranean. For “Trizodon” in some codices it is read as “Triexodon.” “Triexodon” seems to signify a place where a triple exit lies open. It is a compound word, as “trio-dos,” “trichoron,” “triklinos,” “triembolon,” etc. The reading is confirmed by what Codinus adds, that formerly in that place the pagans were accustomed to practice the arts of magic. The number three was held to be accommodated to magical ceremonies. Hence that gate:

^A was called Triexodum, where formerly, while it still served the purposes of idolatry, the gentiles were accustomed to perform their sacred rites; but after the consecration of the temple, it was destroyed and leveled, and many tombs of the gentiles and Arians were found in its soil.

62 In the northern gate of the Castle of Panormos, which was constructed by a certain pagan named Panormos using iron and bronze mixed together, there was placed a double-headed female statue. There, a memorable event occurred. For when that castle was once burning with a fierce conflagration, and the entire city together with its walls was consumed by fire, that little tower in whose gate the aforesaid statue stood, not only was not damaged, but the flame retreated fifteen cubits from that figure ^B. This was captured by the Persians when Chosroes besieged the city, and it is still worshipped in Persia to this day. At that same time, Chosroes took Jerusalem, carrying away from there the holy and life-giving cross of Christ together with the patriarch Zachariah, which, after Chosroes was defeated, Heraclius, emperor of the Romans, in the twentieth year of his reign, recovered together with the sacrosanct wood of the cross and all the captives, and brought it back to Constantinople, with the help and grace of God, and through the prayers of Modestus, who was then the patriarch of that city.

The place called the Smyrnium has ^C a subterranean cavity ten cubits deep towards the north. There are placed nine statues, among which are those of Constantine the Great, of his wife Fausta, of the praepositus Hilarion, and of his son Crispus, whom Herodotus and Hippolytus, the chroniclers, say was beheaded by his own father, the Great Constantine, because of a false suspicion that he had tried to solicit the chastity of his stepmother Fausta, who was later suffocated by the heat of the bath. Helena, the mother of the Great Constantine, could hardly bear the unjust death of that youth, for he had already attained the dignity of Caesar, and she would speak of little else and meditate on nothing else. ^D

and troubled by the lack of judgment in this decision, his father repented. He mourned for forty days, not washing his body at all, nor lying on a bed. He also had a statue of him made of pure silver, gilded in part, but with the head of pure gold, and with this inscription on the forehead: “My son, who suffered injustice.” Having performed this penance, he also entreated God with many and constant prayers that the sin might be forgiven him. The other statues are those of Severus, Harmatius, Zeuxippus, Vigilantius, who built the palace of the Senate, and Eleutherius, who built the palaces in the Senate. All of these were erected by the great Constantine, and were buried in that place by the Arians under the lawless Valens.

In the Senate there were placed statues of the charioteers of the circus, on the so-called astronomical organ, where the statues of Diana and Venus were also placed. ^B In the same place, Arcadius, archdeacon of Saint Euphemia, was killed by the Arians. The chariots of the slain charioteers were deposited at the portico of the Hippodrome by the Emperor Theodosius the Great.

The twelve baskets of relics were first placed in the palace of the Senate, but afterwards they were moved to the portico of the Forum.

In the great church of Saint Sophia, which was previously of an oblong shape and served for the worship of idols, there stood statues which the great Emperor Justinian removed when he was about to build that divine temple, and he distributed them throughout the city. ^C Those who are learned and travel through the city will find not a few of them. The greater part of them, as was said above, were of the Greeks—Apollo, namely, and Zeus, and Carus the patrician, Diocletian, and the twelve signs of the zodiac, and the Moon, and Venus, and the star of Arcturus, which two Persian columns support, and the southern pole, and the priest of Minerva, at whose side stood the prophetic philosopher Hero. There were also statues of Christians among them. ^D

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius

Ancient coins bear witness to this, in which is read: JUL. CRISPUS NOB. C. Also Romualdus in his Chronicle says: Among these lie the causes why the Emperor Constantine directed the judge’s sword and the function destined for the impious against his own [kin]. For he killed his son Crispus and ordered Licinius, the son of his sister, to be killed after they had been created Caesars. LAB.

Cod. Reg. 1027... [relating to the] charioteers of the Circus who had perished having been thrown from the chariot: for a little later he adds, “The chariots of the slain charioteers...” [Regarding] charioteers of the Zeuxippus [baths]... “Zeuxippus”... Bigae or two-yoked horses. These are called “Zeuxippoi” here, whom the Greeks otherwise call... but the Latins call them “jugales” [yoked]. A biga consisted of two such yoked horses or those joined to a yoke. But a quadriga consisted of joined horses, yet not [all] “jugales”: for only the two middle ones were “jugales,” the others were tied to the sides of the “jugales” on either side with ropes; which is why they are called by the Latins “funales” and “funarii,” and by the Greeks “parapoi” and “paraseiroi.” LAMB.

Cod. ap. Banduri, omitting the rest: the Royal [Code] has these added: ...or by lashes until death. The author of the Historia Miscella, Book XXII, translates: “slain by lashes.” LAMB.

^A of Athena (48), which had the philosopher Ieron divining from its side. And not a few of the Christians—and it is necessary to mention a few from the many—[were honored with statues]: Constantine the Great, Constans, Gallus, Theodosius, Julian the Caesar, and another Julian the prefect, Licinius Augustus, Valentinian, and Theodosius and his son Arcadius, and the consul Serapion, and Helen, the mother of Constantine; there were three of her, one of porphyry marble, another of silver tesserae upon a bronze column, and the third of ivory, which Cyrus the rhetorician provided.

Manaim, the general, after he had conquered the Scythians by force, was granted the honor of a statue in the place called Oreion, which some also call Modion (49). ^B It was a beautiful horologium, where now stand columns and an arch towards the house called Krateros; where also stood a bronze modius, and a beautiful [clock], and two bronze hands upon spears. It is not right for us to pass over the modius, because it was struck under Valentinian; for then the beginning of the use of modii among those dwelling in Constantinople was investigated, for this [official] struck the silver [monetary] coinage. And Theodoret makes this very clear. But the bronze hands were struck from that time forward. When the Emperor legislated for the "piled-high" (kumoulion) modius, and commanded the ship-merchants not to resist (50), he lost his right hand in the lower modius (51); hence the hands were struck for those receiving and for those giving, both (52) so that they would not be angry at the aforementioned things. Where [also], the statue of the same Valentinian stood ^C at the arch, holding in its right hand a silver hexamon, which was snatched away into the market by the protiktor of the district, in the second reign of Justinian the Rhinotmetos.

The statue of the seer Menander was brought into the city, and it stood at the Artopolian house, or at the... ^D [index: entries preserved]

^A Artopolion. It was plated with silver, eight cubits in breadth and fifteen cubits in length. The pious Emperor Marcian shattered it, had [the silver] coined into money, and distributed it to the poor.

Ardaburius, prefect of the soldiers under the Emperor Leo the Great, found in the Thracian regions a statue of Herodian, very bent and fat. Being angered by its unsightliness, he smashed it; and in the process of breaking it up, he found within it one hundred and thirty-three pounds of gold, and he immediately reported this with zeal to the Emperor. The Emperor, finding a pretext, put him to death. As he was being slaughtered, he lamented, saying, "No one who has mixed gold with lead is found worthy of punishment, which has happened to me before this lordly Emperor." And thus he was killed. Wherefore, those who pass by that place—especially the philosophers—do not attribute the death of Ardaburius to his earlier crimes, but to the destruction of the statue of Herodian. At the same time, ^B Aspar, who held the power then, and his brother, also accepted his fate in brotherly fashion along with him; his statue, seated on a horse, was preserved until recently in the regions of Taurus. Basilicinus the parakoimomenos possessed the house of Aspar afterward.

To the right side of the forum there were twelve [statues] of porphyry marble, and as many gilded Sirens, which the common people called sea-horses. They were gilded. Two of them ^C in our own time...

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius

^A

The Fortune of the city was of bronze, placed with a modius in the eastern arch of the Forum, which Michael Rangabe ^B—having been ordered by the emperor—had amputated, so that the popular factions might not be able to plot anything against the emperors.

In the Great Forum, the cross is inscribed: “Holy, holy, holy.” This is an antitype of that which Constantine the Great saw in the sky. His gilded sons are also there. Furthermore, there once stood to the left of the great statue a bronze elephant, where a wondrous sight was revealed. For when an earthquake once occurred and it fell, and one of its hind legs was broken, the *taxiotae* (for it was their custom to guard the forum), ^B running up to raise the elephant, found inside it the complete bones of a human body, and a small tablet on which was written: “From Venus the holy virgin not even in death am I parted.” The prefect, being well-disposed toward the emperor and the city, took the entire such figure and, to augment the public treasury, melted it down into coins. There also stood a pig above the contiguous columns, denoting the clamor of the multitude; and near it was seen another nude statue, signifying the shamelessness of those who sell and those who buy.

^C Systems (59) stand in the middle (60) of the forum, ensouled upon columns, in which are indicated in histories the things destined to happen in the city. ^D

*Meursius and Lambecius’s Notes.* [alt-version omitted]

^A That Apollonius of Tyana, the wise and excellent astronomer (61), set up all these things, and he laid out the names of the empire until the end of the ages. In the Great Miliarium stands an equestrian statue of Theodosius made of bronze, holding in his hand an apple and a small statue crowning him, which upon erecting for the city he provided a great abundance of grain. The eight columns that are there and their bases, just like the eight columns of the Artopolia and those of the Tzycalarii and of the Chalkê, contain many histories, which he also adorned and gilded. ^B In the Xerolophos, which some formerly called a *theama* or spectacle, there stood sixteen spiral columns and a composite Artemis (62) and many other statues upon the arches. At last, it was named the Theodosian Forum.

That the images of Metrophanes, Alexander, and Paul were made on wooden panels by Constantine the Great, and they stood upon the great porphyry column (63) near the East, which the Arians, after they had gained power, consigned to the fire in the Koronios Milion (64), along with the image of the Theotokos and of the infant Jesus Christ himself in the flesh, just as the Ancyran chronographer in his tenth book and Anastasius have handed down to us (65).

Concerning the Synods

1. The first synod took place in Nicaea of Bithynia under the sainted Constantine, with three hundred and eighteen holy fathers and Silvester, the Pope of Rome, gathered together, who deposed Arius, who was the first presbyter of Alexandria; for he blasphemed, saying that Christ is a mere man. The Iberians were Christianized at that time. During his reign, the relics of the holy apostles arrived in Constantinople. He also wished to abolish the tax known as the *chrysargyron*, which the city had received from Old Rome, and the payment required by law by those who were subject to the praetor’s office, had not the end of his life overtaken him quickly.

2. During the reign of Theodosius the Great, the second synod occurred in Constantinople, of the one hundred and fifty holy fathers and Damasus, the Pope of Rome, and Nectarius of Constantinople, and Gregory the Theologian, against Macedonius the *Pneumatomachus* (Spirit-fighter); for he did not say the Holy Spirit is God, but [is] alien to the Godhead. Which [synod] also added to the holy Symbol of the Faith, thus: "And in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the Life-giver." During the reign of the same Theodosius the Great, relics were deposited in the church of the Ebdomon; and Atticus, who was patriarch, was the one who deposited them.

CONCERNING THE BUILDINGS OF CONSTANTINOPLE.

^A The church of Saint Agathonikos was first renovated by Anastasius and for the second time by Justinian the Great. In this church seven patriarchs held the episcopate within fifty years, and four emperors were crowned. But for what reason it was altered by Tiberius, is not known. There was also a very large palace near this same church (66). Under Tiberius, the father-in-law of Maurice, it was altered and enclosed within the imperial palace.

The western wall of the Great Gates was renovated under Leo the Great and Pious, at which time they held a procession, and they cried out "Lord have mercy" forty times, and the faction of the Greens (67) shouted, "Constantine and Theodosius the Great and Leo (68) have conquered in power."

The walls facing the sea, which had been previously neglected, were renovated by Tiberius Apsimar, and for a second time they were renovated by Theophilus.

Constantine the Great built the churches of Saint Mokios and Saint Menas, when previously they had been shrines of idols.

Meursius and Lambecius’s notes.

3. Under Theodosius the Young, the third synod took place at Ephesus, of 200 holy fathers, regarding the deposition of Nestorius; for he blasphemed, claiming that Christ was a mere man; yet they assembled and anathematized him, and he completely taught the unalloyed and sincere and perfect and blameless faith, of the Godhead in Trinity worshipped forever.

4. Under Marcian and Valentinian, the fourth synod took place, the one at Chalcedon, of 630 holy fathers, under Leo, Pope of Rome, and Anatolius of Constantinople, against Dioscorus, patriarch of Alexandria, and Eutyches the archimandrite; for this man rejected the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ and spun fables that his flesh was a phantom.

5. Under Justinian the Great, the fifth synod took place in Constantinople, which also deposed Origen, Evagrius, and Didymus, the deluded; for they blasphemed that our bodies would not be resurrected, and that an earthly paradise was not created by God nor exists, and that Adam was not fashioned in flesh, and that there is an end to punishment, and that demons would return to their ancient state.

6. Under [Constantine, the son] of Tiberius... ^B his son, the sixth synod took place, of 170 holy fathers, under Agatho, Pope of Rome, against Cyrus, Alexander, Sergius, Peter, for wanting to have one will and one operation in our Lord Jesus Christ, and wishing to dissolve the bond of the orthodoxy, the deluded ones. Macarius the legislator of Antioch and Isidore his disciple were united with them.

7. Under Irene, the mother of Constantine the Blind, the seventh synod took place, of 350 holy fathers, under Tarasius, patriarch of Constantinople, regarding the deposition of Theodosius, before whom they set forth the definitions of faith.

Under Theodora his [wife], after the death of Theophilus her husband, together with Michael her son, the synod of Orthodoxy took place in Constantinople, which is celebrated to this day.

(66) By "very large palace" it is understood the palace of the emperor, which later is also called "the palaces." (67) [In the] History: Of the Green [faction] shouted "Leo and Constantine have conquered in power" 5058. (68) Leo. Helen and [the] King. For the great Constantine legislated that Sunday be honored by abstention from work; for before him, even on Sunday, everyone used to work. Lab. Vatican.

^A And he left Saint Menas just as it was, having only cast out the idols and given it a new name. But Pulcheria and Marcian brought its structure along with the vestibules and sacred vessels to its complete construction after 199 years. ^B Regarding the Church of Saint Mocius, which had previously been of a greater length by two measures than what it is now, the great Constantine cut off two-thirds of the church and erected the altar. Because Saint Mocius had been put to death there, for this reason he erected the church as his own, and brought his body there, which lies beneath the altar. In the days of Theodosius the Great, the Arians were cast out ^C from the Great Church, and having come back, they settled in the church of Saint Mocius and entreated the King to allow them to dwell there, and it was done; and the Arians immediately built up the church and it was glorified by them for 7 years; and it collapsed while they were performing the rites in the seventh year, at which time many Arians were also killed. In the days of Justinian the Great, the same church was built up again and stands to this day.

Constantine the Great built the old Saint Irene, and the oblong Saint Sophia, and Saint Agathonicus, and Saint Acacius called the "Seven-Stepped." His mother, together with him, built the Church of the Holy Apostles, creating it in an oblong form with a wooden roof, as well as the tombs of the emperors, within which he himself lies with his mother.

Saint Helena built the monastery of Bethlehem, as well as another called Gastria ^D. It is so named because, having brought the precious cross from Jerusalem, she entered Constantinople through the gate called Psamathos, and she planted the items found there above the cross—lilies, leaves, basil, roses, and costmary, marjoram, and balsams—into pots so they might be preserved, and she deposed them there, and built a monastery in that same place by the name of Gastria. The palace and the gerocomium of Psamathos were also built by Saint Helena. Likewise also Saint Theodore of Claudius.

Urbicius, who was in charge of the building works, built the church of Saint Julian at his own expense, wherein were the camps of the Romans. In the place called Alonitzion, near the Taurus, there were land-palaces, built by the great Constantine for the reception of the Roman nobles.

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius

(69) Knowing that Saint Mocius was first built by Constantine the Great, with multitudes of Greeks dwelling there, and there was a temple of Zeus, and it was built from its stones. (70) The Arians were cast out of the churches, and having come into the church of Saint Mocius, they entreated the King. (71) Gastria signifies vessels that are big-bellied and wide; such as those in which shrubs, flowers, and herbs are planted. Moreover, Zonaras makes mention of this monastery. LAMB. (72) "To encamp" is the same as the Latin "applicare." It signifies to deposit something or to apply it to some place. Shortly after, it is used for arriving at a host or receiving oneself into a hospice: "he encamped," he says, "at the Rufinianae." LAMB. (73) The palace and the gerocomium at Psamathos were built by Saint Helena. Likewise also Saint Theodore of Claudius. AP. BAND.

^A of the Roman nobles. Among these was also Theodosius the Great, who, being poor and having come to Constantinople, encamped outside the palace at the house of Rufinus, the shoemaker, at the base of the Pillar of the Bull. This same Rufinus later became the last *magister* appointed by Theodosius, and it was he who built the Rufinianae baths.

As for the Mangana, Constantine the Great built them as imperial workshops; they were called "Mangana" because all the war machines of the entire city, the mechanical apparatuses, and the equipment for storming walls were stored there.

The same Constantine the Great built the church of Saint Euphemia the All-Praised, which is in the Hippodrome, ^B and adorned it with precious materials. But 448 years later, the God-hating Constantine Copronymus turned it into a stable and a public dunghill (74), and cast the relics of the saint, along with her coffin, into the depths of the sea. But 57 years later, Irene, the most pious Augusta the Athenian, rebuilt this church, and having found the holy relics on the island of Lesbos (75), she brought them back.

When the Great Constantine was about to found (76) the city and lay the foundations according to the design he had made, he went out on foot with his nobles. When he arrived at the Forum (77), his officials said to him, "Let the end of the city wall be here." But he replied, "I will not set the boundary until the guide who goes before me ^C stops," for he alone saw the angel walking before him. He went on foot, therefore, with the entire Senate as far as the Exokionion; there he saw the angel having thrust his sword into the ground, indicating the station, and for this reason he himself also stopped there and set the limit of the city boundary.

Some say that the Forum was built in a circular shape in imitation of the Ocean, but those who say this are mistaken; we have already mentioned the reason for this shape (78). There was also a bronze clock there, which had been brought from Cyzicus.

When Constantine the Great found the ancient prisons of Byzantium in the Strategion, he himself also willed that ^D criminals be kept in that same place.

Meursius and Lambecius's notes: (74) Concerning the desecration of the church and relics of St. Euphemia, see Hist. Misc. I. 22, where the acts of Constantine Copronymus in the year of his reign are discussed. For the rest, I believe that for [the Greek word] should be written *armentarium*, that is, a stable or stall for pack-animals. Thus, before Copronymus, Maxentius converted the church dedicated under the title of St. Marcellus into a stable, just as he kept the animals of the Catabulus gathered there, for whose service he assigned St. Marcellus. One should also note that in the Hist. Misc., *armentarium* should be substituted for *armamentarium*. LAMB. (75) On the island of Lemnos. And so does the anonymous author in the Acts of St. Euphemia in Baron. Ann. 766. I believe, therefore, that in Codinus also, for "Lesbos" should be written "Lemnos." LAMB. (76) When he was about to found. Nicephorus Callistus refers to this, Hist. Eccl. 8, 4. LAMB. (77) To the forum. Add from Zosimus that the Forum was not the ancient city [site], but the place where, after Constantine had enlarged the circuit of the city, the great or Constantinian Forum was built. LAMB. (78) We have already mentioned. Refers to what he said above on page 41.

^C Public prisons for 283 years, up to the reign of Phocas the Cappadocian.

The building which is now called the Praetorium was once the house of a patrician widow named Marcia; for, pitying the bitter lot of those confined in the prisons, because they were tormented by the stench, darkness, and narrowness of the place, she accepted a price and granted her house to the emperor Phocas, who turned it into a Praetorium.

Constantine the Great built the Numera and the Chalke; but since they were of no use, Heraclius and the succeeding emperors turned them into a prison.

The patrician Eudoxius, prefect of Constantine the Great, built the churches of Saint Philemon and Saint Eudoxius. ^B

The church of Saint Anastasius (79) was built by Irene and her son, the blind Constantine, since Saint Anastasius was martyred in the times of Heraclius, 208 years after Constantine the Great.

Constantine the Great, who is among the saints, raised Saint Procopius in Chelone (80) and Saint Acacius in the Heptascalum; but Justinian, the founder of the Great Church, named the latter Saint Acacius.

The place called Mesolophum is situated in the middle of the seven hills of the city; that is to say, there are three hills on one side and three on the other, and this is the middle, which the common people call the Mesomphalum (81).

In the place called the Chalke, there was a bronze statue of our Lord Jesus Christ, set up by Constantine the Great. Leo, the father of Caballinus (that is, Constantine Copronymus), cast it down. The image of God in mosaic work which is visited there today was placed by Irene the Athenian. But that first bronze statue stood there for 415 years, by the power of which a woman suffering from an issue of blood was healed, and many other miracles were performed.

The place called Eugenii was the house of the patrician Eugenius, who lived in the time of Theodosius the Great, and who converted it into a church of the Theotokos.

The church called of Urbicius was built of the Theotokos by another (82).

^C Meursius and Lambecius' Notes.

(79) Saint Anastasius. This is the Anastasius of whom Codinus speaks in the present passage, who consummated his martyrdom along with 70 companions in the year of the emperor Heraclius, or 207 years after the birth of Christ, under Chosroes, King of the Persians. LAMB.

(80) Saint Procopius in Chelone. As others say, [this was] the navel of the city, corresponding to that ancient place in Rome which was called the umbilicus of Rome. LAMB.

(82) And of another, Urbicius. I think Codinus added this so that he might show that the patrician Urbicius, who he says wrote on military affairs under Anastasius, is different from that other one whom he mentioned above ^D as having been prefect in the time of Constantine the Great and as having built the church of St. Julian. What he actually means, however, is not sufficiently clear to me. Otherwise, Urbicius is the patrician whose tactical invention or work is in the possession of Nic. Rigaltius, who edited it. For he himself attests therein that he wrote these things under Anastasius Dicorus: "And finally," he says, "it will be established after the wisdom of Archimedes." The same [author] is called Orbicius elsewhere, as in the Etymologicum Magnum, where a fragment is cited from [the works] of Orbicius concerning military organization. Likewise in the title of an ancient epigram edited by Salmasius in his notes on Spartianus: "From the tactical [works] of Orbicius, [from the book] concerning [the] military rank of the consuls. Tactics [and] military strategies of Urbicius." There exists even today in the Medicean library in Florence a codex of writers of tactics, which, if it is believed to be the best and most ancient, contains among other things twelve books, to which is prefixed the inscription: but they are the same as those which are held in the Barberini and other libraries under the name of Maurice. LAMB.

^A It was built by another, the patrician and master of soldiers of the East, Urbicius, who wrote on military affairs in the time of Anastasius Dicorus, 180 years after the founding of Constantinople. But one of his houses was in the Taurus, and another in the Strategion.

The so-called Protasii: the place itself was named after the aforementioned Protasius, but the church of the holy Theotokos, which is seen there today, was built by the Emperor Justin, the husband of Sophia, surnamed Lobes, who was the nephew of Justinian the Great by his sister, 252 years after the time of Protasius.

The so-called Sterou: the temple of the archangels took its name from a barren (sterilis) woman, who was a patrician and had been a mother, and in the times of Leo Marcellus it was a small oratory. But 75 years after that woman died, Justinian, the builder of the Great Church, erected a temple there; which, having been ruined by an earthquake, was renovated after 338 years by the Emperor Basil, who also took the bronze phiale from the Strategion and placed it there. ^B He also took down the Conopion, which had been erected there to ward off flies, gnats, midges, and bugs.

Saint John, called the Arcadian, was built by Arcadius, who chose six thousand citizens ^C to act as an escort for his processions and called them Arcadians; for he loved them greatly and benefited them. The so-called "Topi" (Places) near Saint Lazarus were so named for this reason: when Basiliscus, the drungary and patrician, rose up against the Emperor Zeno in the tenth month of the second year of his reign, and drove him out, Basiliscus ruled the empire for two years. But Zeno returned with a powerful army of troops from the great city of Antioch and arrived in the city in a state of turmoil. When Basiliscus learned that Harmatius had defected to Zeno along with all his forces, he fled immediately with his wife and children to the ancient church of Saint Irene. ^D Therefore Zeno caused judicial seats and thrones for the entire clergy and the senate to be set up there, and in the presence and assembly of them all, he condemned Basiliscus and relegated him to the fort of Limnas in the region of Cappadocia, where, after the door was locked, he perished from hunger and thirst.

For this reason they were called “Tribunals” (Topoi), because of the judges who were detained there. The buildings of the triclinia constructed by Constantine the Great also reached as far as that place.

The Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos called the Guide (Hodegetria)

The Carabitzin Church of the Theotokos

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius

^A And the emperor sent the praepositus away in secret to the eparch under some other pretext. The eparch, having seized him, cast him into the furnace. Afterwards, the emperor commanded, and the widow received back her own ship and, in addition, half of the property of the praepositus. But in the place where the church now is, the house of that widow formerly stood; and hence that place was called Carabitzin.

The Tzycanisterium was first founded by Theodosius the Younger. Afterwards, Michael, the son of Theophilus, added a domed stable, which he adorned with precious marble. But subsequently, Basil the Macedonian enlarged the Tzycanisterium. The same emperor also built the new church of the Most Holy Theotokos in the palace, and another in the forum, and that of St. Diomedes.

St. Theodore, known as that of Sphoracius, was built by the patrician Sphoracius in the times of Arcadius and his son Theodosius. ^B In a certain part of the Pinsi of the catechumens of the church, he deposited three centenaria of gold. But after 133 years, in the times of Maurice, a certain part of the temple burned down, and was rebuilt by him. During the reign of Leo the Wise, a certain Roman man, having come to the temple for the sake of prayer, saw Latin letters written on one of the Pinsi, and having read them, he made known their meaning to the emperor. The emperor rewarded him with estates and made him an illustrius.

The same Sphoracius also raised up the church of St. John the Forerunner in the Conche.

The oratory of St. George was built by the emperor Maurice.

The octagonal Tetradisium, near the Chalke, were eight porticoes, that is, vaulted places, in which dwelt ^C doctors of every discipline, whom the emperors always used for counsel, and without whose consent nothing was done. Many also... ^D

were made patriarchs and archbishops from these men. And these such doctors lasted by succession for 414 years, up to the tenth year of the reign of Leo the Syrian, father of Constantine Copronymus. For he, bereft of divine grace and stripped of God, because those teachers would not consent to his wickedness, burned them all in their anger together with the whole building—sixteen in number, and monks by profession. ^A

In the Chalcoprateia, in the time of Constantine the Great, the Jews dwelt and sold their copper wares. But after 132 years, Theodosius the younger expelled them from there, and having cleansed the place, he erected a temple to the Mother of God. This temple, however, having been thrown down by an earthquake, Justin, who was created emperor from the rank of Curopalates, rebuilt it, and moreover granted it immovable possessions. ^B

The place called that of Illus was the house of Illus the magister, who held many offices with great glory in the times of Leo Macellus and Zeno. But this same Illus, having played the tyrant and gathered 70,000 of the people as soldiers, rose up against Zeno, who sent his brother Longinus the magister to combat him. A battle having been joined near great Antioch, Longinus was defeated, and with his whole army destroyed, he was saved by flight to Antioch with difficulty, alone. And Illus grew very powerful. But Zeno sent again the patrician John, surnamed the Crooked, with a great force of Scythians and Macedonians. And engaging in war with Illus at Seleucia, he defeated him decisively. Fleeing into a certain fortress, ^C Illus was handed over by his own slaves, and his head was cut off by the aforementioned John. Having arrested the commanders, he brought the head of Illus back to Zeno fixed upon a spear. Now Illus played the tyrant for 26 months.

The place called Phocolisthum, some report, takes its nickname from the fact that the horse of the tyrant Phocas stumbled and fell there. But Panodorus the Egyptian and Theodorus the Theban philosopher relate that this place was once outside of Byzantium, frequented by many robbers, and that Constantine the Great, after he had conquered and founded the city, having made a great search and caught some of these robbers, impaled them there, that is, he hung them on hooks (furcae); whence the place was also called Phocolisthum. ^D

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius

(6) Having held many offices, namely consul without a colleague in the year of our Lord 478. LAMB. (7) *Having fled.* Marcellinus Comes illustrates and confirms this with these words: "Meanwhile Leontius the king and Illus the tyrant were captured and beheaded in the castle of Papyrius in Isauria. Their heads were brought to Constantinople and fixed on spears. This was done in the consulship of Dynamius and Sifidius, in the year of our Lord 488." LAMB. (8) *Panodorus.* In one Vatican codex, I found "Pandorus" written erroneously. LAMB. (9) *Phocolisthum,* that is, the "slipping of Phocas" (Phoca-olisthos), because of the robbers who were suspended or fixed there on hooks: but later it was vulgarly and corruptly named as if it were of Phocas. Similarly, many other places in Constantinople had double names, as I noted above on page 46. Moreover, that which Codinus says, that Constantine the Great hanged or fixed the robbers on hooks in the place where they had committed their crimes, was rightly done according to the law of Capital Crimes, § Famosos.

^A And in that place, which is called the Kontaria (the Rods), they say there was of old in the time of Byzas a mountain. And when Haemus, the king of Thrace, came to wage war against him, the Byzantines cut rods (kontaria) from the mountain in that place, and thus the place received its name. But Constantine the Great erected there a temple to the Theotokos. And Justin, who had been a curopalates, enlarged it in beauty and size, and named it after St. Thekla. The ^B Archistrategos [Michael] was built by the same Justin, and it took its name from Ada, a magister, who had a house there. The harbor of Sophia—Sophia, the wife of Justin, known as the Lobe (or Mutilated), built it, where she also had her house. But before it was built, there was an oblong portico there, constructed by Constantine the Great, in which the philosophers—Thebans, Athenians, and Hellenes—used to come up and converse with those who were in Constantinople. And this lasted until Justin, and the Westerners were always victorious. But under him, having been defeated once, they never returned again. Regarding the harbor, such a story is reported: They say that the aforementioned Augusta, while standing one winter day in the solarium of the palace and seeing the ships tossed about on the shore by the waves because there was no harbor, was moved with compassion and began to lament; and having entered ^C to the emperor, her husband, she besought him to grant her a sufficient sum of gold and the sufficient support of official labor to construct a harbor. And the emperor, yielding to her request, commanded Narses, the patrician and praepositus, and Troilus, the protovestiary, to build a harbor. And they, having dug a great trench, made it a built harbor. Wherefore it was called...

^D Meursius and Lambecius’ notes. Regarding punishments: It pleased many that notorious robbers should be fixed to a gibbet in the places where they committed their depredations. Harmenopulus, in Book 6, Title 6, thus translated these words. Harmenopulus's [phourkizein] and the [Comnenian/official usage] mean the same thing, namely, to fix upon a gibbet, just as this also is a penal gibbet. Thus, because of the confusion of letters, the word is used for [the other]. Nor were the Graeco-barbarians alone accustomed to confuse these letters, but the ancient Greeks themselves did so, as the scholiast of Apollonius Rhodius testifies: "Therefore," he says, "the author of the Glossary errs, who explains as a noose, and says the meaning is different from [phourkizein]. For both signify the same thing, namely, strangling by hanging upon a gibbet; which Ulpianus, in [I. Sacrilegii D. ad leg. Juliam pecul.], calls 'to hang on a gibbet', and the anonymous author in Suidas and Cyrillus in the Lexicon... The same thing is also signified in truth by those words of Cedrenus and Balsamon, which are cited by the glossographer. As for the other passage of Cyrillus, no one fails to see that Cyrillus is not saying that [phoulkizein] is the same as [anchone], but that he wished to say that [phoulkizein] signifies both 'noose' and the very suffocation which occurs by means of a noose, such as that by which those who are fixed to gibbets are killed. Wherefore, for [phoulka] one should write there [phoulkan] or ...

[Notes on the text]

and the structures of his daughter Arabia, and of Justin his husband, and of Narses the prefect. That port was built 252 years after the founding of Constantinople.

Buccinum is a place so named because formerly there were bronze trumpets ^A above the wall; the tower itself was hollow in the manner of a pipe; therefore, when the south wind or the north wind blew more violently and dashed the sea waves against the wall, the spirit confined within would rise up to the apertures of the trumpets and produce a concert like that of Sirens, admirable to hear; the sound of which, rebounding from there, the opposite tower would receive and similarly resonate. When the naval forces of the Romans were about to set out, they would first gather in this place, and following the sound of the towers, they would also sound trumpets on the ships, and only then would they depart.

The place named Hormisdas was a small port, providing a station for ships before the port of Sophia was built. But afterwards, through many years of neglect, it was entirely filled up. Here, formerly, Justinian the Great dwelt before he came to the empire. Otherwise, it was called the port of Julian from its founder.

The temple of Saint Plato was built by Anastasius Dicorus at the beginning of the seventh century. He brought ten columns ^B adorned with sculpture from Thessalonica to this temple; two of which were transferred by the Roman emperor called Lecapenus to the Chalce.

In the temple of Saint Anne, called the Diegeteia, was a ^C maximum triclinium, in which in ancient times the demarchs, when about to hold an election, would gather the two factions of the people; and that custom lasted five hundred years. It happened, moreover, that when Theodora Augusta, carrying the womb of Theophilus, was going through the portico to Blachernae, her horse stumbled there before the narthex of the church, and the same thing happened to her when she was returning in the same place.

Meursius and Lambecius' Notes

(17) ^D "Of her niece." Although it may be read as written in all the codices, yet there is no doubt that in this place it should be written as above, p. 55 v. 12, "Arabia was the daughter of Justin the Younger and Sophia, and Helena was the daughter of Arabia and of Baduarius the curopalates." LAMB.

(18) "Buccinum." I believe, however, that it was a place of the same kind that is reported to have been in the fourth region of ancient Rome, and had the name "Golden Buccinum." LAMB.

(19) "The tower." I believe, however, that the place was of the same kind; and when there was a south or north wind, the spirit, violently repelled by the sea waves breaking against the wall from there, would rise up and sing a melody like a siren, and the other tower opposite would answer it. 3058.

(20) "The port was small," in which the Great Justinian had lodgings and named them Sergius and Bacchus.

(21) "Of Hormisdas." These words of Codinus are to be interpreted as if he had said "it is in the place or region of the city named Hormisdas." That Justinian lived there before he reigned, Procopius also testifies in *De aedificiis*, bk. 1. LAMB.

(22) "Port of Julian." That which he mentions on p. 52 v. 7. But it is incorrectly written in some codices, for the port already had the surname of Julian long before the time of Justinian. In the Royal codex, these things are separated from the preceding and conceived thus: "And the Julian port was built by Julian, since he himself lived there." LAMB.

before the narthex of the temple, and returning to the same place, the horse having slipped, she was instructed through a revelation in a dream, and she erected the temple of Saint Anne that presently stands there. ^A In the place now called Maurianos, there was formerly a house of the Emperor Maurice while he was still a patrician and count of the ex-cubitors. But after he gained the empire, the place received the name Maurianos.

The blessed Marcian built the wonderful temple of Saint Anastasia, that in Maurianos, at his own expense; and he bought the ground where he was to erect it—a place where tesserae were formerly sold—for two thousand solidi, because the commentaries of Saint Gregory the Theologian had been discovered there, in which, five hundred years prior, it had been written thus: "This temple ^B will be renovated into beauty and size, I know well; the Holy Spirit tells me these things." For Saint Anastasia was previously a small oratory covered with a wooden dome; but Basil the Macedonian covered it with a golden ceiling. The same holy Marcian built and completed Saint Irene at the Trajectum, it having previously been a shrine of idols; and likewise also the hospital.

Meursius and Lambecius' Notes

^A In the Menæa they say this temple belonged to Anastasia at the Domninus porticoes. LAMB.

^B Marcian the Saint. This is not the Emperor Marcian, but the oeconomus of Saint Sophia, whose memory is celebrated on the 10th of January. His life was written by Metaphrastes. LAMB.

(27) *From his wealth and riches.* This is what Nicephorus Callistus says. The reading of the Royal codex is therefore to be rejected; for it is established that Saint Marcian built the temple of Saint Anastasia long before the murder of Aspar and Ardaburius. LAMB.

(28) *At the floor.* This, and what follows regarding the prophetic oracle of Saint Gregory Nazianzen concerning the building of the temple of Saint Anastasia, are narrated at length by Metaphrastes in the life of Saint Marcian. LAMB.

(29) *This temple will be renovated.* Those words of Saint Gregory in the oration to the 150 bishops seem to be understood in this sense: At that time, when Saint Gregory was thus addressing the temple of Saint Anastasia, it was still a small oratory. But afterwards, according to that prophetic presage of his, it was changed into a great basilica by Saint Marcian and splendily decorated by Basil the Macedonian. LAMB.

(30) *Saint Irene at the Trajectum.* The lexicon of the Greeks calls it Saint Irene at the sea, which is the same thing. For this is without doubt the church of Saint Irene the martyr, which Procopius says was situated at the mouth of the bay called the Horn, and was renovated by the Emperor Justinian. He says: "In distinction to this temple of Saint Irene the martyr, called 'at the Trajectum' or 'at the sea,' another temple was founded by Constantine the Great near the church of Saint Sophia and dedicated to the Peace—that is, to Christ—which was called the old church of Saint Irene." LAMB.

^A Certain Hilarion, a patrician in the time of Leo Macellus, built the church of Saint Theodore at Carbonaria.

The church of the Forty Holy Martyrs was a praetorium. Tiberius the Thracian, with his wife Anastasia, brought out the captives from there, cleansed the place, and founded the church of the Forty Holy Martyrs from the foundation, and raised the walls to a height of four cubits. When he died, his son-in-law Maurice, having attained the empire, completed the structure of the church and placed a throne in it.

The emperor Justin and his wife Sophia of everlasting memory built the orphanage of Saint Paul, as well as the hospital of Saint Zoticus, where rest and food were provided for the infirm according to their ordinance.

Under Constantius, the son of Constantine the Great, Zoticus the patrician and protovestiarius built dwellings for the brothers in the Lord, and sufficiently provided food and clothing for them. Because of this, he was tied to wild mules by Constantius, who spurred them on to run, and thus he met the end of his life.

Carpianus the patrician built the church of the Theotokos, surnamed Carpiani, in the time of Constantine Pogonatus. The church of Bassus was built by Bassus the patrician, whose house was there, under the emperor Justinian the Great. Theodora, the wife of Justinian, being angry with him, ordered his head to be bound with cords, and ^B she strangled him.

Anastasius Dicorus first built the temple of Saint Artemius in the name of the Forerunner, for while he was still a protoasecretis, he dwelt there. After the relics of Saint Artemius were translated to it, the name of that saint was given to the temple. Furthermore, Saint Gregory the Theologian instructed the orthodox in the same temple, it being a house of prayer. The historian says that this place is called "Anastasis" either because of the resurrection of the true faith, or because a pregnant woman fell there and died; but after a common prayer made by the orthodox, she arose.

^C

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius.

^A Likewise, the same Anastasius also erected the church of Saint Julian, because when he came from Dyrrhachium with his parents, being still a boy, he studied grammar there.

The church of Saint Procopius, called the Condulium, took its name from the fact that Constantine, the father of Justinian Rhinotmetus, beat his horse there and threw it down.

The temple of Saint John the Forerunner, called the Cinthelia, was so named because small nails for attaching horseshoes were forged there. For such nails are called *cinthelia*.

The temple of the Holy Forty, which is near the Constantinian baths, was built by Anastasius with Ariadne. He also erected another temple in the name of the holy protomartyr Stephen, where his holy relics were placed.

Juliana, the daughter of Valentinian the founder of the aqueduct, built the church of Saint Polyeuctus in four and a half years, having summoned architects from Rome. This lady was ^B the sister of the wife of the great Theodosius.

The building of Megethia was erected by the lady Megethia in the time of Tiberius the Thracian.

The most holy Theotokos, called the Ponolytria, was so named because great healings were performed there and many pains and languors were dissolved.

Petrus, ^C magister and curopalata, the own brother of the Emperor Maurice, built the church of the holy Theotokos named after Areobindus; but it was so called because the house of Areobindus was there. The bath of the same place was built ninety-two years later under Justin the Thracian.

The God-hating Eudoxia began to build the church of Saint Euphemia, called the Olybrius, and raised the foundation from the ground to a height of two cubits. But after she was snatched away by a bitter death, a certain ^D Roman magister named Olybrius, who lived there, completed the structure and adorned it with many precious marbles, and endowed it with many estates and sacred vessels.

The place called the house of Harmatius was that of Harmatius the magister, who was a domesticus of Zeno, and who betrayed the army of Basiliscus to the same Zeno

[Notes of Meursius and Lambecius]

(41) *Cinthelia* or *scinthelia*; Codinus below interprets it as small nails, which the Greco-Barbarians call *clavi*. In a certain constitution of the Emperor Leo, knights are commanded to carry with them *podikla seligia*—that is, iron lunar soles—with their nails, namely those by which they are fastened to the hooves of horses. Or perhaps here too *cinthelia* is to be read for *cinthelia*? The interpreter, however, says they are nails destined for shoeing horses. LAMB.

(43) Areobindus. He was Praetorian Prefect of the East and of Africa, and had as his wife Projecta, the niece of Justinian. LAMB.

(46) Harmatius. I have found this name written in different ways, namely Harmatius, Argatius, Aramatius. LAMB.

^A of Zeno, for whom he was also killed at the instigation of Zeno, while ascending the spiral staircase (47) which leads up to the imperial box [kathisma] of the Hippodrome.

The "Greens," as they are called, were so named because the stables of the Greens were there. The infirmary [gerokomeion] was built by Marcian and Pulcheria. Artabasdus, the emperor (48) and son-in-law of Constantine Caballinus, who rebelled against him and held the empire for three years, but was blinded by Copronymus, who had defeated him and regained the empire—this man confirmed many immovable properties to the aforementioned infirmary, because his own house was located there. And Artabasdus lived for 280 years after the founding of the infirmary.

The cistern nicknamed "of the rams" [arietariam], and the infirmary, ^B and the bath which is in the place called Harmatius, were built by Stephen, the accubitor of Emperor Maurice, twelve years after his reign began, and he raised his own house into a church.

The place called Zeugma (49) takes its name from the fact that when the relics of the holy protomartyr Stephen were brought into the city and conveyed as far as this place, mules were yoked there to the carriage, and they took it and hauled it as far as the Constantinian [thermae].

The holy Anargyroi [Unmercenaries], namely Cosmas and Damian, situated in the Zeugma, were built under Theodosius the Younger by Proclus, patriarch of Constantinople, a disciple of Saint John Chrysostom.

Saint Elijah, which is called the Petrion: being returned ^C from Persia, the legions and the entire army of Zeno collected a great sum of gold, to which the aid of Zeno himself and Ariadne was also added, and they built the church because he [Elijah/the Saint] had appeared to them in the campaign.

The holy Euphemia, the Petrion, was built by Anastasius Dicorus and his wife Ariadne.

Regarding the Geragatha infirmary: Agatha, the daughter of Peter the patrician, a woman of great beauty, founded it. She was therefore called Geragatha, because she kept her virginity undefiled until old age. Later…

^D (47) Ascending the spiral staircase. The imperial palace was so near to the Hippodrome that one could ascend from the palace into the tribunal of the Hippodrome via a spiral staircase, as the author of the *Chronicon Alexandrinum* testifies: “And he made a great palace near the same Hippodrome, and an ascent from the palace into the box of the Hippodrome via the so-called spiral staircase.” Codinus speaks of this spiral staircase in the present work, p. 112, where he calls it the “dark spiral staircase,” because it was covered on all sides so that those passing through could not be seen from the outside. Codinus calls such covered and secret passages “diabatiká” (passageways) in his book on the structure of St. Sophia. Concerning the imperial tribunal of the Circus, which the Greeks call the “kathisma” of the Hippodrome, I have noted this sufficiently elsewhere. LAMB.

(48) Having rebelled against Caballinus and held the empire for three years and having been blinded... immovable... 3058.

(49) Zeugma. What is said here regarding the place called Zeugma and the translation of the relics of St. Stephen the protomartyr is confirmed by Nicetas the rhetor in a hitherto unpublished oration on the passion of St. Stephen and the discovery of his body, in these words: “Taking [them] then, Julian and having crossed this [area] to the so-called Staurion, whence they harnessed mules to the chariot and placed the holy body upon it, they drove as if to the imperial palace. Because of this, they said that place was named Zeugma.” And a little later: “The animals were driven swiftly until they came to the place called the Constantinian [thermae]. But, having arrived there, as if held by some bond, they could not move forward.” By the Constantinian [thermae] are understood the Constantinian [baths]. It is therefore read incorrectly in one Vatican codex, “to the Constantinian [baths],” instead of “to the Constantia.” See Nicephorus Callistus 14, 9. LAMB.

(50) A good matron, very beautiful in appearance, she also had a house there.

^A Copronymus violated it, but endowed it with great wealth. When the chariot races were being held, the people shouted to him: “You have renewed the aged Agatha.” She, however, secretly venerated the holy icons. When the gerocomeion [home for the elderly] was completed, that god-hating Copronymus collected the icons and burned them there.

The church of St. Julian, named "Partridge," and the holy and venerable monks who dwelt there, being holy men who would not consent to the detestable sect of Copronymus, were burned by him together with the church. The lead of the temple, melted by the heat, flowed down as far as the shore of the Sophiae. It was called "Partridge" because a bronze partridge was standing on one of its arches, having been set up there by the great Constantine.

The place called "of Antiochus" was the house of Antiochus the patrician, praepositus, and tutor ^B of the emperor Arcadius, who held many offices under him. Having become very wealthy, he died a pauper because he had been unjust, burdensome, and deceitful.

The churches of the saints Isaiah and Laurence were built by the illustrious emperors Marcian and Pulcheria, at the time when the holy body of the prophet Isaiah was brought from Jerusalem.

The place called "of Dexiocrates" was the house of a patrician so named, who lived in the times of Theodosius the Little, in which he constructed a church and a gerocomeion.

The church and gerocomeion called "of Carianus," together with the portico, were built by the emperor Maurice. For previously the house of Carianus the patrician was there, from which the place received its name.

The great church of the Blachernae ^C was built by Marcian and Pulcheria, who adorned it with precious and variegated marbles. It was called "Blachernae" in this way, either because ferns [blachna] were in that place and were cut down, and thus it was named, or (56) it was called "Lacherna" and "Blacherna" because the place was hollow, or because a certain Waluch [Vlach] had his coin/mint there. ^D

^A

Leo Macelas built the church of the Holy Mother of God, which is called the sacred repository (conditorium), where he placed that sacred ark in which the divine garment of the Mother of God was stored. Many signs and miracles occurred there. He also built the bath, and endowed it with many possessions, along with vessels and treasures of gold and silver. This temple was formerly outside the gate, but later Heraclius enclosed it with a wall, because many miracles were occurring there and many were being healed of diseases.

The Chrysobalandon, or "Golden Purse," was the house of Nicolas, a patrician and Domestic of the East, which he converted into two temples of the holy Archangel Michael and Saint Panteleemon for the following reason. ^B While the aforementioned Domestic was tarrying in the army, his wife was committing adultery with another man. Becoming informed of this matter, he unexpectedly returned to the city, caught both of them together, and cut them pieces. ^C Afterward, however, coming to the realization of the terrible judgment, he built these two temples. But when, toward the end of the construction, he was greatly distressed by a lack of money, the Archangel appeared to him in a dream, saying, "Go to that place near the Cistern of Aspar, and you will find a purse containing one hundred pounds of gold." So the Domestic went there and, having found it, completed the structure of the temples and named the place, as we have said, Chrysobalandon. ^D

The monastery of Saint Euphrosyne, which is called "the Meadows" (Libadia) (59), was built by Irene the Athenian, very small and poor. Later, however, when Michael, the son of the Emperor Theophilus, began to have hostility with Theodora the Orthodox, his mother, and his sisters, he cast them out of the palace and brought them into this monastery, and having enlarged it, he gifted it many possessions. And it was called "of Euphrosyne" from one of his sisters named Euphrosyne, who lived well and lived an ascetic life.

In the place called the Deuteron, or "the Second," stood the statue of Justinian Rhinotmetus (the Slit-nosed), which Bardas Caesar, the uncle of Michael, the son of Theophilus, later pulled down and smashed. The place was called the Deuteron for the following reason. After Leontius the patrician had usurped power and taken control,

he sent Justinian into exile to Cherson, where he spent ten years. After that, having had recourse to flight, he went to Terbelis, the leader of the Bulgarians, and took his daughter as his wife, whose name was Theodora. He also received an army from him, fifteen thousand fighting men, and marched against the city, seeking his own authority. Being rejected by the citizens, he turned back to the gate called the Ancient ^A, and entered through the aqueduct, and emerged at the place where the column stands; for there the aqueduct had a vent. And having ruled for a second time, he set his own statue upon the column ^B and called the place Deuteron, or the Second. He also raised there the church of Saint Anne, because his wife was pregnant and had been warned by the saint in a vision to build a temple for her in that place. Moreover, her holy body and her omophorion were also brought to this spot.

The church of Saint Gregory, which is surnamed the Xerocepium, was built by a certain patrician in the times of Theodosius the Great.

Saint Helena built the church of Saint Romanus, and near it she deposited the holy casket containing the relics of the prophet Daniel and the great martyr Nicetas, as well as the relics of many other prophets, which she had brought from Jerusalem after travelling there to touch the precious Cross. It is said that the poets of the canons, Saint Joseph and Theodore ^C his brother, the Studite, fled thither for fear of Leo the Syrian, the Iconoclast, and sat there composing the canons. And five hundred years passed from the time the church was founded until the aforementioned poets dwelt there.

Moreover, Saint Helena also built the monastery of the holy martyrs Carpus and Babylas in imitation of the sepulchre of Christ, out of variegated and wonderful marble, and endowed it with many estates.

Bonus the magister, a member of the household of the Emperor Heraclius, built the Cistern of Bonus; the Emperor, when he was leaving the city ^D to campaign against the Persians, entrusted to him the custody of the city and the exercise of his own powers.

Anastasius Dicorus built the Mocesian cistern, as at that time there was such a [shortage] of water and grain in the city...

[Meursius' and Lambecius' notes.] (61) Regarding the gate named the Ancient, see many on p. 122, v. sqq. LAMB. (62) It is doubted that this refers to the church of St. Anne, which Procopius says was built by Justinian in the place of the city called Deuteron. Codinus therefore errs in this place, and falsely ascribes the work of Justinian the Great to Justinian Rhinotmetus. LAMB. (64) The abbot of the Studite monastery is treated at length in the Greek Menaia for the 11th of November. His brother, S. Joseph, was the archbishop of Thessalonica, as Cedrenus testifies: he says, "Both of them composed," that is, hymns or solemn festival songs. But it must be noted that S. Joseph, brother of Theodore the Studite, is distinct from S. Joseph the deacon of Antioch, who is likewise famous for the composition of canons and is commemorated in the Greek Menaia on the 3rd of April. LAMB. (65) Five hundred years. But after the time the church was founded, Joseph and Theodore the poets were there. Reg. (66) Regarding the cistern. Bonus the patrician built it while returning from Rome, and covered it with a cylindrical vault. And his house was there. The same man was [in office] during the reign of Heraclius. Cod. 3058 apud Bandurium.

^A and of grain, so that a modius of grain might be bought for one nomisma. This cistern received such a name because it was near the church of Saint Mocius. The place called Porphyropolium was formerly intended for the dyeing of purple garments.

The hospice named for Sampson was founded by the holy Sampson with the help of Justinian the Great, because the holy Sampson had healed him of his disease.

The buildings of Eubulus were erected by the patrician Eubulus in the times of Justin the Thracian, since his house was there.

The buildings of Isidore were founded by the holy Isidore, the brother of Eubulus.

The church of Saint Tryphon, which is near [the buildings of] Eubulus, was erected by Justinian the Great; the one at [the buildings of] Basiliscus was built by Justin and Sophia.

The place called the house of Basiliscus was [the house of] Basiliscus the patrician and druungarius, who, having obtained the empire, transformed it into a delightful palace, and though this had withered with time, the place still preserves the name.

The old palace of the Sophias was built by Maurice in the name of Anastasia, his mother-in-law, the wife of Tiberius. Twenty-eight years later, Heraclius, before he reigned, took up residence there; for he was very fond of that home. And it is said that it was revealed to him there that he would one day hold the empire.

^B The palace that is above the wall and is called the Bucoleon was founded by Theodosius the Younger. But Justinian built the triclinium, and it is called by his own name. He also built the golden triclinium and the Lausiacus.

The palaces of the Hippodrome and the Quaestor were built by Constantine the Great.

The suburb of Daphne is so called because there stood in that place a statue, the most prophetic one once belonging to Daphne of Apollo. But there was also a tradition in that very place, on the first of the Kalends of January, for the people to receive laurel branches from the Senate.

The Hippodrome in the palace is called by that name ^C because it was a custom for the emperors, while training in private, to run their horses from the church of the holy Constantine to the palace of Irene the Athenian. And Justinian built the Lausiacus.

^D Meursius and Lambecius' Notes. That Emperor Justinian was miraculously healed by Sampson, and that at his exhortation, as if in thanksgiving, he built a most ample hospice named after Sampson, is confirmed unanimously by Metaphrastes in the life of Saint Sampson and the Greek Menologies on the 27th of June. Nor does Procopius say less; and Nicholas Alemannus has most learnedly declared the opinion of others in his notes on the unpublished works of Procopius. LAMB.

Agathias and other writers. But as for what Codinus says, that it was the custom annually on the Kalends of January for the people to offer laurels to the princes and the Senate, it was done for this reason, because the laurel is conducive to health and is a symbol of it, as the author of the *Geoponica* testifies: he says, LAMB. and Reg.

[Regarding the annotations: (67) Sampson... (68) The buildings of Isidore. The holy Isidore, brother of Eubulus, having made his own house a church, also founded the church of Saint Tryphon, having confirmed it with many estates. He also founded and built his house as a church and an almshouse. (69) He reigned. He inscribed his own name and that of his son upon the walls (Reg.). (70) They say also this concerning the laurel, that it is a workshop of health; whence also its leaves were given to the magistrates by the people on the first of the month of January. (71) A statue bearing the name of Daphne, which was brought from Rome, where there was also an oracle. For there also the magistrates were accustomed to receive the laurel wreaths during the month of January.]

^A Indeed, it was a custom for the emperors to exercise there privately and race their horses. And this custom prevailed from Constantine the Great down to Irene of Athens. The statue of the Fortune of the city stood above the arch of the palace, having been brought from Rome by Constantine the Great. But Maurice smashed it. The Iron Gate ^B was so named for this reason: when the great porphyry column of the Forum was being brought by sea from Rome, it spent three whole years on the way because of its enormous size. But when it was finally to be brought into the city from the ships through the aforementioned Gate of the Sophiai, and they feared that—because the ground was spongy and marshy—the column, once lowered, would not be able to be moved further, they paved the road around the gate with iron levers, and thus it was called the Iron Gate. The church of Saint Luke, in which the dead are buried, was built by Irene of Athens, so that the poor might be buried there for free. For being very pious, she built many hospices, guest-houses, and poor-houses for the maintenance of the needy. She also lightened the burdens of tributes. And she particularly constructed these three main things for death, life, and health: for death, the xenotaphion of Saint Luke; for life, the bakery; and for health, the hospital—these being called the works of the blessed Irene. The church of Saint Diomedes was built by Saint Constantine; but Basil the Macedonian, because he had received there the oracle concerning his reign, enlarged it ^C and gifted it with many riches. The Studion was built by the patrician Studius in the times of Leo the Machael, and he endowed it with many estates and tonsured a thousand monks there. The gate called the gate of Saint Aemilianus was so named because of its being near the church of Saint Aemilianus, which was formerly a small oratory. But when the rod of Moses was brought into the city under Constantine the Great, the emperor received it on foot at that place and built a very great church of the Theotokos, where he deposited the rod. He also built the church of Saint Aemilianus larger. But after these things, he carried the holy rod away into the palace. In the times of Theodosius the Great, a young elephant was brought from India and fed in the royal palace. When it was being led to the circus games, and was being brought toward it, an exchange-merchant strike-it as it was passing by the milestone with a rod very violently. ^D After years...

^A ten had passed, the elephant had grown up and it happened again, as was customary, that it was led to the Hippodrome. And arriving at the place of the milestone and remembering the one who had once struck him there, and seeing him sitting at the table and recognizing him, he ran suddenly toward him, and roaring, struck him with his tusk and tore the man in two; and everyone marveled at the natural memory of injury possessed by the beast.

The house of Claudius was the home of Claudius the patrician and quaestor during the times of the emperor Basiliscus.

The house called Caniclei was the home of Theoctistus ^B the magister and head of the canicleion, who was beheaded in the cave of the Hippodrome by order of Bardas Caesar, who was the uncle of Michael surnamed the Drunkard.

The Harbor of Eleutherius was built by Constantine the Great at the same time he founded the city itself. It received this name from Eleutherius the patrician, who oversaw its construction. A marble statue of Eleutherius stood in the same harbor, holding a spade and a basket. But the emperor Theodosius the Younger, when he was erecting a column with his own statue on it in the Taurus, dumped the earth dug up in that process into this harbor and filled it up; it had previously had a floor paved with squared stone and was very deep.

Saint Panteleemon was built by Theodora, the wife of the great Justinian, because, when she came from Paphlagonia ^C to Constantinople, she had lived there in the portico, being then very poor and spinning wool, from which she also had her sustenance. But after she reached the imperial throne, she changed that poor house into a church.

The house called Narses' was the home of Narses, the patrician and head eunuch, in the times of Justinian the Great, and it was transformed by him into an inn and an old-age home. The same Narses built the temples of the holy martyrs Probus, Tarachus, and Andronicus.

The church of Saint Thomas, called the house of Amantius, was the home of Amantius the cubicularius in the time of Anastasius Dicorus, which he himself changed into a church. But after it was consumed by fire, his son Basil rebuilt it.

The monastery called Martinacae was founded by Martinaces ^D the patrician, the uncle of the empress Theophano, under Michael the Drunkard and Basil the Macedonian.

^A The temple of St. John the Forerunner, called that of Probus, was built by Probus the patrician; he also built a palace worthy of admiration.

The place called Toxara was the house of Toxaras the *manglaba*—the man who, by the order of Basil the Macedonian, killed Michael the Drunkard in the temple of St. Mamas. ^B The Temple of the Curator was founded by Verina, the wife of Leo the Butcher, after the likeness of Christ’s sepulchre; a curator, a man of her own household, was in charge of the structure. The church of the Deaconess was built by Cyriacus the Patriarch in the time of the emperor Maurice. It was so named because the patriarch, while still a deacon, lived there, and his sister was a deaconess there. ^C The church of St. Anastasia the Pharmacolytria was built by Anastasius Dicarus; there had been at that spot the house of a certain patrician named Pharmacus.

The place called the Leomacellum was so named because Leo the Butcher—which is interpreted as "slaughterer"—is said to have sold meat there before he attained the empire, and his wife used to weave cords in the same place.

The house of Florentius was the house of Florentius, patrician and Duke of Antioch, who lived in the time of the emperor Arcadius, and who, at his death, turned his house into a hospice. ^D The house of Anthemius was that of Anthemius the Magister, in the time of Marcian, who also crowned him in the city, having given him in marriage the daughter whom he had had by his first wife, and sent him to Rome as emperor. He, in turn, converted his house into a church, a hospice, and a bath.

The monastery of Spoudes ("of Haste") was built by Anna Augusta, the wife of Leo the Isaurian. For being with child and returning from the Blachernae, when the hour of her delivery came upon her, she turned in haste into the house of a certain protospatharios and gave birth there. She made that house into a monastery and named it Spoudes because of the haste and speed of the delivery. The same Empress Anna also built the monastery of Anna.

The hospice of Severus was built by Severus the patrician, the adopted brother of the emperor Constantine, grandson of Heraclius, who was killed in the bath...

^A Sicily. He also built a church there, because his house was situated in that place. After the aforementioned emperor was killed in Sicily, he himself took the Roman fleet and sailed as far as the place called Phoenix (87). The Gainea (88) was the house of Gainas the patrician, who usurped the imperial power in the regions of Thrace in the time of Arcadius and was killed there. The edifice named after Eusebius was built by a certain patrician Eusebius in the time of Justin and Sophia, the most pious couple. ^B Cyrus the patrician and prefect founded the church of the all-holy Theotokos of Cyrus under Theodosius the Younger; he was also in charge of the structure of the land wall when it was being built by the two sections, and he was so beloved by the people that they shouted out in public that he should be promoted to a higher dignity. Having heard this, the emperor made him metropolitan bishop of Smyrna. In the Golden Chamber (Chrysocamera), which is situated behind the Myrelaion, there once stood a golden statue, from which it was named Chrysocamera. But in the time of Caesar Bardas, the uncle of Michael, it was stolen. In the other Golden Chamber (Christocamera) which is near Saint Acacius, where the house of Mosele is, there was an icon of Christ. In those two places called Myrelaia, perfumes flowed and many were restored to health through the help of the Virgin Theotokos; and for this reason they were thus named. The brazen Anemodulion (90), in which were placed the twelve signs of the winds, was erected by Heliodorus the astronomer in the time of Leo the Isaurian. But the great brazen statues were brought from the fortress of Dyrrhachium, and a certain woman had them as her dowry (91). The church of Saint Acacius called Charea was built by the brother ^C of Narses the patrician in the time of Justin and Procopia. The church of Saint Procopius ^D of Vigilantia, which is situated in the Tauros, was first built by Justinian, who also built many other palaces there for the sake of his own sister, Vigilantia. But because it had been destroyed by fire, it was rebuilt by... [alt-version omitted]

^A Antonina, wife of the magister Belisarius, who had been a servant to Theodora, wife of Justinian the Great, at the urging of Vigilantia herself, with whom she lived after the death of her husband.

The gate called the Contoscalium ^C received its name from Galenus, who was in charge of the structure of the harbor and was nicknamed Contoscelus.

The monastery called Psarelae was previously called Myrodon. But when Constantine Copronymus, passing by there at one time, asked the patrician Camulianus what that monastery was called, and when he replied that he did not know, the emperor, who knew it well, ordered it to be called the monastery of Psarelae, mocking the monks, of course, because they always ate fish. And indeed the monastery retained this name, but the monks fled from there on account of it.

The grain storehouse which is in the place called Buscinus was formerly the church of the holy apostle Andrew, which Justinian the Great had built. Constantine Copronymus, however, changed it into a grain storehouse.

At the gate called Psamathea, an idol stood which was worshipped by a certain pagan. The ^B Christians therefore used to say to those who worshipped it: "This idol of yours is a false and lying god," and from this the gate received such a name; or because of the sign of the holy and venerable cross that was exalted there, which was placed above it.

The gate called the Fifth received its name because it is the fifth in number ^C.

The gate of Charsia was so named after Charsius, the second-in-command of the Venetian faction, who was in charge of the structure of that place when the land wall was being built.

The gate of the Xylocercus was so called for this reason...

the craftsmen, finding much water in that place and being unable to lay a wall due to the great flooding, made pilings and supports with wood and placed the foundation upon them.

The Theotokos, called the Source, was built by Justinian the Great. For while he was going into Thrace to hunt, he saw a multitude of people coming out from the oratory that was there at that time—which was still small—and he asked what it was. A certain Strategius, a magistrate and curator of the imperial treasury, said to him, "It is the source of healings, my lord." The emperor, marveling at this, gave orders, and a great and beautiful temple was built using the surplus material from the Great Church. Having collapsed from an earthquake, it was rebuilt by Irene the Athenian; the church had stood from the time it was first built until the time of Irene the Athenian for two hundred and seventy-seven years.

The Church of the Image Not-Made-By-Hands and the Church of St. John the Theologian were built by the blessed Constantine the Great.

The Church of the Forerunner, the Round-Roofed, was built by Theodosius the Great, because in his days the precious head of the Forerunner was brought to the city, which the emperor received at the Hebdomon suburb along with Nectarius the patriarch, and deposited in the temple of the Theologian. Afterward, through the magistrate Rufinus, he built the church of the Forerunner.

The Monastery of Paulinus was built by Paulinus the magistrate, a man very close to the Emperor Theodosius the Younger, for he had been brought up with him. He was the one who also erected the church of the Holy Anargyroi. This Paulinus was put to death by Theodosius, who was jealous because of his own wife, the Empress Eudocia. For it happened in his days that a very large apple was found, brought by someone from Phrygia; the emperor, having received it and marveled at it, rewarded the one who brought it with one hundred hyperpyra. The emperor sent the apple to the Empress Eudocia from St. Sophia, for that is where he happened to be when it was brought to him. She, having received it, kept it, and marveled at its size and beauty. Paulinus came to her and, looking at the same apple with similar admiration, said, "Where, my lady..."

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius

(1) The Church of the Image Not-Made-By-Hands. This is, as I interpret it, the church of the image of Christ not made by hands. It seems, however, to have been built by Constantine Porphyrogenitus, during whose reign, with Romanus the Elder, in the year after Christ 944, the image of Christ not made by hands was translated to Constantinople from the city of Edessa in Mesopotamia. Similarly, there was a monastery near the city of Cabala in Thrace named [missing], where the image of the Blessed Virgin not made by hands was preserved. But if it is true that Codinus speaks here of Constantine the Great, another interpretation of the words will have to be sought. LAMB.

(2) The Church of the Holy Anargyroi. In the Vatican codices, there is added "the smaller," so that it appears that the church of Saints Cosmas and Damian built by Paulinus was different from another church of the same saints built at the same time by Proclus the patriarch in the place called Zeugma. LAMB.

(3) A very large apple. It is said to have had the size of a modius; the text says "apple of very great size," that is, having the size of a modius.

^A Was it a fine fruit that was found? But she, who loved him, said, "Take it." Paulinus, having received the apple from her, sent it back to the Emperor, not knowing that it had been given to her by him in the first place. The Emperor, receiving the apple and recognizing it as the same one he had previously sent to the Augusta, called her to him and asked, "Where is the apple which I sent you?" She replied, "I gave it to our most faithful Paulinus." Then the Emperor rebuked her with severe threats, and ordered that Paulinus be killed as he entered the palace. And indeed, as he was going up the dark spiral staircase, those who had been ordered to kill him could not do so, except that they cut off his ears alone. Knowing of the treachery, he fled. This happened ^B as a miracle of the holy Anargyroi (the Unmercenaries), so that he might complete their church. The Emperor, hearing how he had escaped the threatened murder, and being ashamed, pretended ignorance and said he would punish the perpetrators. But after this, once the church of the holy Anargyroi had been completed, he had him beheaded.

The holy shrine in the Chalcoprateia was built by Justin and Sophia. ^C During the vigil, great men performed the office of reader there, namely Michael Rhangabe the curopalates, before he attained the empire, and Bardas Caesar, the uncle of Theophilus’ son Michael, and many of the magistri; for the precious girdle and the garment of the Theotokos are deposited there, but the omophorion is in Blachernae.

The same Emperor built the holy church of St. James nearby, where the relics of the holy Innocents ^D and of St. Simeon the Receiver of God, and of the prophet Zachariah and of James the Brother of God, are kept in shrines. On the right side of the holy shrine lie the bodies of the holy ointment-bearing women, and on the left the hair of the holy Forerunner.

The Baths of Germanus were built by Germanus, who, in the time of Valentinian, was praetor of the Peloponnese; his house was located there. ^A Regarding the nomenclature of the port of Bosporium, John of Antioch reports that in that part of the wall which is called Sigma from the likeness of its structure, it was customary for oxen to be sold, a practice that continued until the time of Constantius Copronymus. It happened once that a certain ox, goaded by a gadfly, leapt into the sea and swam across to Chrysopolis, and hence the name Bosporium drew its origin. The tower which is called the Centenaria, Constantine the Great built magnificently and splendidly, and spent one hundred pounds of gold on its construction. ^B Having been thrown down by an earthquake, it was rebuilt by Theophilus, in such a way that it is seen even today. It retains its ancient surname. The palace which is called the Petrium, a certain patrician named Petrus, who also went by the name of Barsyamianus the Syrian and held many magistracies at that time, founded in the time of Justinian the Great. The monastery of Roma, or of Romanus, was founded in the time of Leo Macella by a certain Roman patrician named Hæmon; for upon coming into the city, he dwelt there. The monastery of Procopia was built by Procopia, the daughter of Nicephorus the Seleucian and wife of Michael Rangabe, who was curopalates to the emperor. ^C The church of St. Eustathius was built by Irene the Athenian. The monastery at the Armamenta, or of Saint Panteleemon, was first built by Maurice as an arsenal; but after 248 years, Theodora, wife of the emperor Theophilus, converted it into a monastery. The building called the Pieridii was founded by Pierides the cubicularius in the time of Irene the Athenian. Tiberius the emperor, father-in-law of Maurice, built the Castellum, so that Chaganus, prince of the Bulgarians, might not burn his fleet; for he had drawn his ships up there and fortified the place with a castle. ^D

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius

(9) Regarding the name Bosporium: John of Antioch says that Byzas founded Byzantium, and sent an ox from the Prosphorium, and it went off to Chrysopolis, and thus it was called Bosporium. And there the oxen were sold, even at the sigma-shaped wall, down to the time of Copronymus. He ordered that Bosporium be sold at the Taurus. (10) The Bosporium, a harbor, the Bosporian harbor, that strait over against Chalcedon and Byzantium, Bosporium, Phosphorium, or Prosphorium... (11) refers to the sea wall. (12) Petrus, a patrician. There exist many rescripts of his from the time of the emperor Justinian, under whom he was twice Praetorian Prefect. (13) In the *Anecdota*, Procopius calls him Barsyamianus. (14) Castellum is derived from Greek-barbarous, meaning to fortify a place with a castle and bulwarks.

^A The Great Constantine built the churches of the Archangel Michael at the Anaplus and at Sosthenion (15).

Leo Macelas built the church of Saint Mamas (16), because the city had been burning for six months (17). In that place, the emperor also built a palace and a hippodrome, where the emperors used to drive their chariots; it was also the place where Michael, the son of the Emperor Theophilus, was killed by Basil the Macedonian. It is said that during the time of that fire, there occurred a winter the likes of which had never been seen before. Furthermore, it rained pure stacte, such that vessels were filled with it to the depth of a span. At that time, the holy Daniel (18) was at the Anaplus.

They say that the monastery of Saint (19) Tarasius takes its name from the Patriarch Tarasius, who was buried there, and after his death, it became a monastery.

Damian, the *parakoimomenos*, who was of Sclavonian (20) origin, built the monastery of Damian in the times of Theophilus the Iconoclast and of Michael, his son.

Basil the Macedonian built ^B the church of Saint Phocas across the strait. Likewise, he built the church of the Theotokos in the Forum, the New Church in the Palace, and the palaces beyond the fountains.

The church located across the strait, called the *Chrysokeras* (Golden-tiled), was built by the most pious emperors Justin and Sophia; likewise the orphanage of Saint Paul, and the house intended for the reception of the mutilated, which is called after Saint Zoticus (21), and the port of Sophia, and the Sophiane palaces across the strait.

The joined columns, upon which the signs of the cross were placed, were erected by Romanus the Elder.

The port of Eutropius was built by Eutropius, the *protospatharios* and quaestor, in the times of the emperors Zeno and Anastasius; ^C in this port, the heads of Maurice, his wife, and his children were cut off by the tyrant Phocas.

Leo the *protoasecretis* built the edifice that is called Macelia (22).

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius

(15) Concerning these two churches, Procopius mentions in *De Aedificiis* 1.1 that both were restored by Justinian. See Nicephorus Callistus, 7, 50. — Lambecius

(16) Leo Macelas built it, for the city was on fire for six months. And Leo Macelas having gone out, built them, and also made a church likewise, and he saw the city burning across from him. Then, as it rained ash upon it, to the thickness of a span. He also built the hippodrome, in which the Emperor Michael was killed by Basil... ^D (17) The fire of which Codinus speaks occurred, according to Marcellinus Comes, in the first year of the reign of Leo, which is 465 after Christ, during the consulship of Basiliscus and Herminericus. — Lambecius

(18) For the disciple and imitator of Saint Symeon Stylites, see the Greek Menologium for the 11th of December. — Lambecius

(19) They say that Saint Tarasius is... the suburb of the Patriarch Tarasius, and he founded a monastery there.

(20) *Sthlabos* or *sklabos*... that is, servant. And *sthlabia* or *sklabia*, that is, servitude. And *sthlaboun* or *sklaboun*, that is, to reduce to servitude. The author of the Graeco-barbarous Glossary rejects these words as corrupt, but in vain. In the present text, Codinus calls the patrician and cubicularius of the Emperor Michael "Methysta" or "Sthlabos," because he was descended from Sclavonia or Dalmatia. *Sthlabos* therefore carries the same meaning as *Sklabenos*. — Lambecius

(21) Zoticus: It was a hospital intended for the reception of the mutilated, and dedicated to the memory of Saint Zoticus. See p. 89. In Italian, it would be called *lo spedale degli stroppiati*. — Lambecius

(22) The monastery of Macelia was built by the *protoasecretis* Malenius, so called; thus also Melylias.

^C In the monastery called Pelamida a marble statue was placed, which Theophilus erected in the time of Constantine Porphyrogenitus.

The palaces situated in the Heraeum were built by the great Justinian, and later exornated by his nephew Justin. But that place is called Heraeum because formerly there was a temple of Hera there; or Erium, because the citizens used to be buried there, as many marble monuments still testify today.

The palaces which are in Bryas, the Emperor Tiberius and his son-in-law Maurice built. But that place was called Bryas by a prophetic presage of the future tumult of the city, which would once be heard there. For when the last emperor of this city, at the divine command, departs the city and sets out for Jerusalem, about to surrender to the Lord the Roman empire together with his diadem, then on this hill named Bryas, he and all who accompany him will hear the clamor and din of the people remaining in the city.

The palaces of Damatrius the same emperors built. One sees there the leper-house ^D of Constantine, who was blinded by his mother Irene the Athenian.

The buildings of Florentius and Callistratus were built by two siblings of that name; which after their death were turned into monasteries in the time of Constantine the Great. After... [the] philosopher in the time of Constantine the Great... of the Pelamidion. Pelamidion... in the so-called Pelamidion... the Heraean promontory. Ierion, Erion, Aerion... they were built 3058. Erion v. That the promontory of Chalcedon was of old Erion and... (for it was the tomb of the city of Chalcedon): Justinian having excavated the whole promontory and having cleaned the place, built most conspicuous palaces, and the place was renamed Eria... Ierion... commanded to build palaces in Bryas. When he shall be on this hill of Bryas... because... and by him (that is, Basil the Macedonian) such palaces were built, similarly also at the Hebdomon and at the Iereia and at Bryas. And at Eiria and at Broida. ...of the emperor and to settle in Jerusalem in this Bryas he is about to hear the tumult and the cry of lamentation of the city of Bryas, Bryas, Bryon. Florentius, Florus.

^A Patriarch Paul, in the time of Irene of Athens, resigned his patriarchal dignity and retired, and having rested there, he died after four months. ^B The same Irene built the palaces of Eleutherius and the workshops. But the hippodrome, which was between the Eleutherian and Amastrian palaces and had been constructed by the second founder of the city, Theodosius the Younger, the Augusta demolished and built the bakery in its place.

The Great Bath, as it is called, near the Ox, was built by Nicetas the eunuch and prefect of the table in the time of Theophilus the emperor. ^C The Temple of the holy archangel Michael, called "at the Abaci," which is near Xerolophus, was built by Leo Macelas. It was so named because Abaci of wondrous size were found there.

[119] The church of the holy Theotokos "at the Ice" received this name because, as Leo Macelas was passing by there on horseback in wintertime, the ice collapsed and struck him.

Regarding the place called the Erio, it is said that the citizens used to be buried there before the cemetery of Saint Luke was founded. Constantine the Great built a temple of Saint George there. It should be known that when the holy Apostle Andrew first came to Byzantium, he sat there and taught, and thereafter he ordained Saint Stachys at Holy Peace on the opposite side of Galata; it was so called from a certain Galatian man dwelling there. But the holy Andrew came to Byzantium before Constantine the Great, and made his tent in the place called Harmatius, and sat there teaching. He also made a cross with his own hands, carving and sculpting it, and set it up in the old church of Holy Peace. After these things, he went to the Neorium, to the place called the Pentembolon, and taught there as well. ^D Such an embolus was called so because there was a certain column, and upon it stood a statue having four horns on its head, and a wonder occurred in it: for whoever had the suspicion that his wife was "horned," when he came and approached the column, if things were as he suspected, the column would revolve three times; but if not, it would stand in silence.

The triclinium of Constantine the Great is called Manaura for the following reason. When the emperor Anastasius Dicorus had reigned for [twenty-six] years and four months, for thunders and lightnings round about the palace... [the text breaks off, to be continued on the next page].

^A surging about, he was distressed and, unable to endure it, fled from place to place. And indeed, having entered such a triclinium, the wrath of God overtook him there; for by a violent thunderbolt and a strike of lightning, he chilled and became scorched by fire. And as he was dying, he said with a loud voice: "O Mana, [(37)] I perish by the breeze." And for this reason, the triclinium was called Manaura.

The Sigma [(38)], the Theotokos, was first founded by Constantine the Great, and afterwards Justinian the Great rebuilt it. But three hundred and twenty-eight years later, in the reign of Basil the Macedonian, a great earthquake having occurred, the temple collapsed completely on a Sunday, the ninth day of January, the day of Saint Polyeuctus, and it destroyed the people who were therein, and from then on it was called Seisma or Sema. ^B By the common people, however, it is called Sigma.

Zeno and Ariadne erected the New Church of the Archangel.

The uncle of the great Justinian founded the women's monastery of Procopia with his wife Euphemia, where he also died and was buried.

The Chora [(39)] was formerly an oratory. But afterwards, when Priscus [(40)], the prefect and son-in-law of the tyrant Phocas [(41)], was banished thither [(42)] by him, he built at his own expense a large and beautiful monastery in its place ^C and bestowed upon it many landholdings. It was called Chora because there was once a field or estate there, just as the monastery of Stoudios existed outside the city, as well as the monastery of Xeroceram.

The Church of Saint Mamas was founded by the sister of the Emperor Maurice [(43)]; for after the slaughter...

of Maurice by the tyrant Phocas, she collected their bodies ^A and buried them there. Furthermore, the wife of Maurice, with her daughters, was at first kept for a short time by the men of Phocas in the monastery called the New. Afterwards, however, she herself and the entire family of Maurice were put to the sword by him and cast into the sea.

The monastery of Saint Euphemia and the tombs that are in the Petrium and the bath, Basil the Macedonian built, and he tonsured his daughters there.

The holy Zoe, which is in Mocisia, the holy Marcian built, where he was also buried after his death.

The [Church of the] Holy Notaries, the Great Theodosius built and endowed with many estates.

The church of the holy martyrs Manuel, Sabel, and Ismael, which is situated by the land wall, the Great Theodosius built; for after they were burned by the apostate Julian, their relics were deposited there in the place of execution, since it was in this spot that the saints were put to death.

The gate which is called the Ancient, the Great Constantine built, for up to that point the ancient land wall, erected by him, extended.

The [Church of] Saint Eleutherius, a certain Basil built in the times of Arcadius.

The two monasteries of Saint Domnina, the one which is named ^C after Alexander, and the other which is called of the Mauræ, were built in the times of Theodosius the Great. For those holy women came from Rome, and finding the place uninhabited, requested it of the emperor, who gave them the place and support, and they built the monasteries there. Likewise, the holy Dius also requested a place from the emperor, and having received it, built the monastery called of Dius.

The monastery called Myroceratum was built in the times of the Emperor Marcian. Many of the historians say that the horn of oil with which the prophet Samuel anointed the kings of the Jews was hung in that monastery, and for this reason it was called Myroceratum.

The monastery of Xylinites was built by the Magister Nicetas ^D in the times of Leo, the father of Constantine Caballinus, by whom he was also beheaded in the sphendone of the Hippodrome. The monastery takes the name Xylinites from that [event].

The Monastery of Icasia

The Monastery of Smaragdus

The Church of Saint Mark near the Taurus

A bronze gnat, a fly, and other small insects were placed above the western arch of the Taurus by Apollonius of Tyana. So long as they remained intact, neither flies, nor fleas, nor gnats would enter the city. But the Emperor Basil destroyed and broke them due to his own ignorance.

The bronze female statue standing in the Phiale of the Hippodrome on the *styrakion* is that of Irene the Athenian, which her son Constantine erected in her honor.

The place which is called ^B *Necra* ("the Dead") received this name because the bodies of the citizens who were executed under Justinian the Great in the Hippodrome were deposited there, since it was forbidden to bury them elsewhere. He blocked off the stairs from the window as far as the *kamilauchion*, and thus they laid the bodies of the dead there.

The very large buildings near the Church of St. Sergius were the residences of Justinian the Great while he was still a patrician.

Regarding the Church of the Theotokos [named] "of the Patrikia," it is recorded ^C that the emperors with their augustas were accustomed to make a station there during the procession to Hagia Sophia, for a great palace built by Constantine the Great was situated in that place. The patricians and praepositi would go there and gird the emperor, and likewise the *zostai* would gird the empress.

The Church of St. Nicholas named "of the Basilidai" was the house of the patrician and quaestor Basilidas, [who served] under Justinian the Great.

^D The bronze gates, which previously stood at the Tricymbalon

^A of the Tzycanisterion, were removed by Basil the Macedonian from the portico of the Forum to the New [Church].

The Monastery of Dalmatus was founded by the patrician Dalmatus; wherefore also Tiberius Apsimarus, after he had arrived at Byzantium with his chelandia and had seized the empire, imprisoned the Emperor Leontius in this monastery after having his nose cut off.

The Church of St. George, named Chalcidae, ^B was built by the heretical patriarch Sergius, where also his profane body lies buried. He likewise built all the oratories in the catechumena and bestowed upon the temple many gold and silver treasures and purple vestments decorated with gold.

The Church of St. Stephen, near the Sigma, was founded by Constantine the Great. But the Emperor Leo the Philosopher reduced it to a smaller form, and transferred all its material—the marbles, columns, and golden mosaics—to the Church of All Saints, where the relics of St. Isaac rest.

The Church of St. Metrophanes was built by Constantine the Great; as likewise was the Church of the Holy Trinity, which is situated at the Exocionion and is now called the [Church of the] Holy Apostles. Both, having fallen from age, were restored by Justinian the Great.

Concerning the Church of St. John the Forerunner, they say that there was a spring in that place, and a dragon ^C of immense size used to lurk there (for it was the imperial treasury at that time), and it devoured many who passed by unawares. At last, St. Hypatius approached it and thrust his staff, which had an iron nail at the bottom, into the dragon and killed it. Hence the place received its name, or, as we also said above, [it is named] from that magister who aspired to the empire and was killed by the Emperor Basiliscus.

The Church of St. Theophano, which is situated outside the old arch of the imperial monuments at the Church of the Holy Apostles, was built by Constantine the First, ^D the Porphyrogenitus, the son of Leo the Wise.

[Meursius and Lambecius’ notes] ...from the portico of the Forum, which were set up by Constantine the Great opposite the Senate. And having built the New [Church], he took these and brought them thither. Regarding the Church of John the Baptist, of which Codinus is currently treating, it appears that it had a double name, namely "of Illus" and [the other], of which the former is the ancient and genuine one, while the latter is supposititious and introduced by the ignorance of the populace. (Lamb.)

The Church of the Savior in the Chalke

The Sacred Bath in the Blachernae

The Monastery of Saint Lazarus

The Monastery of Tzautzes

The Monastery of Libs

Regarding the massive rocks situated outside the sea wall

CONCERNING THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE TEMPLE OF SAINT SOPHIA

^A The Great Church, that is to say Saint Sophia, having formerly been a shrine of idols with many images standing therein, Constantine the Great and Justinian removed them, as has been said before. Now Constantine the Great first erected it in a long, circus-like shape, similar to the temple of Saint Agathonikos and Saint Dynamis. He also built near the Great Church, that is Saint Sophia, the old Saint Irene, which is called "the ancient." And after he had completed Saint Sophia, he set up many statues in it, as we have mentioned. That structure endured until the reign of Theodosius the Great. In his time, during the second council in Constantinople, the Arians stirred up a sedition and burned down the roof of the Great Church, while Nectarius, high priest of God, was presiding in the ancient church of Irene. Sixteen years passed, and Saint Sophia remained without a roof. Then the Emperor Theodosius ordered Rufinus the master [of offices] to preside over the work, ^B and he covered the roof with cylindrical vaults. And it remained thus until the reign of Justinian. In the fifth year of his reign, after the slaughter in the Hippodrome of thirty-five thousand men, who were killed there because the two factions of the people had hailed Hypatius the patrician and prefect of the Veneti faction as emperor, the all-good and merciful God inspired the mind of the Emperor Justinian to build a temple such as has not existed since the time of Adam, nor shall it exist again. He also wrote to the governors, local rulers, satraps, dukes, and all the prefects of all the provinces.

of the East and West, of the North and the South, to send him material suitable for the erection of such a ^A marvelous and God-protected and God-guarded and most beautiful temple, wherever they might find columns, stones, slabs, and latticed doors. All those appointed by the Emperor Justinian himself, rejoicing and exulting, sent to the Emperor Justinian such material, having collected it from idol temples, palaces, baths, and houses from all the provinces of the whole world.

As for the eight Roman columns, as Plutarch, the first private secretary and letter-writer of Justinian, relates, they were sent with designs by a widow from Rome named Marcia, whom she had received as her dowry. They were standing in Rome in the Temple of the Sun, which had been built by the Roman Emperor Valerian, who surrendered himself to the Persians. She wrote to the emperor as follows: "I send to you, Lord Emperor, eight Roman columns, equal in length, circumference, and—I dare say—in weight, for the salvation of my soul."

The other eight admirable green columns were brought by the general Constantine, having been hewn from the quarries at Ephesus. All the rest of the material and all the columns were brought from Cyzicus. Others were sent by the imperial prefects from the Troad, and others from the Cyclades islands and from Athens. All this material was collected in seven and a half years. ^B In the twelfth year of the reign of Justinian, they tore down the temple from its foundations. He deposited all its material separately, for he had no need of it at all, since he had accumulated much better material and had it at hand.

He began, therefore, to purchase houses from those living there and in the adjoining buildings, and first of all from a certain widow named Anna. When she refused to sell them to the emperor, she said: "Even if you offer me five hundred pounds of gold, I will not surrender them to you." The emperor, having sent many of his nobles to soothe the woman with blandishments, accomplished nothing. The emperor himself, approaching the woman, earnestly begged her to sell her house. When she saw the emperor, she fell at his feet as a suppliant, saying: ^D "Lord Emperor, it is not right for me to take any money from you as the price of my house; but I desire to become a participant in the building of this temple, that I too may have a reward on the day of judgment, and after my death be buried near my house, and that I may be remembered forever as having given them as a possession." The site of her house, which she gave to the Great Church, is the entire sacristy together with the church of St. Peter.

^A The place called the Holy Well 72 and the entire holy sanctuary and the site of the ambo, up to the middle of the temple, was the house of a certain Antiochus, a door-keeper and eunuch, which he valued at fifty litrai of byzants. Because he was annoyed at not being able to sell his own house to the emperor at a fair price, the emperor, being a lover of justice and an hater of evil, not wishing to grieve or wrong anyone, was troubled in spirit, wondering what he should do with him. Strategius the magister, the prefect of the emperor’s treasury and his adopted brother, promised the emperor that he would overcome him by some intrigue and force him to sell his buildings even against his will. The aforementioned Antiochus, as a door-keeper, was burning with a passion for the Circus games, and he loved the blue faction—the sky-blue color—and delighted in it greatly. When, therefore, the Circus games were about to take place, the magister Strategius apprehended the door-keeper ^B and locked him in the praetorium 73 on the very day of the Circus games. He, crying out with wailing and grief, said, "I will watch the spectacle of the Circus, and I will do whatever the emperor commands." Then, at the emperor’s command, they brought him into his presence, and there he made the sale, in the presence of the quaestor and with the subscription of the whole senate. It was sold for eighty-five litrai of gold. The right side of the gynaeceum, up to the column of St. Basil, ^C was the house of Chariton the eunuch, nicknamed "Goose-foot," which he offered to the emperor with great gratitude, having valued it at double its worth, twelve litrai. The left side of the gynaeceum, up to the column of St. Gregory the Wonderworker, was the house of a certain Xenophon, a cobbler, and he asked the emperor for the double price, fourteen litrai, and that he might make him be worshipped by the four charioteers while he sat in the circus on the day of the games. But when the dēmoi and the whole senate said to the emperor, "It is not permitted for us to offer him the honor which is due only to the emperor," the emperor ordered that he be worshipped from behind ^D and be called "Prince of the Underworld," a title which is preserved to this day. The floor of the church and the laver and the narthexes and the buildings around them were the house of Damian, a patrician of Seleucia, which were valued at three litrai, and he gave them to the emperor with great gladness. The emperor, having measured the site, found a circular stone from the sanctuary to the lower arch, and he laid there the foundations for the great dome all around; but from the bema to the outer narthex, he found the ground to be marshy and hollow, and he laid foundations. When the laying of the foundations began, having summoned Eutychius the patriarch, he made a prayer concerning the construction of the church.

^A The emperor, being the first of all to take up lime with a potsherd, laid the beginning of the foundation. He also built to the side of the Horologion 76 the church of Saint John, commonly called the Baptistery, and the adjacent buildings of the Metatorion, so that he might stay there often with his nobles and dine. He also made a covered passage from there to the palace so that he might go there whenever he wished. There were one hundred master builders, each having one hundred manual laborers under him, so that the total number of workmen was ten thousand. And five thousand of them began on the right side, and five thousand on the left. They contended with great zeal and haste to complete the work as quickly as possible. An angel appeared to the emperor in a dream and showed him the shape of the temple. There was a master builder of the highest skill in constructing temples. There stood large cauldrons of boiling barley, whose liquor they mixed with the lime and the potsherd; this warm barley broth served the purpose of water for them. ^B They also cut up elm barks and mixed them with the lime and made them into a paste. They used this for the structure neither too hot nor cold, but lukewarm, because it was more adhesive and glued the stones together like iron. When the foundation had been raised two cubits above the ground, as the aforementioned author and the scribe of the accounts reports, four hundred and fifty-two centenaria of gold had been spent. They brought miliarisia every day and, mixing them with the earth, covered the ground near the Horologion and the surrounding buildings. When these men were about to depart from the work, each of them would search the earth all around, and many found various things here and there and departed satisfied. Other miliarisia were stored in the Horologion, and to each of those who were carrying stones or potsherds with lime and mortar, he would distribute silver from his pay so that no one might complain or groan. ^C One of them, having groaned and cried out "Woe!", fell suddenly and was crushed and died. After the raising of the pillars and the erection of the great columns, they had decided to place the Roman columns along with them; however, this was not done at all, but they placed these in the four niches. The emperor, abstaining from his afternoon sleep, applied himself to the work with great zeal, walking about and inspecting the stonemasons and builders. He would come accompanied by Troilus, his cubicularius. Strategius, the adopted brother of the emperor and guardian of his treasury, was in charge of the accounts. ^D The emperor had commanded him that, apart from their wages and their daily silver, he should reward them with some gift twice a week.

^A And whenever he came to view the work, he would bring with him a white wand and held a slender staff in his hand.

When the arches of the porticoes for the women's galleries 77 on both sides were covered, and the work was being begun again from the side-aisles up to the catechumena, Strategius ordered on the seventh day at the third hour that a large sum of miliarisia be brought forward, and for the masters to go down to their meal. The master builder Ignatius, however, left his son to keep watch over all the craftsmen's tools. The boy was about fourteen years old. While he was sitting there, one clad in white called out to him, an eunuch allegedly sent from the palace, saying to him: "For what reason have the workers not quickly completed the work of God, but have left it and all gone off to eat?" The boy replied: "They will be here very shortly, my lord." But he again said: "Go quickly and call them." Since the boy was afraid that some of the tools might be lost, the angel who appeared to him said to the youth with an oath: "Go, speak to them; for I shall not depart from here until you return. I swear by Holy Sophia, which is the Word of God, now begun to be built." Hearing this oath, the boy went down and found his father, Ignatius, and explained these things to him, and he himself led him to the emperor, who was eating at that time in the baptistery 78. Upon hearing these things, the emperor summoned all the eunuchs. And when the boy recognized none of them, the emperor knew that it was an angel of the Lord. He noted the appearance which the boy had described, and that he who had spoken to the youth was clad in white, and that his cheeks breathed fire, and his countenance was different from a human one. Greatly rejoicing, the emperor glorified God ^B because He was well-pleased with his work. And from that time the church received the name Holy Sophia, even though the emperor had been deliberating what he should name the temple. Having consulted many holy men who pursued virtue, the emperor was told that the boy should not be allowed to return there; for if he were to return, the guardian angel would depart from that place. And this he did: having enriched the boy, he sent him away to the islands to live there, so that he might keep watch over the angel until this day, according to his oath. The angel's speech to the boy took place at the right side of the pier, near the Syllagon.

When they had reached the second catechumena and the columns, the vaults were raised. But when everything around was covered, the emperor began to be distressed because he had no quantity of gold. As he stood ^{C D} [index: entries preserved]

^A in the upper part of the vault and inspected the structure, there appeared to him a eunuch of comely face, saying to him, "Why are you anxious about money? Give me tomorrow morning some of your nobles, and I shall bring you as much gold as you wish." On the following day, when the emperor had gone out to contemplate the structure, behold, the eunuch appeared to him saying, "Give me a man, and let us go." He gave him the aforementioned Strategius, Basilides the quaestor, Theodorus the patrician and prefect of the city, and Colocynthus, along with eight servants and mules with twenty bags. The eunuch, having taken these with him, went out of the city, and when he came to the tribunal, wonderful palaces not made by human hands appeared. When they had descended from their horses, the eunuch opened one chamber, the floor of which was full of gold coins; and taking a shovel, the eunuch placed four centenaria on every single beast of burden, which altogether made eighty centenaria, and sent them to the emperor, closing the room again in their presence. But when they brought the gold to the emperor, he asked them whence they returned, who that man was, and what the house had been. Therefore they reported to the emperor what they had seen. The emperor, however, when the eunuch had long been awaited and had not come, sent some who had gone with him, and they found the place vacant, being just a field. Having reported these things to the emperor, he understood that it was a miracle of God, and gave glory to God.

When they were about to build the altar, the emperor ordered its shell to be made translucent, so that the place would not be weighed down by excessive weight, as no supports ^B were placed there. The workmen, however, said that one vault was sufficient for illuminating the altar. The master builder was therefore troubled because the emperor sometimes spoke of one, and sometimes of two vaults. As he stood there building, the angel of the Lord came in the likeness of the emperor Justinian, and clothed in such garments as he wore down to his feet, and said to the master builder, "Build three vaults for the sake of lightness." Immediately Ignatius, having entered the palace, told the emperor that he was not keeping to the same plan. Then the emperor understood that those words had been of an angel and said, "Whatever I said to you yesterday, do it," although the emperor had not gone there.

All the beams are indeed held fast with iron ties and soldered with lead. Outside, for the consolidation of the whole building, lime mixed with oil, instead of water, was applied on account of its firmness. Thus at last they overlaid the walls with marble. Furthermore, the emperor sent Troilus the cubicularius, Theodorus the prefect, and Basilides the quaestor to the island of Rhodes, so that they might take care that bricks of the greatest weight, equal to one another, were made there. On these bricks were impressed these words: ^{C D}

^A 'God is in the midst of her, she shall not be shaken; God shall help her at the approach of morning.' They stamped these measured bricks and sent them to the emperor. The weight of five of those bricks is found to be equal to one of our own, because the former are light, spongy, thin, and white. From this arises the rumor among the common people that the dome is made of pumice; but this is not the case, for the mortar is simply light and white. With this, he raised the four great arches, of immense size, and then—placing twelve bricks at a time—they raised the dome. The priest performed a prayer for the construction of the church, and they made holes, placing within them various relics of all the saints, until the dome was completed. It was erected with modern mortar. Afterward, they decorated it and surfaced it with marble; and into the pillars, the porticoes, and the great columns they placed relics of famous saints. The floor they paved with varied and precious marbles, using Roman *phegansia* ^B and other types variegated with a rose-red hue. For the construction of the holy table, the emperor called together a council of craftsmen and decided to use gold, silver, precious stones of all kinds, pearls, copper, iron, lead, glass, and all sorts of pulverized materials. Having mixed both these together and melted them down, they cast the slab. It became a marvelous and priceless object, and to those who looked upon it, it was a source of astonishment. Every day the emperor poured two thousand five hundred *argyria* into a chest, and whenever each of them finished their work, he received his pay from it. The emperor desired to cover the marble walls and the entire floor with gold; but Maximianus and Hierotheus, who was also his counselor—Athenians, philosophers, and astronomers—objected, saying that in the final age there would come impoverished kings who would raze the temple to the ground; but if it were made of stone, it would stand until the end of the world. And so, their advice was followed.

The materials, as it has been said, were gathered over seven years and ten months; yet many chroniclers say it was built in seventeen years, counting, as it seems, the seven years during which the materials were collected. ^C He also made the ciborium, the columns, and the supports of the altar out of gilded silver, while the orb, ^D the lilies, and the cross of the ciborium were made of pure gold.

Meursius' and Lambecius' Notes

(81) *Kissirinos* (pumice-like), that is, *kissinos* (ivy-like). Or read *kissarinos*, as if it were a vine, that is, ivy-colored. LAMB.

(82) *Phegansia*. The Anonymous mentions a statue of Venus, which he says was made of *phegansian* marble. For me, it seems each implies the same thing, and this is what signifies the color of rue. LAMB.

(83) Ciborium. Germanus gives a mystical interpretation in his *Ecclesiastical History*: the ciborium is the place where the crucifixion occurred, in place of the spot where Christ was crucified; for the place is near, and below is the base where he was buried. But because the crucifixion, the burial, and the resurrection of Christ are contained in brief, it is set up in the church, and the rest follows. MEURS.

(84) The columns and the supports of the altar. In the aforementioned passage, Germanus interprets it mystically: the column, that is, the supports which separate the *bema* from the people entering for prayer. The area within, that is, the *bema*, signifies the Holy of Holies, into which only the priests and those with them enter. MEURS.

[GEORGII CODINI] [627] ^A and sardonyx and sapphire stones, with marble and the molten gold ornamentation. He also made the golden vessels for the twelve feasts, as well as golden platters and golden censers. Furthermore, he assigned to it suburban estates, and established a thousand clerics, who lived in the cells surrounding the temple. The stone lid was brought from Samaria; it was that upon which Christ sat when he was conversing with the Samaritan woman. The trumpets from Jericho were also brought, at the sounding of which its walls had fallen. ^B Above these, the seat of the holy Constantine was placed in the upper part of the holy well; and the venerable cross situated in the skeuophylakion was brought from Jerusalem, taking the measure of the stature of Christ our God. And for the ambo and the solea, the expenditure was the annual tribute of Egypt, totaling 315 centenaria, as they were set by the great Constantine from Sapor, king of the Persians. And the church, excluding the sacred items, the vestments, and the materials that were sent gratis to the emperor, cost [blank] centenaria.

On the twenty-second day of the month of December, the entire structure of the temple was completed. And the emperor came ^C from the palace as far as the gate of the Augusteon [(86)], conveyed on a four-horse chariot, and entered with the cross and the patriarch Eutychius. He ran from the royal doors as far as the ambo, and stretching out his hands, he said: "Glory to God, who has deemed me worthy to complete such a work. I have conquered you, Solomon." And he performed the consular distributions, and gave centenaria to the people through Strategius the magister. Justinian alone completed the church, with no one else providing the slightest assistance. A marvel it was to behold: for from the polychromy of the floor, it appeared like the sea, due to the golden aspect of the spheres, the ^D *lagarika* (fine woven work), and all the capitals of the columns [(88)]. The new circuit built by him lasted seventeen years. After his death—

[628] [Meursius and Lambecius notes:] [(85)] *Chrónou* (of a time). It seems this is the same as yearly or annual; for *chronos* among Codinus and other writers of this kind is often taken for a year. But *pakton*, as I have noted elsewhere, signifies tribute, which is paid by the conquered to the victors; so here in the present, Codinus calls the tribute which Egypt paid annually to the emperor Justinian, namely centenaria, which once the Persian king Sapor had paid to Constantine the Great. He refers back to what he wrote above on p. 20. Note also that, just as there, so here too he calls Sapor "Sabor" or "Sapores." LAMB.

[(86)] *Tēs pylēs* (of the gate). Cedrenus [corrects] "of the column," which is more correct, as it is the column of the Augusteon. MEURS.

[(87)] *Toū Augusteiou* (of the Augusteon). In the written codex it says "of the Augusteon," which is the same. But they err who think one should read here "of the column." For by the gate of the Augusteon, the major gate of the church of St. Sophia is meant, before which was the Augustealis area or forum, named Augusteon, surrounded by the emperor's palace, the senate house, and other magnificent buildings. See the notes on p. 28. Note furthermore that this is the same as the one which a little later he calls the "royal" gate. For it was the central and greater gate of the church. But these are called royal. LAMB.

[(88)] *Apó gar — kephalokionion* (For from — of the capitals). What these words accurately mean I do not yet sufficiently understand. Yet I know that I have interpreted them somewhat more plausibly than it has been done before. For I have translated as if after the word *ephaineto* (it appeared) were inserted the conjunction particle *et* (and), and that for *kosmon* (spheres/worlds) were read *kosmon* (ornaments) of marble walls, or *marmarinōn* (marble ones); for "ornaments" here I understand the marble *orthomarmarōseis* (wall-encrustations), which he said above were partly gilded. LAMB.

These are the capitals of the columns. The learned men wrongly interpret them as the principal columns. Cedrenus calls them... MEURS. — LAMB.

[(89)] *Ho neōterikos kyklos* (The new circle). He speaks of the Trullos. LAMB.

^A Justin’s nephew, the Curopalates, surnamed the Just, succeeded Justinian and took power; and in the second year of his reign, on a Friday at the fifth hour, the dome collapsed, crushing the admirable ambo and the precious throne and the variegated pavement. ^B However, the four arches, all the columns, and the remaining structures all remained unshaken. The emperor himself, having summoned the architects who were still living from those who had worked there, inquired what this meant. They replied: "Because the emperor was in haste to remove the supports and those timber structures which held up the dome, they were removed more quickly than was proper to complete the mosaic work: both because the dome was too high to be seen from all sides, and because the workmen had thrown down their ladders to the ground; it was from this that the dome collapsed." The workmen suggested that the dome should be rebuilt flat and hollow, as it is seen now. ^C The emperor, just as his uncle had done, sent to Rhodes, and from that same clay and with the same seals he had bricks made, and he built the dome. But the workmen, taking care that it would not collapse quickly again, cut fifteen fathoms from the previous height; they also left the wooden sub-structures and supports for an entire year until the work was more firmly consolidated. As for the ambo and the throne, since he could not restore them to their original form, he covered them with silver, as they are seen today; he did the same for the ambo. And as he could not find variegated stones, he sent Narses the patrician to Proconnesus, to bring back stones resembling the earth from that place. The four green rivers were made in imitation of the four rivers from Paradise that flow into the sea. When they had climbed the ladders to raise the supports to shore up the dome, they filled the church with water up to the first catechumenia, and thus threw the timbers into the water. For this reason, some say that Justin also built it: but they are mistaken. Moreover, 458 years have passed since the temple was founded. ^D Near the temple he set up his own statue, offering thanks to God and signifying to the citizens that he himself was the founder of so great a work. When the aforementioned Ignatius, the builder of the Great Church, was loved by all because of the miraculous works he performed, the emperor, fearing lest he should one day be hailed as emperor by the two factions of the populace (though he did not wish to kill him, as many urged him to do), was content to...

agree to this second plan: that while the column of the Augusteum was being built by him, he should leave him there and take away the scaffolds, so that he might die of hunger. And so he did. ^A Ignatius, therefore, having realized, after finishing and installing the emperor’s equestrian statue, that he had been left there, began to lament his fate. But when evening came, he devised a clever scheme: taking the thin rope which he had in his pouch—about fifty-five fathoms long—and his cloak, his undergarment, his tunic, and his turban, he knotted them together and wound them into a ball, and tested whether they would reach the ground. Meanwhile, his wife arrived with great wailing and lamentation, and he complained to her, while the whole city was quiet (for it was the dead of night), saying that he was destined to die there, and he said to her: "Go and secretly buy a thick rope and smear it with liquid pitch; then return at midnight." And when, on the following night, she had arrived, he let down what he had; the wife tied on the rope, he hauled it up, tied it to the foot of the horse, and, holding onto it, descended safely. ^B He did this so that the rope, smeared with liquid pitch, would grip his hands more tenaciously, lest he fall suddenly and be crushed on the ground, and so that the rope could be consumed by fire after he had descended. Having then taken his wife and children, he fled to Adrianople at night, having disguised himself as a monk, and for three years he remained there, with everyone believing and saying that he had perished of hunger at the statue. Afterwards, he returned to Constantinople and stayed there. And as the emperor was passing by during a procession to the Holy Apostles ^C (94), he met him there, asking for a word of sympathy so that he might not be afraid. And from then on he lived in great peace. Having recognized him, the emperor was astonished, as was his whole senate. The emperor, however, feigned ignorance of the matter concerning Ignatius, and after giving him many gifts, he let him go in peace, saying: "Behold, whom God intends to live, a thousand men shall not kill."

Regarding the Holy Apostles

^C Hitherto ^D pertains the narrative of those things relating to the Great Church. As for the great Holy Apostles, as has been said before (96), he found it to be an oblong church, with a wooden roof and a wooden dome, built by Constantine the Great and Helena (97). But Theodora, the wife of the great Justinian, gave it much care, because the river Lycus flowed underneath it, and having laid great foundations...

and very large stones, she built the temple. She took the model and design from the church of St. John the Theologian at Ephesus. She took all the materials from St. Sophia after it and its oratories were ^A finished; for four years after the building of St. Sophia had begun, this temple also began to be built. During the time of the mosaic work, the Empress ran short of gold. While she was troubled by this, the holy apostles appeared to her in a dream, saying: “Do not be anxious about gold currency, nor ask for coins from your husband Justinian; but go outside the Dexiocrates gate to the shore, and there you will find twelve clay jars filled with gold, hidden under the earth.” The Augusta sent and found them full, each of them having inscribed upon it the names of the holy apostles. Having taken these, and having given thanks to God, she spent them upon the temple. She also endowed it with many estates, votive offerings, and vessels of gold and silver. ^B When the temple was completed and she was about to hang the bronze chains and the lamps, in order to enthrone the temple (99) and dedicate it, the Emperor Justinian learned of it, and feeling envious that she might anticipate him and be dedicated before St. Sophia, he issued an edict throughout the city that no one should make chains or hang them there. But the Empress, with faith and labor, wove cords from silk, and having hung the many-lighted silver lamps, she consecrated and enthroned the temple, anticipating the Great Church. The relics of the holy apostles, which lie beneath the holy table, were brought by Emperor Constantine, son of the great Constantine, through the agency of the holy great martyr Artemius. The bema, as it is in the middle, was thus made by the Augusta ^C Theodora. The memorial of St. Theophano was made by the great Constantine (1). The outer memorial of the orthodox and the heretics was made by the great Justinian, who adorned it with mosaics and was buried there. Likewise also his wife, Theodora, who built the temple. Emperor Basil took that mosaic work and the marbles when he built the New Church and the forum.

[Meursius' and Lambecius' notes]

(98) *The Lycus*. I have noted some matters above regarding the river Lycus near Byzantium on p. 45. LAMB. (99) *Enthrone the temple*. We have spoken of this custom of consecrating temples in our Glossary under the entry “enthronia”. MEURS. (1) *The Great Constantine*. It was the great Constantine who built the chapel of St. Theophano annexed to the temple of the Holy Apostles. See, in addition to this, what I have noted regarding St. Theophano, the first wife of Leo the Philosopher, on p. 105. LAMB.

CONCERNING THE YEARS FROM THE CREATION OF THE WORLD UNTIL THE REIGN OF CONSTANTINE THE GREAT; AND CONCERNING THOSE WHO REIGNED IN THIS QUEEN OF CITIES UNTIL ITS CAPTURE BY THE HAGARENES

^A From Adam until the flood are 2242 years. From the flood until the building of the tower are 525 years. From the building of the tower until Abraham are 530 years. From Abraham until the exodus of the sons of Israel from Egypt are 430 years. From the exodus until the building of the Temple of Solomon are 700 years. From the building of the Temple until the captivity of the Israelites are 425 years. From the captivity until Alexander of Macedon are 319 years. From Alexander until the descent of Christ are 311 years. In total, the time until the incarnation of our Lord is 5500 years.

It must be known that the saving crucifixion of our Lord Jesus Christ occurred in the year of the world 5534, with the solar cycle at 18 and the lunar at 5; on the sixth day, at the ninth hour, in the eighteenth year of the reign of Tiberius. (It was the fourteenth of the moon, that is, the legal Passover, on the eighteenth of the month of April; and the holy resurrection was on the twentieth.)

From Christ until Constantine the Great are 325 years; and in total, from the creation of the world until Constantine the Great are 5825 years.

Constantine the Great therefore took possession of the empire in the aforementioned year 5825, and in the twelfth year of his reign he built Constantinople. He reigned in total, over both Rome and Constantinople, for 33 years.

Constantius his son reigned for 24 years and 11 days.

Julian the Apostate, the profane and one who fought against God, [reigned] for 2 years, 6 months, and 15 days.

^C Meursius and Lambecius’s notes. In what sense they are said to be, he himself expounded above in these words: [he says] (namely, of the Emperor Constantine the Great) that at the beginning of the twelfth year they undertook to build the city of Byzantium.

SERIES OF YEARS AND EMPERORS

^A Valentinian, pious and God-loving, with Valente, impious and an Arian, reigned 14 years. Gratian, son of the aforementioned Valentinian, reigned 16 years. Theodosius the Great, born in Spain, most pious and a hater of evil, reigned 17 years. Arcadius and Honorius, his sons, 13 years. Theodosius the Younger, son of Arcadius, a calligrapher, most pious and a lover of virtue, 42 years. Marcian, declared by God, full of every virtue, reigned 6 and a half years. Leo the Butcher, pious and most religious, 18 years. Leo the Younger, his grandson, son of Zeno, reigned one year. Zeno, nicknamed Agonatus, father of Leo the Younger, reigned 2 and a half years, 24 days. Basiliscus reigned 2 years, 8 months, 1 day. Again, Zeno reigned 11 years, 15 days. Anastasius the Dicorus, from the Silentiaries, reigned 27 years, 4 months, 3 days. This man was a heretic and was struck by lightning. Justin the Thracian, powerful, pious, and generous, reigned 5 years. Justinian the Great, his nephew on his sister's side, founder of the Great Church, reigned 38 and a half years. Justin, former cur-palatine, his nephew on his brother's side, most just, 13 years. Tiberius the Thracian, 5 years. Maurice, his son-in-law, most pious and righteous, reigned 20 years, 4 months. Phocas the Cappadocian, a bloodthirsty and impious tyrant, ^B reigned 8 and a half years, 8 days. Heraclius, governor of Africa, 30 years. Constantine, his son, reigned 1 year. Constantine, grandson of Heraclius, impious and a murderer, 27 years. Constantine, his son, called Pogonatus, from Dyrrhachium, most pious and most gentle, 17 years. From the creation of the world until the reign of Justinian Rhinotmetus is 6121 years. Justinian Rhinotmetus, son of Constantine Pogonatus, fierce and a slave to tyrannical temper, reigned 10 years. Leontius, 3 years. Apsimar, also called Tiberius, 7 years. Justinian, for the second time, 6 years. Philippicus, also called Bardanes, impious, foul, and wicked, 2 years.

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius

(3) Read: from the silentiaries. So the ancient inscription: JULIUS FELIX VALENTINIANUS V. C. ET EX SILENTIARIO SACRI PALATII COM. CONSISTORII COM. DOM. The nature of the title of Silentiaries is found in the excerpts from Lydus’ book On Months, p. 11. See Hase, prologue, p. XLVII. (4) That is, of the Great Church. LAMB. (5) 20: It seems it should be read 27, as it is found in the Patriarch Nicephorus. LAMB.

^A Anastasius, who is also Artemius, most pious and protoasecretis and philosopher, 2 years. Theodosius Adramytenus 6, most gentle and merciful, 1 year. Leo Conon, born in Isauria, impure, enemy of God and the saints, 24 years and a half, 5 days. Constantine Copronymus, his impious and impure son, who perished eaten by worms, 34 years, 3 months. Leo his son, born of the Khazar woman, profane and abominable, 15 years 7. Constantine his son, who was blinded while innovating, the son of Irene, 16 years. Irene alone, 5 years. Nicephorus born in Seleucia 8, merciful and lover of justice and tearful, from the general logothete, 9 years. Stauracius his son, 1 year, 4 months. Michael Rangabe his ^B son-in-law, good-natured and most pious, 2 years. Leo the Apostate, the Armenian, impious and savage, and Constantine his son, 7 years, 5 months. Michael the Stammerer, the Amorian, full of folly and uncouthness, and an iconoclast, with Theophilus his son, 8 years, 3 months. Theophilus his son, 12 years, 3 months. Michael his son, by the surname of the Drunkard, with Theodora his mother, most pious and orthodox, 15 years. This one was proclaimed in the 4th year 9. And the Drunkard alone, 10 years. The same Michael with Basil the Macedonian, 1 year, 1 month. And Basil the Macedonian, who was proclaimed in the 56th year, 3 years. Another, 19 10. Leo his son, the Wise, with Alexander, at the 6595th 11 year, 27 years, 8 months. Constantine the First, Porphyrogenitus, son of Leo the Wise, with his mother, 8 years, in the 6422nd year. Romanus, son of Abastactus, the Lacapenus, the Elder, father-in-law of the said Constantine, with him and his sons, 26 years. This Romanus was proclaimed emperor on the eleventh day of December, of the eighth indiction, in the year 6428. After he had reigned for two years, namely in the first indiction of the year 6430, he issued the novella concerning the right of pre-emption 12. And in the second indiction of the [year…].

^{C D} [alt-version omitted]

And this novella refers back ^A to the first indiction that had passed at that time (13), that is to say, to the time of the great famine. And in the fifth year of the 6455 [this corresponds to 6455 in the text's own reckoning] year, the emperor Lord Constantine confirmed such legislation. But the 18 years, about which the Decapolites (15) makes mention in the 35th [chapter/section], are not reckoned from the time of the first legislation—that is to say, from the year 6437—but from the first indiction of the year 6436, or rather the time of the famine, to which (16) such legislation also refers back, up to the empire of the same emperor Constantine.

And again, Constantine Porphyrogenitus [reigned] with Stephen and Constantine, who were cast out of the empire by him and sent into exile.

The said Constantine Porphyrogenitus, therefore, with his mother, as it has been said, held the empire for 7 years. And again, with Stephen and Constantine, the brothers of his wife, for 42 days. And [he was] sole emperor with his son Romanus, at the third indiction of the year 6457, for 15 years and 19 days.

The Lord Romanus his son, the child, together with his sons Basil the Bulgar-slayer and Constantine Porphyrogenitus, reigned for 3 years and 4 months. And Basil and Constantine, his sons, being infants, [reigned for] 6 days.

Nicephorus Phocas the holy, who was slain by Tzimiskes, 6 years, 3 months, 6 days.

John Tzimiskes, 6 years, 1 month.

^B The Lord Basil Porphyrogenitus, with his brother Constantine Porphyrogenitus, reigned for 52 years and 11 months, that is to say, the Lord Basil for 50 years, and the Lord Constantine, after the death of his own brother, as sole emperor for 2 years and 11 months. And having ordered the *isodika* to be made, he completed these in the year 6503. And he himself, having set forth the great novella (17), proclaimed it in the month of January, in the 9th indiction, in the year...

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius

^C ... [Lambecius notes:] In the Greek-Roman [text] it holds the first place, and it begins thus... The same [Codinus] elsewhere confirms the novella of the same title [as] Nicephorus Phocas, which begins: “We decree in every city and country from the first indiction that has passed, in the year 6457 from the time of the famine.” [Lambecius adds:] These things are to be filled in thus: ... [Codinus] says that Constantine Porphyrogenitus confirmed the novella of Romanus the elder, that is the one which begins: "We decree to carry out the legislation concerning those who reigned before..." [Lambecius adds:] Regarding the military [novella] which Theodore the Patrician and Quaestor, the Decapolites, dictated... ^D ... [Lambecius adds:] The interpreter also erred who translated it "quaestor of the Decapolis," since it is a surname derived from his homeland... As to what exactly "en te ly" signifies, it is not yet clear to me. [Lambecius adds regarding the note on the indiction:] I think it is to be reformed: but whether I have corrected it rightly or not, you will understand when you examine the second novella of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, and the first and second of Romanus the elder. Note also that those latter words of Codinus correspond to the words of the second novella of Constantine, which I have appended... [Lambecius concludes:] ...the novella of [Constantine] of which Codinus makes mention here is that which begins...

^A Constantine Porphyrogenitus, his brother, 2 years, 11 months.

Romanus Argyropylus, with Zoe, daughter of the aforementioned Constantine, 5 years, 6 months.

Michael the Paphlagonian, in the year 6540, with the same Zoe, 7 years, 9 months.

Michael, formerly Caesar, his nephew, also called Calaphates, blinded at the Sigma, 4 months, 19 days. He, having been cast out of the empire, fled to the Monastery of Stoudios; and, being dragged out from there by the people at the column of the Sigma, he was blinded by Nicephorus, the Eparch of the City.

But the two sisters and Augustae, namely the Lady Zoe and the Lady Theodora, after they had reigned alone for 3 months, summoned Constantine Monomachus, who was in exile on the island of Mitylene, and, Zoe being given to him in marriage, they made him emperor on the eleventh day of June, in the tenth indiction, of the year 6550. Monomachus reigned for 13 years, 7 months.

The Lady Theodora Porphyrogenita reigned alone for 1 year, 8 months, 20 days; afterwards she declared the lord Michael the Elder, the Stratioticus, to be emperor, and she lived with him for 5 days. She died on the 21st of August, in the ninth indiction of the year 6564.

The lord Michael the Elder, called the Stratioticus, began to reign on the 21st of August, in the ninth indiction of the year 6564. He was deposed from the empire, having reigned 1 year, 11 days. ^B

The lord Isaac Comnenus, with his wife Catherine, reigned 2 years, 2 months, 24 days.

The lord Constantine Ducas reigned 7 years, 6 months. And dying, he left as heirs of the empire his wife, the Augusta, the Lady Eudocia Macrembolitissa, along with his son the Lord Michael and the Lord Constantine Porphyrogenitus. The Lady Eudocia Augusta therefore reigned with her two sons for 7 months, 10 days. Afterwards, with the assent of the patriarch and the entire senate, she married the lord Romanus Diogenes and declared him emperor in the month of March, in the fifth indiction, of the year 6575.

The lord Romanus Diogenes, with the Lady Eudocia, reigned 3 years, 8 months. And having campaigned in various ways against the Persians, in his third expedition he himself was captured by the sultan and the Turks. The lord Michael Ducas was then proclaimed emperor, and he reigned over the empire together with his mother Eudocia, and she reigned with him for 1 month. He altogether deposed her and had her tonsured, having been proclaimed sole ruler himself.

The lord Michael Ducas, therefore, the son of the lord Constantine and of the Lady Eudocia Macrembolitissa, together with Maria his wife, 6 and a half years. Being deposed by Botaniates... ^D

the deceit of his wife, and having donned the monastic habit, he was sent to the monastery of Studius. Later, he also became Metropolitan of Ephesus.

^A The Lord Nicephorus Botaniates, 3 and a half years. He was deposed from the empire on the first day of the month of April, of the 4th indiction, of the year 6589, and having been sent to the monastery of Peribleptos, he departed.

The Lord Alexius Comnenus, the grandfather of our powerful and holy emperor (18), reigned piously for 37 years, 4 and a half months; he passed away on the 15th of the month of August, that is to say, on the day of the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos, of the 11th indiction, of the year 6626.

The Lord John Comnenus, the Porphyrogenitus, his son, began to rule on the 15th of August, of the 11th indiction, of the year 6626, and he reigned piously and God-pleasingly for 24 years, 6 months, and 23 days.

His son, the Porphyrogenitus, the Lord Manuel Comnenus, began to rule on the first day of April, of the 6th indiction, of the year 6651, and he reigned piously for 37 years, 5 months, and 23 days. He departed to the Lord on the 24th of the month of September, of the 14th indiction, of the year 6689, ^B at the first hour, having been renamed as the monk Matthew through the great and angelic habit. On the 10th of the month of September, of the 3rd indiction, of the year 6678, that is, in the 28th year of his reign, was born his most beautiful son, the Porphyrogenitus, the Lord Alexius Comnenus. He was crowned by him as emperor in that year of the 5th indiction of the year 6680. On the 17th of September, of the 10th indiction, of the year 6685, there occurred the passing of the emperor, the Lord Manuel Comnenus. In the 13th indiction of the year 6688, on the 2nd day of March, on a Sunday, he joined the Lord Alexius his son in marriage to the Lady Anna, daughter of the most noble King of France, with the betrothal prayer given to them by the work of the ecumenical patriarch, the Lord Theodosius of Antioch. ^C Furthermore, on the 24th of the month of September, of the 14th indiction, of the year 6689, at the first hour of the day upon which his ever-memorable father exchanged his earthly reign for the celestial one, he was proclaimed emperor, and he reigned piously together with his mother, the Lady Maria, who after having assumed the divine and angelic habit was renamed Xene, having as his co-regent the protosebastos and protovestiarios, the Lord Andronicus Comnenus, for 1 year, 11 months, and 3 days. Afterwards, that holy woman having been secretly done away with by the tyrant there—and the tyrant himself ruling authentically as he pleased for 1 year, 11 months, and 21 days—then... ^D

Notes of Meursius and Lambecius

(18) Of our powerful and holy emperor. From this it is clear that the author of this chronicle or index of the emperors of Constantinople lived under Manuel Comnenus; that which follows thereafter was added by a more recent hand.

^A And after the Porphyrogennetos had been choked to death by the tyrant, the same Andronicus appeared as emperor ^B and reigned one year, ten months, and ten days. After this, Lord Isaac Angelos fled to the church, and having left there with the riff-raff, the guards, and some of his kin and friends, along with the Patriarch Lord Basil Kamateros, he proceeded to the great palace. Having entered it and received the empire, as Andronicus had fled, he was caught, after violent winds blew against him in the Euxine Sea, or Great Sea [(19)], and suffered whatever it was fated that he should suffer. Yet it was unseemly for Christians and Romans to have done such things. Lord Isaac Angelos reigned nine years. In his time, the uprising of the Vlachs and Bulgarians in Zagoria began against the Christian Romans; every soul was plundered, and almost the entire western region subject to Roman rule was devastated. ^C But when at last, after a long time, the Romans were roused and prepared expeditions against them, and having gathered no small forces, they nonetheless proceeded with their customary sloth and cowardice—or whatever one might call it—and through the fortresses descending along the coast, they arrived at Kypsela. There, his own brother, Lord Alexius, having won over the army and those in command of it, began to accuse his own brother of exactly those things which he himself, after he had gained the empire, displayed to a much greater degree. He was proclaimed Emperor and Autocrat, and, while the other had gone off to hunt, he sat on his throne and couch. Having learned this, the other resorted to flight. But having been seized by his own people—those whom he held in the order of great men and most faithful—he was blinded in the pass of Makre [(20)]. Lord Alexius reigned seven years. Woe to Romania in those days! For the emperor lived like Sardanapalus, and neither he nor his ministers paid any attention to military discipline or the administration of the empire. Many of the remaining fortresses and western and maritime regions fell into the power of the Vlachs and Comans, while most of them were entirely occupied by Joannitzes. Finally, even the Queen of Cities herself, Constantinople, which alone remained in the emperor's power, was betrayed ^D to the Latins by his own shameful and useless flight. For when his nephew, Lord Alexius—the son of Lord Isaac—who had fled from there to Alemania to Philip, the husband of his sister, was returning thence with a great fleet of Latins, having gathered soldiers from all sides, to fight for his stolen homeland, at first the emperor seemed to put off the war against the Latins day by day, but in the end he fled by night like a cheap slave. Wherefore his nephew, Lord Alexius, entered the Blachernai palace by night and was acclaimed emperor together with his father, Lord Isaac, and reigned five months. But when the plebs saw that the Latins were entering the great palace at will, and surmised—as the outcome later proved—that they would suffer a great evil at their hands, they gathered in the Great Church, and after many rows and tumults, they acclaimed Lord Nicholas Kannabos as emperor, who remained in the Great Church in misery for very few days. [(19)] To the Great Sea. Today, this is called the *mare maggiore*, the ancient name Euxine Pontus being lost. LAMB. [(20)] To the pass of Makre. More recent Greeks use this term for what was anciently called Stagira. Nicetas Choniates, p. 595, is a witness. LAMB.

Having pondered the war against the Latins, at length by night, like a purchased slave, he fled. Therefore, in the night, his nephew, lord Alexius, entered the palace at Blachernae, and was proclaimed along with his father, lord Isaac; and he reigned ^A five months. But when the dazed populace saw the Latins entering the great palace and suspected that they would suffer a great evil from them—which, as it turned out, appeared to be true—they gathered in the Great Church, and after much clamor and disturbance, they proclaimed as their emperor the noble lord Nicholas Canabus. That good man spent a few very brief days suffering greatly in the Great Church. For when those in the palace learned of this, they set aside Lord Alexius from his rule and proclaimed Lord Alexius Ducas, called Mourtzouphlos; and thus, little by little, the multitude drifted away from the church to the palace toward the Ducas Alexius, and the Canabus was captured. And the Ducas lord Alexius reigned for two months. From that time forth, the Latins began more brazenly and openly to besiege the queen of cities, and their design was quickly brought to its end. The emperor was taken captive, the mistress became a slave, the abundantly wealthy became utterly destitute, and the holy things were profaned—alas, alas!—the holy icons were trampled, the houses of God became stables for horses, and to sum up everything in brief, the daughter of Zion was left as a booth in a vineyard and as a lodge in a garden of cucumbers, empty of every good thing and filled with all manner of evils.

Theodorus Lascares, a man noble and powerful. He and those after him until the first Palacologus, lord Michael, held the empire in Asia, directly opposite Constantinople, being fugitives from the Latins, for nineteen years. ^B After him, Joannes Ducas, called Batatzes, prudent and munificent, held power for thirty-three years.

Lord Theodorus Lascares the second, his son, born in the purple, reigned for three years and a half.

After him, the powerful Michael, the first of the Palaeologi, mastered and reigned, who drove the Latins from the queen of cities and restored to her again her own, proper splendor; he reigned twenty-four years, two months, and twenty days.

Andronicus his son, the most pious and of incomparable mind, reigned forty-five years and six months.

Michael his second son, an emperor in name and in reality, reigned thirteen years and twenty-two days. ^C

Andronicus his son, born in the purple, the storehouse of graces, reigned thirty-one years and three months.

Manuel his son, born in the purple, the flower of soldiers and the glory of emperors, reigned forty-one years.

Joannes Cantacuzenus, who after he became a monk was renamed Joasaph, reigned fourteen years. ^D

Lambecii and the library of the Most Eminent Cardinal Franciscus Barberinus contain a manuscript codex of Tactics, in a certain vacant folio of which a certain Demetrius Leontarus, to whom that codex belonged, noted the birthdays of his children, with an inserted mention of the day of the death of Joannes Cantacuzenus in these words: "In the year 6862, in the first month, was born Anna Lascarina Leontarina, my daughter, on the twenty-first day of November, the Entrance of the All-Holy Theotokos, on the second day after the death of the renowned emperor, who was renamed Joasaph the monk by the divine and angelic habit." Thus he died, if one trusts—

John of the Palaeologi, the second of that name and the sixth, who took the ^A monastic habit and was renamed Joasaph, being Porphyrogenitus, reigned for two years and a half.

Manuel, the second of that name, the son of John, Porphyrogenitus, reigned for 12 years, 4 months, and 25 days.

John, the third of that name, the son of Manuel, Porphyrogenitus, who convened the synod at Florence and who, coerced by necessity, inclined toward the Latins, with other select men being present, and indeed the Lord Mark, Metropolitan of Ephesus, also himself being present, reigned for 23 years, 3 months, and 10 days.

Constantine, the last of the Palaeologi, his brother, Porphyrogenitus, a most just man, was the sole lord of the entire Peloponnese; and after the death of his brother, the Lord John, he was raised to the heights of the empire, and reigned for 4 years and 5 months. ^B Under this emperor, in the year 6961, Constantinople was taken by the impious Hagarenes, and she who previously had been the queen of all cities was captured by a hostile hand. The emperor himself, along with almost all the nobles, was killed by them during that desolation of the city, and he attained the crown of martyrdom, as he neither wished to surrender the empire to the impious, nor yet sought to escape the danger, although he could have.

Meursius and Lambecius's notes. ...is to be held for this calculation, in the year of Christ 1411, ^C the day of November. But whether those words are better understood as referring to John Palaeologus, son of Andronicus the Younger, whom Codinus says was also made a monk, taking the name Joasaph? LAMB. (22) *Chalastra* here signifies desolation, destruction. Thus in *Corona Pretiosa* it is explained as destroyed (destructus), i.e., *katergasmenos*. LAMB. (25) *Dynatou ontos*. This in most codices... ^D ...is subjoined an iambic poem of the Lord (for so it must be explained, not as though *Kyri* were a proper name) Theodore Prodromus concerning the Patriarchs of Constantinople, which was edited in the *Delineatio apparatus historiae Byzantinae*. It begins: the first great *archithytes* in the city. When this is finished, there follows the same George Codinus's book *De dignitatibus et officiis magnae ecclesiae et aulae Cpultanae*, which, having been illustrated long ago by the work of learned men, was published separately. LAMB.

BRIEF CHRONOGRAPHICAL NARRATIONS

Of the Temple of Saint Mocius, and of the Arians who gathered there. It must be known that the church of Saint Mocius was built long ago by Constantine the Great, when many...

Greeks were dwelling there, and that a temple of Zeus existed there, at the site where he built the church. In the days of Theodosius the Great, the Arians were driven from the holy churches ^A and, having come to the temple of Saint Mocius, they were captivated by the location and petitioned the emperor to let them dwell there, which also came to pass. The Arians therefore immediately raised up the same temple 2, and divine praises were celebrated by them for seven years; but the temple collapsed, as the report goes, while they were still conducting the liturgy in that seventh year, at the time when many Arians were killed. In the days of the Emperor Justinian, the same temple was raised up, and it stands to our own day. Marcellus the Reader 3 says in error that the temple fell in the second year of the reign of Conon the Isaurian 4.

Of the Temple of Saint Agathonicus, in which the patriarchs at one time resided and the emperors were crowned.

The church of Saint Agathonicus was built first by Anastasius 5 ^B and later by Justinian the Great. In this same church seven patriarchs held the episcopate for fifty years; and emperors were crowned there 6. For what reason it was altered by Tiberius 7 is not known. Our predecessors, however, handed down this: that a very large palace also existed near this temple, but under Tiberius the First it was altered, having slipped into what are now the imperial quarters.

Of the maritime walls, and of the western wall.

The walls by the sea were renovated under the Emperor Tiberius Apsimar, for until his time they had been very neglected. The western wall of the great gates was built under Leo the Great and pious prince; ^C at which time also they held a litany, and the *Kyrie eleison*.

Brief Chronographic Demonstrations, concerning statues and spectacles.

This was transcribed from a parchment manuscript codex of the royal library, of the twelfth century as they say; it is among the codices of that library numbered 1027. This little work, compiled from Eusebius, Socrates, Marcellus the Reader, Papias, Theodorus Lector, and several others, is inscribed as such, and from it Codinus transcribed that part which treats of the statues and spectacles verbatim, as Lambecius thinks. But the time in which this anonymous writer flourished is not certain. This same work by an uncertain author went out a second time ^D, outside the *Byzantine History* corpus, in the collection *Manipulus originum rerumque Cpolitanarum* with a Latin translation and notes by the most learned Francis Combefis, Paris 1664, in quarto, with the title: *Breves demonstrationes chronographicæ* [Brief Chronographic Demonstrations]. But I have added this same work with its Latin translation in its proper place, and restored it to the *Byzantine History* corpus, as very many friends advised me; to whom I have most willingly complied; for I have here exhibited it, having collated it again with the royal manuscript codex and illustrated it with commentaries and our own Latin translation, with only three chapters, if I am not mistaken, left out of Combefis’s translation, as they were teeming with errors and contained trivial matters of no moment.

^A ...and sighed, Kyrie eleison, it was proclaimed, with the Green faction shouting, "Leo has conquered Constantine."

Concerning the statue of Phidalia, which stood in the subterranean gate.

In the subterranean gate, which is choked with rubble, there stood a statue of a certain Greek woman, Phidalia. When this statue was removed, a great marvel was seen, for that place was shaken by tremors for a long time, so much so that the Emperor was amazed, and he went to that place to perform a supplication, and in that way the earthquake ceased; which was obtained through the prayers of the holy Sabas.

Concerning the place called Neolea, and the statues erected there.

In the place they call Neolea, there was erected a female statue, an altar, and a young lamb ^B. In the same place there also stand four horses gleaming with gold, and a charioteer sitting in the chariot. Many Greeks and Arians are buried there, and a multitude of other tombs appear.

Concerning the Castro Panormum, and the statue that stood in the northern gate of that same Castle.

The Castro Panormum was built by a certain Greek named Panormus; it was constructed with a double wall, and as if compounded of iron and bronze. In the northern gate of this same Castle stood a squalid little tower, upon which a double-headed female statue was placed; where also a wondrous thing occurred. For when a fire once raged in the castle, and the entire city had been leveled to the ground along with the walls, that gate-tower ^C, upon which the statue was placed, remained. And often, even when the fire drew closer to the place, the flame would retreat five cubits from the statue, as if someone were driving it back from behind. This was later removed by Chosroes, the tyrant of the Persians.

Anselm Banduri’s notes.

(8–9) This reading seemed suspect to Lambecius, and he emends it thus; but I, to speak frankly, consider the passage not corrected but corrupted by Lambecius. For what is more common for those reading history to encounter than that the idle princes of the people should be equated with, nay, often preferred to, princes who were famous for warlike praise and every ornament of virtue, while the present populace considers the favor of a prince, or hopes for a future one? Therefore, it should be corrected from the chronographer Codinus, who runs thus: I read, most excellently indeed, our Anonymus: that is, Helena, Constantine, and Theodosius were utterly defeated. However, our Chronographer, our Anonymus, and Codinus falsely attribute this restoration of the terrestrial walls to Leo the Great, ^D when Theophanes, Cedrenus, and Manasses have recorded that these walls collapsed in the thirty-fourth year of Leo the Isaurian during an earthquake and were restored by the same Augustus.

(10) I read with Combefis. The manuscript has, and Lambecius amends, [original-script: καὶ βωμὸς καρίδιον μικρόν. μοσχάριον.].

(11) The word [original-script: σκηνώματα] here signifies the same as [original-script: λείψανα] (remains). Chronicon Alexandrinum, in the year of Theodosius the Great, etc. Thus the same writer to the year of Arcadius and elsewhere. [original-script: σκήνωμα], moreover, signifies the body, as this name is often used by ecclesiastical writers.

(12) [original-script: πυργίον αὐχμῶδι]: squalid or neglected. Thus we have restored it from the context; for a little below he has... in the first place, and this reading should not be rejected unless the context suggested otherwise; for [original-script: στυράκιον] not only signifies a spear-point, as Combefis thinks in the notes to the same place, but is also used among more recent Greeks for a small column; thus our Anonymus and Codinus and elsewhere when concerning the temple of the Savior in the Chalce built by Romanus the Elder: etc. Where the Regius codex has [original-script: στυρακίων μικρῶν δύο]. For [original-script: ἠχμῶδι], I read with Combefis [original-script: αἰχμῶδες] (for thus most neuters among later Greeks end in [original-script: -ες]), that is to say, squalid, neglected, horrible in its situation. Ducange thinks it should be read [original-script: αἰχμῶδες]; Lambecius, however, suspects no error in the former word, although it conflicts with the context and with Codinus who has it this way, etc. Where Lambecius has hallucinated in reporting it, that that tower, in whose gate the aforementioned statue stood; for the text does not say that the statue stood in the gate of the tower, but that the tower was in the gate of the Castro Panormum, and asserts that the statue was placed upon the tower.

^C It recedes five cubits from the column. Now this was taken by Chosroes, the tyrant of the Persians, and it is in Persia, being worshipped to this day, as the superintendent of the Paradise, having been captured there and escaped, has declared in his Chronicon. ^D Seek the extraordinary narrative. Concerning Hippolytus, the third published. Seek the history.

Of the place called Smyrnium, and of the statues which were erected there

Smyrnium, as they call it, near the Tetradisian portico, has a subterranean cave towards the north part, of ten cubits; there are nine statues, not far from the temple of Saint Theodore. The statues are these: three of Constantine the Great and his wife Fausta, and of Hilarion the praepositus, and a fourth of the boy of Constantine, Crispus (15), whom the chroniclers Herodotus and Hippolytus (16) say was beheaded by his father. Grieved by this, his father repented and wept for him for forty days, as the story goes, not bathing his body, nor refreshing himself on a bed. He made the statue of pure silver, overlaying it with much gold; the head alone of pure gold, with the inscription on the forehead: MY SON WHO WAS UNJUSTLY SLAIN. Having set this up (17), he offered repentance, beseeching God for the things he had done wrong. The remaining five statues are those of Severus, Harmatus, Zeuxippus, Vigilantius—who built the Vigilantia—and Eleutherius, who built the palace in the Senate. All these were delivered to the sword, and when they were set up as statues by the one who had wronged them, they were supplicated for forgiveness by the one who had committed the offense. And the custom passed to their children, and from them to others, until the time of Valens the Arian. The Arians, therefore, not bearing the defeat which had been brought upon them by Constantine, buried these statues in the aforementioned Tetradisian portico, near Saint Theodore (18).

Of the statues which were erected in the Senate, and of the charioteers' chariots

In the Senate, charioteers of the Circus were placed in the astronomical apparatus, where the statue of Artemis and that of Aphrodite also stood, at which Arcadius, the archdeacon of the Holy Irene, was killed with clubs by the Arians; and it is said that the statues were shaken for three whole days from the time of his murder.

^A

The chariots, however, in the ^A *eilema* were buried under Theodosius the Emperor.

*Of the twelve caskets, which were deposited in the new palace of the Senate.*

165a It is also related that the twelve caskets remained for ten years in the new palace of the Senate: which fact Constantine the Great, the emperor, brought about by the counsel of Metrophanes, bishop of Constantinople. ^B

*Of the images of Metrophanes, Alexander, and Paul erected by Constantine the Great in the forum.*

This matter also pervaded the speech of many, that the images of Metrophanes, Alexander, and Paul [were] made on wooden panels by Constantine the Great, and stood in the forum near the great column, which is seen placed toward the east; which images the Arians, having now gained control, handed over to the fire in the *Miliarion*—along with the image of the Holy Mother of God and of the child Jesus himself—as the chronicler Ancyrianus in his *Decalogus* has handed down to us more accurately than Anastasius. And Anastasius himself also [records] the same thing.

*Of the statues which were once erected in Holy Sophia, and were distributed by Justinian throughout the city.*

In the great church, which is now called Holy Sophia, four hundred and twenty-seven statues were removed, most of which were of the Gentiles: indeed, among many others there were these: of Zeus, of the father Carus, and of Diocletian; ^C also [statues of] the twelve signs of the zodiac, and the Moon, and Venus, and the star Arcturus, supported by two Persian columns, and the South Pole, and the priestess of Athena, having Iris from her side prophesying without philosophy. But none of the Christians appears there.

^A Few, indeed, about eighty, and it is necessary to mention a few from the many: Constantine the Great, Constantine, Constantius, Constans, Galen the quaestor 27, Licinius Augustus, Valentinian, and Theodosius and Arcadius his son, and Serapion the consul; and three statues of Helena, the mother of Constantine: one of porphyry marble; another of silver tesserae upon a bronze column; and the third of ivory, which Cyprus the rhetorician offered. Justinian the Emperor, distributing these throughout the city, moved by faith, built the greatest temple, with much labor and effort. But many others skilled in these matters, while wandering through the city, find not a few such statues.

Of the Oreum or Modius and of the Statues placed there

Mananaes the general, having defeated the Scythians ^B by force, was deemed worthy of being honored with a statue in the place called the Oreum 28, which some call the Modius. It is not possible for us to pass over the Modius in silence, because it was instituted during the reign of Valentinian. For it was then that the *Archimodion* was searched out by those dwelling in Constantinople, and because of this, the silver having been stamped [28*], silver was first minted as the currency. Theodoretus also relates this most clearly. And the bronze hands were stamped from then on, raised above. For the Emperor, having legislated this *koumoulion* [heaped-up] modius, and having commanded the sailors not to resist the decree—and one of the sailors having denounced a person among them both 29 to the Emperor for selling grain there at an unjust price—in the underground Modius, he lost his right hand. Hence, and the bronze hands were made ^C, by which those selling and [purchasing...]

^A were warned not to exact their dues in a manner contrary to the law. There also stood a statue of the same Emperor Valentinian in the arch, holding a silver [exaemium] (a small coin) in its right hand; because it was silver, although of small weight, it was removed for the payment of the money promised to the Barbarians during the second reign of Emperor Justinian.

Concerning the statue of the seer Menander, which was erected at the Artotyrian house.

The statue of Menander, the seer of the Cretans, was brought to Constantinople and erected at the Artotyrian house for public view; since the statue was fifteen cubits in length and eight in width, and because it was not cast but hammered, Marcian broke it down into small obols and deposited them in the public treasury.

Concerning the statue of Herodian, found and destroyed by the general Ardaburius in Thrace.

Ardaburius, a general of the army during the reign of Leo the Great, found in the regions of Thrace a statue of Herodian, which was very humpbacked and thick, and in a fit of rage he destroyed it. In demolishing it, he found one hundred thirty-three ^B pounds of gold talents. He immediately reported this with great joy to the Emperor. But the Emperor condemned Ardaburius to death. Then, grieving, he said: "No one who mixed lead with gold was ever found to be subject to such a penalty as has happened to me at the hands of this humpbacked Emperor." For this reason, those who traveled by that place, and especially the philosophers, said that the death of Ardaburius was inflicted not because of his earlier crimes, but because he had destroyed the statue of Herodian. At that time, Aspar also was killed along with him. The statue of Aspar survives to this day in the region of the Taurus, where he is seated upon a ^C spirited and elegant horse, as may be observed.

Concerning the signs and statues which were erected in the forum at the right side of the East.

In the forum, on the right side toward the East, there stood twelve statues of porphyry marble, and as many sirens plated with gold, which the common people call sea-horses. Moreover, in our own age, seven [only are to be seen]. ^D

Of the three [remaining] from these, he who held the empire in our time transferred them to the church of Saint Mamas, while the four others remain intact to this day. ^A

*De cruce, in cujus medio, Sanctum, inscriptum erat.*

It should be known that the cross which has the inscription "Holy" in its center (37) was erected by the official in charge of the forum (38); and thence also the two status of the couriers (39). And on the right and left [of the cross] stand the statues of Constantine himself and of Helena. That cross, which is plated with silver (40) and has a globe on its rounded ends, was erected in that very place by Constantine the Great, just as he had seen it in the heavens. Thence also ^B his sons may be seen, shimmering in gold.

*De elephante statua, quæ in foro erecta erat.*

In the same forum, there also stood a statue of an elephant of terrifying appearance, on the left side, not far from the great statue, where a marvelous event took place. For when an earthquake occurred once, it collapsed and broke one of its hind legs. The guards of the eparch, having raised an outcry (for it was their custom to guard the things of the forum), ran together to lift it up and found within that same elephant the bones of two humans (41), entire in their whole bodies, and a small box, upon the lid of which was written: "Of the holy Virgin Venus (42); not even in death am I parted." The eparch added this sign to the public treasury for coin [to be used] for the aforementioned purposes (43).

*De Theodosii equestri statua, quæ in Milliario stabat.* ^C

In the so-called Milliarium, there stood a bronze equestrian statue of Theodosius, which, when he erected it, he granted the largest allowance of grain to the city.

*De equestribus statuis quæ in porticu erectæ erant.*

The equestrian statues which are seen in the portico are those of the house of Gratian, and of Theodosius, and of Valentinian; ^D

as well as the statue of a certain hunchbacked Firmilian, which was erected for mockery, and which is preserved to this day.

*Of the Xerolophos, and of the images erected there.*

The Xerolophon, which some formerly called the Theama, or spectacle. For in it were twelve cochleæ [spirals or columns], and [an image of] Diana, a composite statue, and [one of] Severus who built it, and a tripod of Theama. Where also very many victims were sacrificed by the same Severus, and where many oracles were delivered in that very same place: where even a virgin maid was immolated, and an astronomical position lasted for thirty-six years. ^B

*Of the images and statues erected in the Exocionion.*

The so-called Exocionion once possessed [a hare], a Dog and a Nimrod, an immense statue; these three were forged from a single piece of iron, and many other sights worthy of spectacle were preserved in that same place. Marcianus removed these, and added them to the parts belonging to Saint Mamas. And there was also a bath of great size, in which many were in danger, for they said that it had not received an oracle. ^C

*Of the bridge at Saint Mamas, and of the brazen dragon erected there.*

At Saint Mamas there was once a huge bridge, constructed with twelve piers and arches. For a river of great size flowed down there; and especially, as they say, in the month of February. There also stood a brazen dragon of immense size, because, as some said, a dragon dwelt in that bridge; therefore, in that same place, many virgins were sacrificed, and many multitudes of sheep and birds, and oxen. For a certain Basiliscus, a chief man in the court of Numerianus Caesar, being captivated by love for the place, having built himself houses in which he dwelt, raised there a very great temple to Jupiter. ^D

*Notes of Anselm Banduri.*

...are read in our Anonymous [author]; that is: In the Xerolophos, a place which some formerly called Theama or spectacle, there were sixteen cochleæ and a composite statue of Diana, and other things upon the arches. But finally it was called the Theodosian Forum, and it lasted until Constantine Copronymus. This seems to be the meaning: for the Xerolophos was the seventh hill, divided from the other six hills, as Peter Gyllius says, by a wide valley, and contained many buildings, as well public as private. In Codinus these things are read somewhat differently... The Chronographer reports these things altogether differently, as does Codinus [on] page 17. For he narrates that there, besides sixteen cochleæ, there existed [a statue of] Diana, and [of] Severus the founder, and the tripod of Theama; and that many sacrifices were made there by Severus, and many oracles were delivered in that same place. At which time also a young virgin was immolated there. Furthermore, he states that there existed there an astronomical theorema, which lasted for thirty-three years. Besides, it is said that in the same Xerolophos there were placed statues of Theodosius the Younger, and of Valentinian, and of Marcianus beneath the column, which afterward fell down through an earthquake. Nor does Suidas have anything much different from the Chronographer, except that he writes "per" [instead of] "peram," as Lambecius very well pointed out. ...is written in our Anonymous [author], as well as in other Byzantine writers; but if the etymology be regarded, I think it should be written...; since they claim it was called Exocionion [External Column] because a statue of the same Constantine stood outside the terrestrial wall built by Constantine. ...with a dog and a hare. Hence our Greek [author] asserts that it was a statue of Nimrod, because in the book of Genesis, chapter x, verse 9, Nimrod is called a robust hunter. But the Chronographer does not notice that Nimrod is called in the Scriptures a robust hunter not only of wild beasts, but of men, whom, like a brigand and tyrant, he captured and subjected to himself, partly by force and arms, and partly by snares and craft. ...our author narrates that all these things were broken by Maurice. ...correcting from [our] manuscript; for it is erroneously read in the ms., and so Lambecius and Combefis read [it]. Corruptly in the ms.

^A ruled, having built it, he dwelt therein; where he also erected a temple of great size to Zeus. These things Zeno destroyed in the second year of his reign.

Concerning the crosses and other sacred monuments which were deposited beneath the column of the Forum.

In the Forum, beneath the major column, there are a great many crosses, bearing the sign of the great cross; where also the crosses of the two thieves who were crucified with Christ are buried in that very place to this day. There is also a small glass vessel of ointment, with which Christ was anointed, and many other notable items in great number beneath the column of the Forum, placed there by Constantine the Great, and secured by Theodosius the Great, which we forgo naming at length.

Concerning the great Strategion and the monuments that existed there.

Constantine the Great derived much pleasure from the great Strategion; whence he also bestowed a vast quantity of Greek coinage to level the chasm of the earth. As for the manner in which this happened, although we have not found it recorded in writing, we have heard from men experienced in the records that a great quantity of gold was cast into the deep chasm in that same Strategion. And I did not disbelieve when I heard it, because many things—both those which we ourselves have experienced and those which our fathers have handed down to us—are passed on more often without writing than with writing, as the learned know. In the small Strategion, there is a great deal of lead, and the lead itself—the disposition of the lead—is inscribed. But there is also the making of marble inscriptions with gold and silver; we have written these things down after having either read these verse-inscribed marble tablets ourselves or having investigated them through those who had read them.

Concerning the bones of the giants found near St. Menas.

In the temple of St. Menas ^C, when it was being cleaned, a great pit was discovered, and a multitude of the bones of giant men, which, when the Emperor Anastasius saw them, he was amazed and deposited them in the *fossa* as an extraordinary spectacle.

Concerning the statue of the eunuch Plato which was being erected in the temple of St. Procopius in the Chelone.

In the temple of the holy martyr Procopius, which is in the Chelone, there stood the statue of a certain eunuch, on whose chest...

was written ^A: "Whoever moves these magically consecrated signs from their place, let him perish by the noose." Now this statue was of Plato the chamberlain, who in the days of the Emperor Basiliscus was burned alive. And when his parents asked the emperor to set up the statue to the eunuch Plato as a memorial and an example for those who might rebel against the emperor, he did not forbid it. But when the temple of the holy martyr was being renovated, it was moved to the Hippodrome. And the houses of this same eunuch are preserved in the Chelone ^B to this very day.

From the writings of Hemerius the chartulary, as recorded by Theodore, when he came to the Cynegion for the sake of sightseeing. For we had great concern in searching out these things, so that we might make known to your virtue, oh lover of beauty, those things for which you asked.

Once, when we had gone to the Cynegion together with the aforementioned glorious chartulary Hemerius to inspect the statues placed there, we found a statue that was very short, but extremely wide and thick. And while I, says Theodore, was not so much inspecting it as remaining astonished at the wonderful sight, Hemerius, equally stupefied, said: "Who built the Cynegion?" I replied, "Maximianus built it, and Aristides measured it." Scarcely had I spoken, when the statue collapsed from ^C its great height there and immediately crushed Hemerius. I, terrified by the accident—because, except for the boys holding the mules, and they themselves standing outside the steps, there was no one present—fearing lest some danger should arise for me from this, or solely that our mules were holding us, and...

Anselm Banduri's notes

^D Thus we restore it from our Anonymous; so also Lambecius thinks it should be written; but Combefisius wrongly reads it with the manuscript. [alt-version omitted] Perperam Lambecius and Combefisius read. For [i]thematium[/i] in this sense truly signifies a statue consecrated by a magical rite, not only among our Anonymous and Cedrenus in the same place, but also in Cedrenus at the 12th year of Heraclius, etc. The same notion is used by Eustathius in the Life of St. Eutychius, Patriarch of Constantinople, num. 55, where he speaks of the statue of Venus, etc. See Ducange's Glossary on the same word. In the manuscript it is read, and in the Combefisian edition. Thus our Anonymous narrates; the tract of the city is called by this name. From this it is evident that Theodore wrote some other things about Hemerius, of which this is one of those chosen. But since no mention of Hemerius occurs in those two little books which are circulated under the name of Theodore the Lector, it is safe to believe that Nicephorus Callistus did not collect the entire history, but only those things which he thought worthy of excerpting. For this, indeed, is confirmed not only by our conjecture, but also, although by a different argument, by the most learned Gerardus Joannes Vossius from the very manuscripts themselves, which exist in the Venetian library of Bessarion under this title: *Epitomes of Ecclesiastical Histories of Theodore the Lector and Philostorgius*. The other, *Theodore the Lector's Ecclesiastical Composition from various authors*. A certain friend recently sent to us from Venice the title of this second manuscript, the beginning of the work, and the end; namely: [Initium: "To those who encounter it, it will appear useful and brilliant, if one should apply his finger to your testing..."] [Finis: "And thus it happened..."] Here it appears clearly that the entire work of Theodore Anagnosta or the Lector, which was believed to have been lost with great detriment to literary affairs, lies hidden in the library of St. Mark at Venice. But more on this matter elsewhere. Moreover, Lambecius emended the above-cited title thus: there is no disease, no medicine should be applied; for Lambecius's correction obscures the author's meaning rather than clarifying it, as Combefisius very well advises. Lambecius emends this passage from a Vatican manuscript.

It had been my intention to throw the corpse to the right, where they are accustomed to cast the condemned. But, seized with fear, I left the burden at the doorway and fled into the Great Church. And when I sent a messenger to tell what had happened, no credence was given to me until I came to confirm it with an oath, as this alone was left for me to do for my safety. Therefore, the relatives of the deceased, and the friends of the Emperor, went with me to the spot, and before they even approached the corpse of the man, they gazed with amazement at the fall of the statue. And a certain philosopher, John, says: ^A “I find by divine providence, thus, in the writings of Demosthenes, that an illustrious man was to be slain by this very figure.” Immediately upon being informed of this, the Emperor Philippicus ordered the statue to be buried in the same place; and this was indeed done, because the statue could not be demolished. These things, my friend, having scrutinized with truth, pray not to enter into temptation, and turn your mind to observe the ancient statues, especially those of the Greeks.

Short treatise of Theodorus Lector on the women

Notes of Anselm Banduri

(65) *And the statue of Verina.* Our anonymous author recounts two statues of Verina; one he says stood rather to the south of the steps leading up to the temple of Saint Agathonicos, but not upon the steps, as the Chronograph chose to have it; the other, situated in the Artotyrian region, near the temple of Saint Barbara. ^D Moreover, Codinus also, speaking of this statue of Verina which stood near the martyr Agathonicos towards the south, reports that it existed. Suidas also has it this way, under the entry *Verina*, where Aemilius Portus interpreted it wrongly: *There were two columns of Verina, the wife of Leo the Great*; for *stele* here signifies not a column but a statue, in which sense it occurs everywhere among Byzantine writers. That the word here signifies not a column but a statue is proved manifest by the Chronograph himself, who says: *The statue of Verina, wife of Leo the Great, is seen sitting near Saint Agathonicos upon the steps of a bronze column.*

(66) *They agree well with our anonymous author.* Regarding the story of the Anemodulion, it is now submitted to the history of Nicetas; since the Anemodulion is believed to have existed in the Artopolia themselves. Here, however, for the script, I think either *Anemodulion* or *Anemodurion*, just as I also find it written in Cedrenus. Nicetas Choniates describes the Anemodulion graphically in his narrative concerning the statues of Constantinople, which the Latins, when the city was taken, broke into pieces and melted down into coin. The same Nicetas, in Book II of his *Andronicus*, reports that Andronicus even had the intention of erecting his own bronze statue above a column in the lofty bronze *Tetrapleuron*, where naked Cupids pelt each other with pomegranates, which they call the Anemodulion. But what our anonymous author, Nicetas, and others call the *Anemodulion*, Cedrenus calls it a sort of contest of the winds, and ascribes it to Theodosius the Great, which our anonymous author and Codinus attribute to Leo Isaurus. For he says: *The square-footed work, which they call the contest of the winds, Theodosius the Great erected, fashioning the form of a pyramid and adorning it with clay figures, with shoots, fruits, and pomegranates. And naked loves stand there, smiling kindly at one another, and mocking those passing below. Again, other youths sit, blowing into bronze trumpets; and a bronze image raised on high, revolving, shows the strength of the winds.*

^A Verina, when she crowned her brother Basiliscus, with the Green faction shouting: "Many years to Verina, the orthodox, and to Helen!" For she was very orthodox.

The statue of Euphemia Augusta, which was erected in the district of Olybrius.

The statue of Euphemia, wife of Justin the Thracian, was placed in the district of Olybrius near the holy Euphemia (whose church she had built); it was a small statue, very much gilded, placed on an ascent. ^B

Of the silver statues of Eudoxia and her daughters.

The enormous statue of Eudoxia, wife of Arcadius, and that of her daughter Pulcheria, and her other two daughters, all of silver. Furthermore, another statue of this same Eudoxia upon a bronze column, and another in the Augustaeum—on account of which Chrysostom was sent into exile.

Of the statue of Arcadia Augusta erected at the Topoi, and the statue of the second wife of Zeno, Arcadia.

The statue of Arcadia, the second wife of Zeno, was in the place near the steps called the Topoi, at the church of the holy Archangel; ^C at this place, Zeno held judgment over those who had gone over to the side of Basiliscus, and he made that place a court. Also [there were statues] of his first wife Ariadne, and of Zeno himself, at the royal gate of the Chalke.

Of the statue of Pulcheria, which was seen in the Chalke.

In the same Chalke, nearby, above, is the statue of the renowned Pulcheria, as if in the walkway which is in the palace, situated in front, above the Chalke. ^D

Of the statues of Constantine and Helena erected above the arch of the Milion.

Upon the arch of the Milion toward the east are the statues of Constantine and Helena; where also a cross is to be seen, and in the middle of the cross is the Fortune of the city.