Chronicle

EUSEBIUS PAMPHILUS, BISHOP OF CAESAREA CHRONICLE, IN TWO BOOKS

(From the edition of Angelo Mai, *Scriptorum veterum nova collectio*, Vol. VIII, Rome, 1833, in-4°.)

PREFACE

After the discovery of the first book of Eusebius’ *Chronicle*—which the ancient Latins never possessed, the Greeks had long desired, and the Armenians finally restored to the world—only two editions of the complete work have been prepared: that of Milan and that of Venice. These, produced in separate places and by separate studies, disagree not infrequently with one another; yet neither is polished or perfected to the last detail, although I myself freely assign the primary honor to the Venetian edition, on account of its inclusion of the Armenian text and the learned scholia. Since matters stand thus, I have never ceased to desire the preparation of a third edition which might unite all the virtues of the former while excluding their errors. This is to be understood especially of the first book, which rests upon the authority of a single Armenian codex and the support of Greek fragments. For the second book, however, far more aids are available by which the outstanding work of Eusebius may be restored to a better state; for in the Vatican Library of the Supreme Pontiff there are more than twenty codices of the second book of the *Chronicle*, among which are several that are ancient and most excellent. Furthermore, since the Milan and Venice editions contain only the words of Eusebius, it is a great detriment to the work that it lacks the many magnificent additions by St. Jerome. Nor is the text of Eusebius itself in the aforementioned editions, which flow from the Armenian codex, intact and uncorrupted; for it is clearer than meridian light that the Armenian—whether the amanuensis or the interpreter—has omitted not a few of the genuine fragments of Eusebius. Syncellus, in particular, and the *Chronicon Paschale* (of which there is a most noble codex in the Vatican Library), openly demonstrate this, and there can be no doubt that they stem from Eusebius as from their original springs. Truly, St. Jerome affirms in his preface that he added nothing at all to Eusebius before the Trojan era; and yet the Latin text of the *Chronicles* has many things before the capture of Troy—often confirmed by Greek fragments—which the Armenian codex lacks. Likewise, after the capture of Troy, many things were omitted by the Armenian interpreter which Jerome retains, and yet these cannot be reckoned among his own additions, because they correspond exactly with the Greek fragments that are undoubtedly Eusebian. I hoped, therefore, that I would be doing a task worth the effort if I were to make the entire *Chronicle* of Eusebius more complete, more emended, and more full in this new edition: that is, by polishing and reforming the first book through the collation of the two editions, together with certain critical observations and philological study and diligence; and by augmenting the second book not only with those Eusebian fragments omitted by the Armenian interpreter, but also by heaping upon it the learned labors of Jerome; and, what was of primary importance, by relying upon the aid of so many Vatican codices to bestow upon it a thoroughly new reading. This, then, is the sum of my plan, to which must now be added that I have, as I believe, most certainly bridged the gap in the Armenian codex—which was inserted between the first and the second book—that is, the sequence of consuls and Caesars together with the passing Olympiads, by invoking the aid of the *Chronicon Paschale*, and have rendered the work of Eusebius most complete.

EUSEBIUS PAMPHILI, BISHOP OF CAESAREA, CHRONICLE, BOOK I

^A PROLOGUE (1). I have read through many volumes of ancient histories, whether those which are recounted among the Chaldeans and Assyrians, or those which the Egyptians record in detail, or finally those which the Greeks relate, with no hesitation (if it were possible) interposed: in which writings are contained the times of kings and of the Olympiads, which are athletic games: as well as any illustrious deeds performed by Barbarians and by Greeks, as much by the strong (3) as by the weak: then also the wonderful armies, leaders, wise men, strenuous men, poets, historiographers, and philosophers of each of these are chronicled. Furthermore, I considered it opportune, nay, most useful and necessary, to arrange all these things briefly: furthermore—^A

CHRONICLE, BOOK ONE

(*) I shall strive to make a synopsis, careful at once of cohesion and of truth in all things, and of the appropriate sequence of events, I mean the differences of kings, and the number of priests, of prophets and teachers, and of those among the Greeks ^B or other nations who were renowned for wisdom, or for any other art or martial prowess, and in...

^D...will speak of these in brief in what follows; for now, first, concerning the kingdoms. All men of recognized learning—Alexander Polyhistor, Berossus, Abydenus, and Apollodorus—record the Chaldean kingdom as the first of all. They first report 174 years without a king. For they say that Adam, the first man, governed for the time of his life 930 years; and after him, his son Seth for 205 years; so that the whole of the years without a king is 1135, in which a kingdom is not yet named in the Scripture. But in the 1135th year, first in the northern climate, in what is called the lower country, the descendants of Seth, the Chaldeans, raised up for themselves a king, Alorus, a Chaldean from Babylon, whom they say reigned for ten *sari*. After him, other kings reigned—nine—until the flood; so that there were ten kings in all, whose years of reign the Chaldeans at that time calculated according to their local and ancestral naming of numbers and years, by means of *sari*, *neri*, and *sossi*, as the historiographers among them testify; and these amounted to 120 *sari*. They have said that a *saros* is 3600 years; a *neros*, 600 years; and a *sossos*, 60 years; and that these are calculated by an older method. But from Alorus, the first who reigned among them, until Xisuthrus, who reigned at the time of the flood, they record ten kings; and they say they reigned 41 *sari*, which *sari* they say make 430,000 years, and two thousand years—these were they: Alorus reigned, as has been said, 10 *sari*; Alaparus, 3 *sari*; Amelon, 13 *sari*; Ammenon, 12 *sari*, etc. ^C Then, with a few things interposed, the author speaks of the meaning of *sari*, *neri*, and *sossi* (as it is in Syncellus, Paris ed., p. 32). Then, with many things interposed, there occurs a notable passage concerning the Roman kingdom, captured 325 years before the Trojan times (a), which kings subsequently held for a thousand years until the consulship... and is derived from *air*, man, [and] is opposed to *ek*, woman. (5)

(a) Antiochus of Syracuse persuades [one to] this opinion in Dionysius of Halicarnassus 1, 73. Hence the 325 [years] from the capture of Troy to the consuls are nearly 675 years.

that we might join to my discourse those Hebrew antiquities and chronology contained in the sacred writings of the Hebrews, so that we may be able to understand precisely how long before the saving manifestation of God Moses lived, and also which of the Hebrew prophets who came after him prophesied, inspired by the divine Spirit; and that we may easily recognize which distinguished men of the Greeks or Barbarians, who appeared in individual nations, lived at the same time as those famous ancient men among the Hebrews—namely, the prophets—and as those individuals who presided over that same nation with authority. 2. For indeed, from the very beginning I proclaim openly to all, so that no one may ever arrogantly contend that it is possible to acquire the most certain knowledge of the times. This surely everyone will convince himself of, if he considers the veracious Master saying to his disciples: "It is not for you to know the hours and the times, which the Father hath put in his own power." ^B And indeed, after the manner of God and the Lord, he seems to me to have delivered that precise statement not merely concerning the final consummation, but concerning all times; for the purpose of restraining those who too boldly direct their minds to vain investigations of this sort. Furthermore, this discourse of ours will make the same pronouncement of the Master probable by strong testimony, namely, that we cannot clearly learn the universal chronology of either the Greeks or the Barbarians or of other nations. But we shall be content if our present treatise helps us to establish two things: namely, first, that no one may persuade himself (as has been done by some up to now) that it is possible to comprehend the exact science of the chronology of times, which is truly an hallucination; and second, that everyone may know for certain that this alone has been our care, that in some way the status of this controversy might be perceived, so that we do not wander entirely in ambiguity.

3. And it is not surprising that the Greeks for a long time lacked all memory, since they were subject to various and evil destructions; and for a long time—namely, up to the age of Cadmus—they used no letters at all, for Cadmus is said to have first brought the elements of letters to them from the Phoenician region. Indeed, in Plato’s book, that Egyptian rightly chides Solon: "O Solon," he says, "you Greeks are always children, and no Greek is an old man, nor is there any learning among you from the ancient times." ^C Furthermore, many insane histories of the Egyptians are current, and likewise of the Chaldeans. For these think they contain more than forty myriads of years in their own times; while the Egyptians weave together much foolish mythology concerning gods, demigods, and, besides these, spirits and other mortal kings, in the manner of those who are delirious. What then, as far as I am able, having collected everything from the aforementioned historians?

I, holding the true account of great value, having gathered what has been done by each, and holding in my hands the Hebrew antiquities and chronography derived from the holy Books, have applied myself with diligence to track down the exact truth; so that we might know how much time before the saving theophany Moses and the prophets who came after him, inspired by the divine Spirit, foretold matters relating to him; and so that we might have it readily at hand to discern with which of the Greeks or Barbarians sages, or poets, or chroniclers, or as many others as have become famous in each nation, flourished at the same time; and at which times the first kingdoms were demonstrated to have been founded, and the foundations of the most famous cities.

Like those who rave, they weave fables. What concern is it of mine, who cherish the truth above all, to investigate such matters minutely? For even among the Hebrews, whom I love, certain doubts occur which I shall bring forward in their proper time. Meanwhile, let these things be said to check the boastfulness of vain chronographers.

4. I have, therefore, for the sake of this task, while perusing the books of the ancients, first the chronology of the Chaldeans, then that of the Assyrians: then the kings of the Medes, after them the Lydians, and likewise the Persians. Transferring myself from there, I shall write down the entire chronicle of the Hebrews in order. In the third place, the times of the Egyptian resources, adding also the Ptolemies, who after Alexander the Macedonian held the kingdom of Egypt and Alexandria. Beginning again from another heading, I shall diligently explain in what way the Greeks organize their histories: first speaking of those who reigned at Sicyon, then those in the region of the Argives, and those in the city of Athens itself, reviewing them from the first up to the final ruler: likewise those who dominated at Lacedaemon, and those at Corinth: then also those who swayed the command of the sea in any region: finally, I shall add to these the book of the Olympiads, which was composed by the Greeks. After I have gathered these individual things into a comparative series, then I shall write the first kings of the Macedonians and Thessalians, then of the Syrians and the Asians, who held the reins of affairs after Alexander, one by one. When I have spoken of all these things, I shall place ^C individually and distinctly those who, having taken their beginning from Aeneas after the capture of Ilium, ruled the Latins, who were subsequently called Romans: from there, in order, those who followed Romulus, the founder of the Roman city: then those who were emperors in a direct series after Julius Caesar and Augustus: and finally the annual consuls who are involved with these.

5. Now, having compared this subject matter with all these things, I shall proceed to the chronic canons: and beginning from those men who from the very foundations ^D ruled in each nation, I shall attribute the times distinctly to each in proportion, and I shall set forth the years of each alongside the others, so that we may easily and immediately know who were in which time. Furthermore, I shall briefly insert into the kingdom itself the famous deeds of each kingdom, such as are narrated everywhere among all nations. But indeed, this will be the later labor of the second book. Meanwhile, in the next book, come, let us proceed to see the chronology of the Chaldeans, which they hand down from their ancestors.

CHAPTER I

1. But Berosus in his first book recounts the kings one by one. As he himself says, Nabonassar was king at that time. And he diligently collects the names of the kings; yet he does not recite the work of any of them peculiarly, ^A perhaps because he judges there is nothing worthy of mention. From him, therefore, it is permitted to take only a series of kings. But he begins his narration in this way, as Apollodorus says: namely, that the first king to exist was Alorus, a Chaldean from the city of Babylon: this man held the kingdom for ten *sari*. Now this *sarus* consists of three thousand six hundred years. He adds also I know not what *neri* and *sossi*: he says a *nerus* consists of six hundred years, and a *sossus* of sixty years. Thus he calculates the years after the fashion of the ancients.

2. Having said these things, he proceeds further; and he enumerates the Assyrian kings one by one and in order: namely, ten from Alorus the first king up to Xisuthrus, under whom he says that great and first flood occurred, which Moses also commemorates. Now the sum of the times during which these kings ruled, he says is one hundred and twenty *sari*, namely four hundred and thirty-two thousand years. Then he writes in clear words as follows: "Alorus having died," he says, "his son Alaparus reigned four *sari*." After Alaparus, Almelon...

from the city of Pantibiblis ^A reigned thirteen sari. Almelon was succeeded by Ammenon, also from Pantibiblis, a Chaldean, for twelve sari. In his time, a certain monster named Idotion emerged from the Red Sea, in form a mixture of man and fish. Following him, Amegalarus of Pantibiblis reigned for eighteen sari. Then the shepherd Daonus of Pantibiblis, who himself also held the kingdom for ten sari. Under his rule, four other monsters, of the same human and fish shape, emerged from the Red Sea. Afterwards, Edoranchus of Pantibiblis reigned for eighteen sari. At that time, yet another similar creature, half fish and half human, named Odacon, appeared from the Red Sea. He says that all these explained in detail the matters which had been summarized by Oannes. After this, Amempsinus, a Chaldean from Lanchara, ruled for ten sari. Then Otiartes, a Chaldean from Lanchara, held the kingdom for eight sari. Finally, when Otiartes had passed away, his son Xisuthrus reigned for eighteen ^B sari; and it was under him that the great flood occurred. Thus, the total number of the ten kings and the one hundred and twenty sari is established. This is the series of kings:

I. Alorus, 10 sari. II. Alaparus, 3 sari. III. Almelon, 13 sari. IV. Ammenon, 12 sari. V. Amegalarus, 18 sari. VI. Daonus, 10 sari. VII. Edoranchus, 18 sari. VIII. Amempsinus, 10 sari. IX. Otiartes, 8 sari. X. Xisuthrus, 18 sari.

In sum, the ten kings complete one hundred and twenty sari ^C. They say that these one hundred and twenty sari amount to four hundred and thirty-two thousand years, since a saros consists of three thousand six hundred years. These things are narrated in the books of Alexander Polyhistor. But if one gives credence to these books boasting of so many myriads of years, one must necessarily also accept as true many other clearly incredible things that are contained therein.

But now I shall also recount what the aforementioned Berosus writes in the first book of the same history, and I shall add this to what has already been said, namely, what Polyhistor himself relates in the same book of his, quite diligently, in this tenor of discourse.

CAPUT II. On the Incredible Chaldean History. From the same Polyhistor Alexander, concerning the aforementioned book of the Chaldeans.

1. Indeed, learned men—Alexander Polyhistor, Berosus, Abydenus, and Apollodorus—record the first of all the Chaldean kingdoms. They first chronicle four hundred and forty-eight years without a king; for they say that Adam, the first man, ruled for the time of his life, nine hundred and thirty years; and after him his son Seth for one hundred and twenty-eight years; making a total of one thousand and fifty-eight years without a king, during which no kingdom is mentioned in the Scripture. But in the one thousand and fifty-ninth year, in the northern climate, in the region called "the lower land," the descendants of Seth, the Chaldeans, raised up for themselves a king, Alorus of Babylon, a Chaldean, whom they say reigned for ten sari. After him, nine other kings reigned until the flood, so that there were ten kings in all. The Chaldeans of that time calculated the durations of their reigns according to their local and ancestral custom of naming numbers and times, by means of *sari*, *nēroi*, and *sōssi*, as the historians among them testify. These amounted to one hundred and twenty *sari*. They stated that a *saros* was 3,600 years, a *nēros* was 600 years, and a *sōssos* was 60 years; and these were calculated by an older method. From Alorus, the first who reigned among them, until Xisuthrus, who reigned at the time of the flood, they record ten kings, who reigned for one hundred and twenty *sari*; which *sari*, they say, make forty-three myriads of years, and two thousand years besides. And they were these: Alorus reigned, as stated, 10 *sari*, Alaparus 3 *sari*, Ammenon 13 *sari*, etc. ^D

Chaldean Kings 1. Alorus, 10 sari. 2. Alasparus, 3 sari. 3. Amelon, 13 sari. 4. Ammenon, 12 sari. 5. Megalarus, 18 sari. 6. Euedorachus, 18 sari. 7. Daonus, 99 years. 8. Amphis, 10 sari. 9. Otiartes, 8 sari. 10. Xisuthrus, 18 sari.

Berosus, in the first of his Babylonian books, says that he [Polyhistor] lived in the time of Alexander the son of Philip...

and that he transcribed the books of many authors which were preserved with great care at Babylon, extending back over a period of 150,000 years; these books contained accounts of the heavens, the sea, the origin of all things, and the deeds of kings.

2. And first of all, he says that the region of Babylonia lies between the Tigris and the Euphrates; and the Euphrates flows through it. There, wild wheat and barley and lentils and chickpeas and sesame grow; and in the marshes and reeds of the river certain roots are found, suitable for eating, which are called *gongai*; these roots have the strength of barley bread. Finally, there are palm trees and apples and fruits of many kinds, and fish, and both wild and marsh birds. Moreover, the part of the region facing Arabia is arid and barren of fruit, but that part lying opposite Arabia is mountainous and fertile. In the city of Babylon itself, ^A a great multitude of people of foreign origin, who inhabit Chaldea, are gathered, and they live a luxurious and altogether savage life.

3. And in the first year, a certain horrid beast emerged from the Red Sea within the borders of the Babylonians, by the name of Oannes, as Apollodorus recounts in his History: it was a fish in its entire body, but beneath the head of the fish there was another head grown underneath, and feet like those of a man, joined to the tail of the fish; it also had a human voice; and its image is preserved to this day. This beast, he says, was accustomed to spend the day among men, but would take no food: it taught men letters, and various kinds of crafts, the layout of cities, the construction of temples, the principles of law, the art of marking out boundaries; furthermore, it demonstrated how to gather seeds and fruits, and altogether delivered everything that leads to a civilized life to men: so that from that time forward nothing ^B further has been discovered. And when the sun set, this beast was accustomed to submerge itself again into the sea, and to spend the nights in the vast deep; for it was amphibious. Later, other beasts similar to these also appeared, concerning which he promises to speak in the history of the kings. And again, he says that Oannes wrote about the origin of things and about public governance, and imparted to men speech and industry.

4. There was, he says, a time when the universe was wrapped in darkness and water: and there were other beasts there, some of which had been generated from themselves, though they used the shapes of those creatures that are born from those that previously lived. And there were men, some equipped with two wings, some with four, and with two faces; and holding a double head on one body, namely one female and one male, with two sets of genitalia, male and female. And there were other men with goats' legs and with horned heads: others with horse feet, others with the rear parts of horses and the front parts of men, who are in their form hippocentaurs. And they were brought forth ^C

^A with human heads: also dogs with quadrupled bodies, having fish tails from their hind parts; and horse-headed men, and men and other animals having the heads and bodies of horses, but with fish tails; and other animals, with the forms of all kinds of beasts. In addition to these, there were fish, and reptiles, and serpents, and other animals more wonderful and of forms differing from one another; the images of which are also kept in the temple of Belus. Over all of these presided a woman named Omoroka: this in the Chaldean tongue is called Thalatth, which is translated into Greek as Sea.

5. And after all these had been mixed, he says that Belus came and cut the woman in half, and from one half of her made the earth, and from the other the heaven, and destroyed the animals that were in her. Allegorically, he says, this is explained physically: for the whole being moist and animals having been generated in it, this god cut off his own head and the blood that flowed ^B was used by the other gods to mix with the earth and to mold humans; and for this reason they are rational and share in divine intelligence.

6. But Belus, whom the Greeks interpret as Zeus (the Armenians however as Aramazdes 5), separated the earth from heaven, having cut through the darkness, and beautifully arranged the world; but the animals, not being able to endure the power of light, perished. Belus, seeing the land desolate but fertile, commanded one of the gods to cut off his own head, and to mix the earth with the blood that flowed, and to mold humans and the beasts capable of enduring the air. And Belus finished the stars and the sun and the moon and the five wandering planets. Polyhistor Alexander states this according to Berossus in the first book. ^C

BOOK II

Of the ten kings of the Chaldeans, and the time of their reign, 120 saroi, that is, 432,000 years.

7. But if any man should persuade himself of such a number of years, as much as the Chaldeans have written, he ought of right to give credence to other deceitful little stories as well. If therefore this number exceeds the nature of things, and is entirely absurd, even if perhaps it be understood differently 7, if someone, I say, persuades himself of this, it follows that the doctrine which is handed down is ^D also of such a nature as our age condemns as incredible; and not only that, but as also foolish. For those who are oldest among them said they were lunar, that is, monthly, those whom...

we consider to be of thirty days’ duration, and the year was called by that name. Others called the ^A three-month period ‘seasons,’ so that the three-month turnings of the times, occurring each year, were held to be a year. It is possible, therefore, that those which are called ‘sari’ by the Chaldeans also denote something of this kind.

8. From Alorus, who is said to be their first king, down to Xisuthrus, they reckon only ten generations, under whom they say that the great deluge occurred. In the Hebrew books, likewise, only ten generations before the flood are recorded by Moses; and by the Hebrews, just as many successions of men are written down one by one, from the first man who is mentioned among them down to the flood. But the history of the Hebrews compresses the years of the ten generations within a number of about two thousand; the Assyrians, however, while they record the generations minutely and in sequence, have indeed a number of them similar to that which is in Moses, but the times are not the same: for they say that ten generations comprise one hundred and twenty ‘sari’; then from these forty-three myriads and two thousand years are said to be constituted.

9. Finally, from these things, it will be manifest to you, if you consider the true doctrine, that this Xisuthrus is the same man who is called Noah by the Hebrews, in whose age that great deluge occurred: of which deluge, indeed, the history of Polyhistor also provides a notion. For he writes about it in this manner:

CAPUT III. Concerning the deluge, from Alexander Polyhistor. From the same book of which there has been mention.

1. After he passed away, he says, Otiartes, the son of this Xisuthrus, held the kingdom for eighteen ‘sari,’ and under him the great flood was formed. But thus he pursues the narration in writing: He says that Cronos (Saturn) appeared to him in a dream (this Saturn is said to be the father of Jove, and by others is called Chronos [time]) and told him that on the fifteenth day of the month Daesius (which is ^B May) mankind would perish by a deluge. He was therefore commanded to dig up the beginnings, the middles, and the endings of all records and to place them in the city of the sun, Sipparis, and, having built a vessel, to embark with his kinsmen and dear friends; he was to put in food and drink, and also to bring in winged creatures and four-footed beasts, and, having made everything ready, to set sail. When he asked whither he should direct his course, he replied, “To the gods, to pray that it may be well for men.” He did not refuse to build the ship, five stadia in length and two in width; he took care to fulfill all that had been commanded him: he brought his wife, his children, and his dear friends inside it.

2. When the flood finally came and soon abated, Xisuthrus sent out some birds, which, when they found neither food nor a place ^C where they could alight, returned to the ship. Then Xisuthrus, after some days...

sent out other birds, which also returned to the ship with their feet covered in mud. Finally, sending them out a third time, when they did not return to the ship, Xisuthrus understood that land had appeared. Having broken open a part of the ship’s hull and seeing that the ship had grounded on a certain mountain, he went out with his wife, his daughter, and the ship’s pilot, and having worshipped the earth and built an altar and sacrificed to the gods, he disappeared along with those who had gone out with him from the ship. Those who remained in the ship, because Xisuthrus and his party did not return, landed and sought him, calling him by name. But Xisuthrus was no longer to be seen by them; yet a voice was heard from the air, commanding them to be religious; for he himself, because of his piety, had gone to dwell with the gods, and his wife and daughter and the pilot had been granted the same honor. He also commanded them to return to Babylon, and, according to the gods' mandate, to dig up the writings that had been deposited in the city of Sippara and give them to men; and [he told them] that the land where they were was the region of Armenia. Having been informed of all this, they celebrated a sacrifice to the gods and traveled by foot to Babylon. ^A Part of that vessel, ^B they say, still remains in our age on the mountain of the Cordyaeans in Armenia. And some even scrape off the bitumen from it, using it as a remedy and an amulet to avert all misfortune. They, having set out for Babylon, are said to have dug up the books from the city of Sippara, founded many towns, built temples to the gods, and restored Babylon. What has been said thus far, and in addition the account of the building of the tower, Polyhistor records, agreeing almost word for word with the books of Moses.

CAPUT IV.

Alexander Polyhistor on the building of the tower.

1. Sibylla says that when all men used one language ^C they built a very high tower, so that they might ascend to heaven; but God, having sent forth winds, overturned the tower and gave to each a distinct language, and for this reason the city was called Babylon. Soon after the flood, Titan and Prometheus existed; then also Saturn was attacked by war from Titan. So much for the building of the tower.

2. To these things the same Polyhistor adds: that after the flood, Evexius reigned over the region of the Chaldeans for four ners; from then, the empire passed to...

[index: entries preserved]

^A his son Chomasbelus for four ners and five sosses. From Xisuthros and the flood, until the Medes occupied Babylon, Polyhistor calculates a sum of eighty-six kings, and lists them individually by name from the book of Berosus. From the ages of all of these, he makes 30,000 years, and besides these, 3,091 years. After these, who had held the kingdom in unbroken succession, he says that the Medes suddenly gathered their forces, captured Babylon, and established tyrants of their own there. Hence he also sets forth the names of eight Median tyrants, and their years as 224: and again eleven kings, and 48 years: then also forty-nine Chaldean kings, and 458 years: afterwards also nine ^B Arab kings, and 245 years. With the summary of these years written out, he also tells of Semiramis, who ruled over the Assyrians. And again he enumerates quite distinctly the names of forty-five kings, and assigns to them 526 years. After these he says there existed a king of the Chaldeans whose name was Phulus: whom the history of the Hebrews also records, and whom it likewise calls Phulus. This man is said to have invaded Judea. Then Polyhistor says that Senecherimus ^C attained the kingdom: whom indeed the Hebrew books report as reigning while Ezechia was reigning and Isaiah was prophesying. The divine book says explicitly: "In the fourteenth year of King Ezechia, Senecherimus ascended to the fortified cities of Judea, and captured them." Having finished the history of this matter, it adds: "And Asordanes his son reigned in his place." And proceeding again, he says: "At that time Ezechia was ill. Then also, at the same time, Marudachus Baladanes, king of the Babylonians, sent envoys with letters and gifts to Ezechia." These things the Scriptures of the Hebrews hand down. And indeed, the historiographer of the Chaldeans also records Senecherimus, along with his son Asordanes and also Marudachus Baladanes: with whom also he records Nabuchodonosorus, as will be told shortly. But he writes about them in this way.

CHAPTER V.

Of the same Alexander, concerning Senecherimus and Nabuchodonosorus, and their deeds and valiant achievements.

1. After Senecherimus’s brother had died, and after the domination over the Babylonians by Hagisa, who was indeed killed by Marudachus Baldanes before he had completed the thirtieth day of his reign; Marudachus Baldanes himself invaded the tyranny for six months; until a certain man named Elibus removed him, and he too succeeded to the kingdom. While this latter was already reigning in his third year, Senecherimus, king of the Assyrians, was gathering forces against the Babylonians, and having joined battle with them, was emerging superior: he ordered Elibus to be captured, along with his household, and to be transferred to Assyria. Therefore, he having taken possession of the Babylonians, was appointing his son Asordanes as king over them, while he himself was hastening his return into Assyria. Soon, when a rumor had reached his ears that the Greeks had brought war into Cilicia with gathered forces, he immediately attacked them, and having joined battle, although many of his own men were lost, he nevertheless routed the enemies and left his own image erected in that place, so that it might be a monument of victory: to which he commanded his deeds to be inscribed in Chaldean letters for the eternal memory of the times. He also says that the city of Tarsus was built by him after the model of Babylon, and that the name Tharsin was given to it. And now, with the remaining deeds of Senecherimus written, he adds that he lived reigning for eighteen years, until he was extinguished by an ambush set for him by his son Ardumuzanus. Thus Polyhistor.

2. Indeed, the times also harmonize with the narration of the divine books. For under Ezechia, Senecherimus reigned, as Polyhistor indicates, for eighteen years: after whom his son reigned for eight years: then Samuges for twenty-one years, and likewise his brother for twenty-one: then Nabupalasarus for twenty years: finally Nabucodrossorus for forty-three years: so that from Senecherimus to Nabucodrossorus eighty-eight years pass by. Now if anyone were to examine the books of the Hebrews, he would find the same things as have been stated.

For after Ezechias, the son of Ezechias rules the remaining Jews for fifty-five years ^A; then Amosus for twelve years: then Josias for thirty-one years: afterwards Joachimus, at the beginning of whose reign Nabuchodonosorus, being about to occupy Jerusalem, arrived and led the captive Jews away to Babylon. And yet, from Ezechias to Nabuchodonosorus, eighty-eight years pass by, as many as Polyhistor indeed calculated from the Chaldaean history.

5. With all these things settled, Polyhistor proceeds again to relate certain deeds done by Senecherimus, and concerning his son he writes in exactly the same way as the books of the Hebrews, and he explains all things very accurately. Pythagoras the wise is said to have existed at that time under these kings. Now after Samuges, Sardanapallus ruled the Chaldaeans for twenty-one years. He sent an embassy to Astyages, who was the master and satrap of the Median race ^B, in order to betroth Amuhia to his son Nabucodrossorus. Then Nabuchodrossorus ruled for forty-three years, who also, having collected an army, made an impression upon the Jews, ^A the Phoenicians, and the Syrians, and reduced them to slavery.

Nor indeed is there any need for me to confirm with more arguments that Polyhistor also agrees with the Hebrew history in these matters. After Nabucodrossorus, his son Amilmarudochus reigns for twelve years, whom the Hebrew documents call Ilmarudochus. Polyhistor presently says that Neglisarum ruled the Chaldaeans for four years: then Nabodenus for seventeen years. During his reign, Cyrus the son of Cambyses invaded the Babylonian region with his forces, with whom Nabodenus having entered into battle, being defeated, took to flight. Cyrus reigned in Babylon for nine years, until he perished in another battle joined on the plain of Dahar. Then Cambyses held the empire for eight years: after that Darius for thirty-six years: then Xerxes and the other kings of the Persians.

4. Now since Berosus treats of the kingdom of the Chaldaeans concisely and distinctly, so Polyhistor speaks outright: from which it is manifest that Nabuchodonosorus took the Jews by armed force. From him, however, to Cyrus the king of the Persians, seventy years are accumulated: wherefore the Hebrew history also agrees, namely that they were in ^C slavery for those seventy years.

^D And as Berosus treats of the kingdom of the Chaldaeans concisely and distinctly, so Polyhistor speaks outright: from which it is manifest that Nabuchodonosorus took the Jews by armed force. From him to Cyrus, the king of the Persians, seventy years are accumulated: wherefore the Hebrew history also agrees, namely that they were in slavery for those seventy years.

What has been said thus far, Abydenus also relates with sufficient agreement in his History of the Chaldeans: for he himself enters upon a narrative not unlike that of Polyhistor.

CHAPTER VI.

Of the first kingdom of the Chaldeans according to Abydenus.

CHAPTER VII.

Abydenus on the deluge.

^B 2. And as for what has been said in these matters, as regards the deluge, I am confident that it is known to all that it corresponds precisely with the history of the Hebrews. Now, that these historians, being Greeks or Chaldeans by race, should have called Noah by another name, that is, Xisuthrus, this indeed let us not wonder at: and likewise that they have applied the name of gods to God after their own custom, and have passed over the dove in silence, and instead of her have vaguely said "birds"; these things, I say, are not greatly to be wondered at. Thus Abydenus writes of the deluge in his History of the Chaldeans. The same man writes also concerning the building of the tower, in this manner, in agreement with the narrative of Moses. ^C

Abydenus on the building of the tower.

^A It is said that the first men, puffed up by their strength and size, and indeed despising the gods as their superiors, raised an exceedingly high tower where Babylon now stands, and were already close to heaven. But when the winds came to the aid of the gods, they overturned the contrivance upon them; and from this the ruins are called Babylon. Before this time, being of one language, they were brought by the gods into a confusion of many tongues. After this, conflict arose between Cronus and Titan.

Abydenus on Sennacherib.

1. In these times, the twenty-fifth king was Sennacherib, who subdued Babylon to himself, and on the coast of the Cilician sea scattered a fleet of the Greeks. He also built a temple of Athens; he provided also that bronze images should be made, in which it is recorded he had inscribed his own exploits. Finally, he founded Tarsus in the form which Babylon uses, in such a way that the river Cydnus flows through the middle of Tarsus, just as the Euphrates divides Babylon. Next to him reigned Nergilus, whom his son Adrameles slew. Again, his brother Axerdis killed him, born of the same father but a different mother, and he pursued his army until he shut it up within the walls of Byzantium. He was the first to draw in mercenary forces, among whom was Pythagoras, a follower of the Chaldean wisdom. Moreover, Axerdis acquired Egypt and the lower parts of Syria. From this Sardanapallus arose.

After him, Saracus ruled the Assyrians: who, indeed, being informed of the bands of miscellaneous people that were advancing against him from the sea, immediately sent Busalussor as commander of the militia to Babylon. But he, having formed plans for rebellion, betrothed Amuhia, the daughter of Astyages, prince of the Medes, to his own son Nabuchodrossor; and soon he marched rapidly against Ninus, or Nineveh, and made an assault upon the city. Upon learning all this, King Saracus burned the royal palace of Evorita. ^B But then Nabuchodrossor, having obtained supreme power, surrounded Babylon with firm walls. Having narrated these things, Abydenus pursues the remaining exploits of Nabuchodrossor in such a way that he does not at all conflict with the books of the Hebrews.

Abydenus on Nabuchodonosor.

1. Nabuchodrossor, having assumed the kingdom, surrounded Babylon within about fifteen days with walls and a triple rampart, and he drew off the river Armacale from the Euphrates; he also dug a pool in a high place near the city of Sippara, forty parasangs in width and twenty cubits in depth. Moreover, he took care to add sluices to this, by which, when closed, the entire plain might be irrigated. They call the name of the sluices ^C *echetognomones* (sluice-regulators), as if they were endowed with a certain innate will and inclination. Furthermore, he fortified the shore of the Red Sea against the onrush of the waves; then at the threshold of the Arabian region...

he founded the city of Teredon. He also adorned the royal palaces with fresh shoots from trees, and named them hanging gardens. He presently sets forth with accuracy what is meant by these hanging gardens, and says that they are counted by the Greeks among the seven most beautiful wonders.

2. In another place the same man speaks as follows: Everything, he says, was formerly held by waters, and this sea was called the sea; which Belus suppressed, and assigned to each thing its own place. The same man surrounded Babylon with walls, which had been destroyed in the course of time but were finally restored by Nebuchodrossorus; and they remained until the empire of the Macedonians, not without gates fashioned of bronze. Everything that Abydenus relates accords with the narrative of Daniel, in whose account Nebuchodonosorus is introduced, swollen with pride, speaking thus ^B: "Is not this great Babylon, which I have built to be the seat of the kingdom, by the strength of my might, for the honor of my glory?"

3. Now, as to the prosperity of his empire, which Daniel testifies to in the words he speaks concerning Nebuchodonosorus, hear Abydenus: "He was," he says, "stronger than Hercules"; and he explains this by the following style of discourse. Megasthenes says: "Nebuchodrossorus, who excelled Hercules himself in strength, undertook an expedition with great forces into Libya and Iberia. Having subdued these regions, he settled a portion of the inhabitants on the right-hand coast of the Pontus." Then the Chaldeans relate that his mind was taken over by a certain divine inspiration, so that he broke forth into these words: "I, Nebuchodrossorus, O stout Babylonians, prophesy to you of the calamities that are about to come upon you." Then he foretold other things, and immediately vanished. ^C His son Evilmerodachus reigned; but his kinsman Neriglisar having killed him, left a son, Labossoracus. When he also had been taken off by a violent fate, they designated Nabonedochus as king, a man with no claim to the throne: a man to whom Cyrus, having captured Babylon, granted the governorship of Carmania; but he was driven from that same province by King Darius.

4. And these things all accord with the Hebrew scriptures: for it is related in the history of Daniel why and for what reason Nebuchodonosorus lost his mind. But the Greek or Chaldean writers draw that defect into a good sense, and say that he was obsessed by God, and they call the mental aberration by which he was seized "God"; or they suppose that a certain genius had rushed into him. And this is not to be wondered at: for they are accustomed to attribute all things of this sort to God, and to designate their gods by the name "genius." All these things are from Abydenus. But also Flavius Josephus, the chronicler of the Jews, in his former history of the ancients, records matters that are in agreement with these.

CAPUT XI.

1. Come now, he says, I will now tell those things which are reported most accurately in the histories of the Chaldeans concerning us, with which in many other respects there is also a great agreement with our own writings. Indeed, a witness to this matter is Berossus, a Chaldean by ^D race, and well-known to those who are engaged in the study of literature, since he wrote about astronomy...

and the philosophical doctrines of the Chaldeans for the Greeks. This Berossus, following the most ancient records, composed a history of the deluge and the destruction of mankind, just as Moses did; he also wrote of the ark, fashioned like a chest, in which Noah, the patriarch of our race, was saved, and which came to rest upon the peaks of the Armenian mountains. Then, enu- ^A merating the descendants of Noah one by one and assigning the times of each, he comes down to Nabupalassar, king of Babylon and of the Chaldeans, and, recounting his exploits, he says how and by what counsel he sent his son Nabuchodrossorus with countless troops and immense equipment into Egypt and our own region, after news reached his ears that the inhabitants of these provinces were plotting sedition. Having arrived there, he suppressed their rebellion, set fire to the temple in Jerusalem, and, after totally overturning the population of our people, brought them to the land of Babylon. And so it happened that the city was destroyed and the temple lay in ruins for seventy years, down to Cyrus the first king of the Persians. He says further that this Babylonian king held dominion over Egypt, Syria, Phoenicia, and Arabia, excelling in strength and vigor all who had reigned over the Chaldeans and Babylonians before him.

I will now set forth the very words of Berossus himself, which run in this manner: “When his father Nabupalassar heard that the satrap who had been appointed over Egypt and the regions of Coelesyria and Phoenicia had become a rebel, and being unable in his own person to exact punishment, he entrusted a portion of his forces to his son Nabuchodrossorus, who was still ^B in the vigor of youth, and ordered him to pursue the satrap in war. Nabuchodrossorus, as soon as he arrived there and joined battle, proved superior to the rebel and brought those regions back under his own dominion. It happened, however, that his father Nabupalassar was at that time stricken with illness and exchanged his life for death in the city of Babylon, having reigned twenty-one years.

“Nabuchodrossorus, not long after learning of his father’s death, having established order in the affairs of Egypt and the remaining regions, gave orders to some of his friends to bring the captives of the Jews, Phoenicians, Syrians, and the nations of Egypt, together with a heavily armed force and the rest of the booty and equipment, to Babylon, to which place he himself also returned.

“Upon finding the state of affairs among the Chaldeians controlled by the best of them, and having gained full possession of his patrimony, he ordered the captives to be settled in the most suitable parts of Babylonia. Then, with the spoils of war, he munificently adorned the temple of Belus and the rest, and not only decorated the city that had existed from the beginning, but also added another outside it ^C and restored it, so that those who besieged the river in the future might be unable to turn it back upon the city, and he built three walls within the city, and three of the...

^A outer wall: some made of baked brick and bitumen, and some of brick alone. Now, the city being excellently fortified and the gates divinely adorned, he added another palace nearby to his father’s, the design, beauty, and varied equipment of which one could scarcely narrate. I shall only say that, although it was a temple so elaborate, marvelous, and exceeding measure, it was inflamed by the war of the Babylonians, and that it began to be restored at the time when Cyrus obtained the empire of Asia, will be clearly evident from the history of Berosus. For in his third book he relates these things: Nabuchodrossorus, after the construction of the aforementioned walls, was seized by illness and departed this life, having reigned for three years and forty; and his son Evilmarudochus obtained the kingdom. This man, appearing to exercise the royal authority intemperately and unjustly, was sought out by the plots of his own sister’s husband, Neriglassare, and perished in the second year of his reign. Upon his removal, the empire was taken over by the conspirator Neriglassare, and administered for four years. Then, the son of Labesorachus was dominated in his boyhood for nine months; and soon, because of indications of a depraved character, he was tortured ^B and killed by those close to him. He having been killed, his conspirators by common counsel conferred the kingdom upon a certain Babylonian, Nabonnedus, who had been in the same inimical conspiracy. Under him, the walls of Babylon were constructed by the riverbank with baked bricks and bitumen. And when his reign was already in its seventeenth year, Cyrus, rushing from Persis with the greatest forces, and after the other kingdoms had been overturned, attacked Babylon. Nabonnedus, when he felt him approaching, led an army against him, and having been overcome in battle, he fled and shut himself up with a few others in the city of the Borsippeni. Babylon having been captured, Cyrus ordered the outer walls of the city to be undermined from the foundations, because forsooth the city appeared to him too strong and difficult to capture; then he [prepared] to besiege Nabonnedus in Borsippa.

^A besides these, some of baked brick and bitumen, and others of brick itself. And having fortified the city in a worthy manner, and ornamented the gateways in a manner befitting sacred things, he further constructed alongside his paternal palaces other palaces adjacent to them, exceeding them in height and great extravagance; it would perhaps be tedious if one were to explain them, except that they were of an extent both great and haughty, and were completed in fifteen days. In these palaces he built up high stone terraces, and having made their appearance most similar to mountains, he planted them with all kinds of trees and fashioned what is called the hanging garden, because his wife desired the mountain-like atmosphere, having been reared in the regions about Media.

^B ...of the Chaldean [books], in which he reproaches the Greek historians, as those who vainly supposed that Babylon was founded by Semiramis the Assyrian, and who falsely wrote that those marvelous works about it were constructed by her. And according to these things, the writing of the Chaldeans should be held trustworthy. But truly, even in the archives of the Phoenicians, things are recorded in agreement with what is said by Berosus, that that king of the Babylonians subdued all of Syria and Phoenicia. Certainly, Philostratus agrees with these things, remembering in his histories the siege of Tyre; and Megasthenes in the fourth of his Indian [books], through which he attempts to show that the aforementioned king of the Babylonians excelled even Hercules himself in bravery and the magnitude of his achievements; for he says that he also subdued most of Libya and Iberia.

^C ...invading, and it began again to be rebuilt, Cyrus having received the kingdom of Asia, will be clearly shown from the things presented from Berosus. For he speaks thus through the third [book]: Nabuchodonosor, therefore, after he had begun [the work on] the aforementioned wall, having fallen into illness, departed this life, having reigned forty-three years; and his son, Evilmarudochus, became master of the kingdom. This man, having conducted affairs lawlessly and lewdly, was plotted against by him who had his sister, Neriglessarus, and was slain, having reigned two years. After the slaying of this man, he who had plotted against him, Neriglessarus, having received the authority, reigned four years. His son, Laborosoarchodus, ruled the kingdom as a boy for nine months; but having been plotted against because he showed many signs of malice, he was beaten to death by his friends. Upon his destruction, those who had plotted against him, having gathered together, jointly bestowed the kingdom upon a certain Nabonnedus from Babylon, being of the same conspiracy. In his time the walls about the river of the city of the Babylonians were decorated with baked brick and bitumen. And his reign being in its seventeenth year, Cyrus came out from Persis with a great force, and having subdued all the rest of Asia, he rushed upon Babylonia. And Nabonnedus, having perceived his approach, having met him ^D

^A in battle, was defeated, and having fled with a few men, he was shut up in the city of Borsippa. Cyrus having captured Babylon, and having ordered the outer walls of the city to be razed, because the city appeared to him too formidable and difficult to take, marched against Borsippa to besiege Nabonnedus. But Nabonnedus not enduring the siege, but having surrendered himself, was treated by Cyrus with clemency, and having given him a dwelling in Carmania, he sent him out of Babylonia. Nabonnedus therefore, having spent the rest of his time in that country, ended his life. These things carry the truth in agreement with our books; for it is written in them that Nabuchodonosor in the eighteenth year of his own ^B reign devastated our temple, and it was desolate for fifty years; and in the second year of the reign of Darius it was completed. The counting of the times is as follows. Under king Ithobalus, Nabuchodonosor besieged Tyre for thirteen years. After him Baal reigned ten years. After him judges were appointed and presided. Echnibalus, son of Baslachus, for two months; Chelbes, son of Abdæus, for ten months; Ablarus, high priest, for three months; Mytgonus and Gerastartus, son of Abdelimus, served as judges for six years. In the meantime Balatorus reigned for one year. Upon his death, they sent and summoned Merbalus from Babylon, and he reigned for four years. Upon his death, they summoned his brother Hiromus, who reigned for twenty years. Under him Cyrus became the ruler of the Persians. ^C Accordingly, the total time is fifty-four years and three months in addition. For in the seventh year of his reign Nabuchodonosor began to besiege Tyre; and in the fourteenth year of Hiromus, Cyrus the Persian took the power. And the records of the Chaldeans and Tyrians are in agreement concerning the temple with our writings. The kings of the Assyrians were Arabelus, Chalaus, Anebus, Babius.

Of the Assyrian kingdom by Abydenus

From the summary of Castor. Of the Assyrian kingdom

^A it is added that the giants brought war upon the gods and were slain in the slaughter: that Hercules and Bacchus were the bold assistants of the gods, who themselves were also Titans: that Belus, of whom we spoke before, died, who was even thought to be a god. After him, Ninus held dominion over the Assyrians for fifty-two years, who took Semiramis to wife. After him, Semiramis ruled over the Assyrians for forty-two years. Zamem, who is also Ninyas, succeeded her. Next, he enumerates the kings of the Assyrians who followed, one by one and in order, down to Sardanapallus, naming each one: whose names and the duration of their rule we shall also set down a little later. Indeed, he also speaks of these things in the canon which he compiled, saying: "We have arranged the kings of the Assyrians first, taking our beginning from Belus. But because the years of his reign have not been handed down clearly, we mention the name, but we have made the beginning of our chronology from Ninus, and we conclude with the Ninus who succeeded to the kingdom after Sardanapallus." ^B Others say that Ninus held the Assyrian power after Sardanapallus, as Castor does also. The Sicilian Diodorus, who compiled his "Library," uses almost the same narrative.

CHAPTER XIV. From the book of Diodorus. Of the kingdom of the Assyrians

1. In the beginning, local kings held Asia under their rule, of whom neither any notable deed nor even their names are remembered. But the first of those handed down to history and memory, Ninus, king of the Assyrians, accomplished great deeds; concerning whom we shall endeavor to write in detail. Shortly after, with more things interposed, he says that he begat Ninyas from Semiramis: and when he died, he left his wife as ruler. That Ninus was buried by Semiramis in his royal palace. Again, having narrated a few other things, he adds that Semiramis, after ruling over all the Asians, except the Indians, died in the aforementioned manner, having lived sixty-two years, and having ruled for forty-two years. Next, he narrates in order that, after his death, Ninyas, the son of Ninus and Semiramis, took up the rule and ruled peacefully, for he did not at all emulate the warlike and adventurous spirit of his mother. Finally, with other intermediate matters, ^C he adds that Ninyas and the other kings thereafter, sons who succeeded their fathers in the rule, reigned successively down to Sardanapallus: for under him the power of the Assyrians devolved to the Medes, which had indeed lasted for more than one thousand three hundred years, as Ctesias of Cnidus hands down in his second book.

2. Moreover, it is of no interest to write down the names of the kings and the number of years in which they reigned; since nothing worthy of memory was done by them, except that auxiliary force sent to the Trojans. ^D As for the Assyrians who ruled from Ninus and Semiramis down to Belaeus, the son of Delcetadas: at this time, the race of Semiramis having ended, a certain Belitaras, a gardener, reigned, and his race in sequence down to Sardanapallus, as seems correct to Bion and Alexander Polyhistor. Therefore, the Assyrians reigned for 1306 years. The Ambrosian codices have 1360. This is that very famous controversy concerning the duration of the Assyrian empire, ventilated by ancient and recent critics alike. Herodotus (I, 95) teaches that this empire lasted for five hundred and twenty years. Ctesias, in Diodorus (II, 21), says one thousand three hundred and sixty years; or, as in chapter 28, more than one thousand three hundred; or, as in Syncellus (p. 359), one thousand three hundred and six; or even slightly more, as in Agathias (p. 63; and indeed Justin I, 2, says exactly one thousand three hundred). Hence arose the divergences of the critics.

^A regarding the actions of Assyrians, which have indeed deserved historical record, led by the army commander Memnon, son of Tithonus. For when Tautanus was holding the kingdom of Asia, who was the twenty-sixth from Ninyas the son of Semiramis, it is said that the Greeks, with Agamemnon, undertook an expedition against Troy, when the Assyrians had already held Asia for more than a thousand years. Priam, in fact, the king of the Trojans, being heavily pressed by the war, committed himself to the king of the Assyrians, and sent envoys to ask for help: he granted him ten thousand Ethiopians and as many Susians, with two hundred chariots, and Memnon, son of Tithonus, as commander of the forces. Having said these things, he soon adds: that the barbarians affirm these exploits of Memnon are narrated in the royal annals.

3. Sardanapallus, who was the thirty-fifth from Ninus, the founder of the empire, and the last of the Assyrian kings, surpassed all who had preceded him in luxury and sloth. ^B And he says a little later that he was so given over to luxury, that not only did he lose his own life shamefully, but he also overturned the entire Assyrian empire, the security of which had long surpassed all others that are remembered. A certain Arbaces, a Mede by race, a man distinguished in virtue and strenuous, commander of the Median military force, which ^C was sent annually to the city of Ninus, on that occasion struck up a friendship with the commander of the Babylonian army, and at his request overthrew the empire of the Assyrians. These things Diodorus [records] in the second book of his Historical Library. Concerning the Assyrian empire, Cephalion also refers to the same things in these words.

CAPUT XV.

of whom one succeeded to the rule. And not one of them died having reigned less than twenty years. For their warless, risk-averse, and effeminate life was their security; for they remained indoors, and no work was performed by them, nor did anyone see them, except for the concubines and the effeminate men among the household. If anyone wishes to know these kings, Ctesias is the one who lists their names, twenty-three in number, I believe. But what joy or pleasure could it be to me, in writing, to call by name these cowardly and soft barbarian tyrants, devoid of any glorious deeds? ^B 3. Then he adds: In the four hundredth year of this domination, Belus reigned over the Assyrians; and Perseus, the son of Danae, arrives in his country, leading one hundred ships; and Perseus fled from Dionysus, the son of Semele. And afterwards: In a later generation, under king Panyas, the fleet of the Argonauts sailed to the river Phasis and to Colchian Medea; and they say that Hercules, having wandered from the ship because of his love for Hylas, was captured among the Cappadocians. And again, he reckons even the years from Semiramis to king Mithraeus up to the time. ^B After Mithraeus, Tautanus succeeds to the rule, he himself also living according to the customs and laws of the Assyrians; and nothing new or noteworthy took place under him. Agamemnon and the Mycenaeans campaigned with the Argives and the rest of the Achaeans against the city of Ilium, under the leadership of Priam the Phrygian. ^C

Medea’s Confutation

If anyone were allowed to gain the fruit of victory through falsehood, or to obtain the honor of praise among all men, without a doubt the tragic poet Euripides would excel everyone, for he has surpassed the entire fleet of poets with his wealth of fabulous narrative. Yet he reaches the extreme limits of lying in those things which he relates about Medea. For he claims that she, having entered into a partnership with a certain Jason, sailed from Scythia to Thessaly, and that here, after professing magic arts, she decided to destroy the king who ruled the land through deceitful schemes. Therefore, having mentioned to the king’s daughters their father’s long-standing, wretched old age and the lack of male offspring to succeed to the paternal kingdom, she voluntarily offered them her help, declaring that she could, if they themselves wished it, restore him again to youthful age. Having said this, he proceeds to narrate in detail the manner in which the deed was performed: namely, that Medea threw a dismembered ram into a cauldron and applied fire; and that when it boiled with the motions, she revealed the appearance of a living ram; and in this way, having deluded the daughters, she caused them to dismember Pelias. And that was, he says, in the cauldron; and he adds nothing besides. ^D Thereupon, Moses carefully refutes the individual points of Euripides' fable and exposes them as utterly incredible (although elsewhere Moses admires Euripides greatly). Now, scarcely anyone narrates this deed of Medea more copiously than Diodorus Siculus, IV, 50-52.

^A prior to the city of Ilium, in which the Phrygian Priam held military command. A copy of a letter of Priam to Teutamus is also circulated, of this kind: "By military force," he says, "I have been attacked in your region by Greeks making an incursion, and the war has been waged with varying fortune. Now, however, my son Hector is dead, and many other brave offspring of mine. Send us, therefore, reinforcements from your forces under a capable leader." Hence he explicitly states that aid was sent by Teutamus, and that the leader of the army was Memnon, son of Tithonus, whom the Thessalians caught in an ambush and slew. He states afterwards, explicitly, that Sardanapallus was made king of the Assyrians in the thirteen-hundredth year; and he records his destruction as well. Then, with Sardanapallus removed, the Assyrian empire was overthrown by Arbaces and transferred to the Medes. All these things [are from] Cephalion.

6. But the kings of the Assyrians who are recorded in the emended copies are these:

ASSYRIAN KINGS

I. Ninus, who they say was the first to rule over all of Asia, with the exception of the Indians, for 52 years. Under him it is certain that Abraham, the patriarch of the Hebrew race, lived. II. Semiramis for 42 years. III. Zames, also called Ninyas, for 38 years. IV. Arius for 30 years. V. Aralius, who is Amyrus, for 60 years. VI. Xerxes, who is also Balæus, for 30 years. VII. Amramithes for 38 years. ^B VIII. Belochus for 35 years. IX. Balæas for 12 years. X. Aladas for 32 years. XI. Mamythus for 30 years. XII. Macchaleus for 30 years. XIII. Sphærus for 22 years. XIV. Mamylus for 30 years. XV. Sparæthus for 40 years. XVI. Ascatades for 40 years. Under him was Moses, the lawgiver of the Hebrews. XVII. Amyntas for 45 years. XVIII. Belochus for 45 years. His daughter Tratres, who is called Achurardista, reigned with him for 17 years. Bacchus and Perseus were in this age. XIX. Balatores for 30 years. XX. Lamprides for 32 years. XXI. Sosares for 8 years. XXII. Lampares for 30 years. XXIII. Panyas for 42 years. Under him the fleet of the Argonauts and Hercules were known. XXIV. Sosarmus for 19 years. XXV. Mithræus for 27 years. XXVI. Teutamus for 32 years. Under him Ilium was captured. XXVII. Teutæus for 40 years. XXVIII. Thinæus for 30 years. XXIX. Dercylus for 40 years. ^C XXX. Eupalmeus for 38 years. Under him David, the illustrious king of the Hebrews, lived, whose son Solomon founded the temple in Jerusalem. XXXI. Laosthenes for 45 years. XXXII. Peritiades for 30 years. XXXIII. Ophratæus for 21 years. XXXIV. Ophratanes for 50 years. XXXV. Acrazanes for 42 years. XXXVI. Sardanapallus for 20 years. Under him Lycurgus was giving laws to the Lacedaemonians.

7. This was the end of the Assyrian kings, while Tespieus, son of Ariphron, was in Athens. The duration of the Assyrian empire, according to accurate writers, is 1,240 years; according to others...

1,300. Thonnus Concolerus, who is called Sardanapallus in Greek, having been defeated by Arbaces and Belesis, gave himself over to the fire. From him to the first Olympiad there are forty years. Arbaces, taking the Assyrian empire from Sardanapallus, established Belesis as king of the Babylonians; he himself transferred the Assyrian empire to the Medes, the longevity of which is as follows.

KINGS OF THE MEDES

KINGS OF THE LYDIANS

KINGS OF THE PERSIANS

^A ruled over the Romans in the age of Augustus (a title, which word means "adorable"); and he was at that time already in the fifteenth year of his reign over the Roman empire. From this year to the two hundred and second Olympiad, in which the fifteenth year of Tiberius falls, there are fifty-two years. From this point to the vicennalia of Constantine there are three hundred years. So much for these matters. Now we must proceed to the chronology of the Hebrews.

CHAPTER XVI

In what manner chronology is handed down by the Hebrews.

1. We add the Hebrew accounts successively from Moses, and from those who are reported among the Hebrews after him: then from the account of ancient history by Flavius Josephus: then finally from the Chronicles of Africanus. The times of the Chaldeans, Assyrians, Medes, and Persians, and likewise the history of the kings, stand in this regard in exactly the same way as we have stated in the preceding ^B section. Indeed, it has been sufficiently well established that the lineage of the Hebrews originates from Chaldea: for it is clearly agreed that Abraham was a Chaldean, and that his ancestors dwelt in Chaldea. Moses also narrates this, committing it to writing, in these words: "And Thara took Abram his son, and Lot the son of Aran his grandson, and Sara his daughter-in-law, the wife of Abram his son, and he led them out from the land of the Chaldeans." Therefore, according to the chronicles of the Chaldeans, the history of the ancient Hebrews is most aptly ascribed. Yet that which is handed down by them regarding the flood is such that they ^C vehemently shrink from Greek myths, specifically with regard to the flood which they claim happened under Deucalion. Nay, even that great flood which the Greeks maintain occurred in the age of Ogygus is far removed from the times of that flood whose knowledge is commonly known among the Hebrews: for this occurred almost one thousand two hundred years before the times of Ogygus; although the Ogygian flood is two hundred and fifty years older than the Deucalion flood. Furthermore, the correspondence of the Assyrian chronicles, by which the history of the flood is contained, is not insignificant with the oracles of the Hebrews, by which the ten generations of procreation before the flood are diligently calculated and handed down.

2. Moreover, after the flood, the human race was disseminated throughout the whole world by three men. For they say that the whole of Europe, and the region from Mount Amanus as far as the western ocean, was frequented by the inhabitants descended from Japheth: Egypt, Libya, and the entire region beyond as far as the setting sun, from Ham: and finally Assyria and the remaining parts of the East from Shem, the eldest of the brothers. They also say that the first founder of Babylon was Nebrod, in these words of the Hebrew literature: "Chus begot Nebrod, who, as the Scripture says, began to be a giant on the earth. He was a giant hunter before the Lord. Whence that saying flowed: As Nebrod the giant hunter before the Lord. The beginning of his kingdom was Babylon, and Ored, and Achad, and Chalane in the land of Senaar. From that same land went forth Assur, who built Nineveh."

^A They say that Nineveh was so named, which was the first royal city of the Assyrians and which recognizes Assur as its founder. Now he was of the sons of Sem, by whom we have said all the regions of the East were occupied. It is reported that there were born of Sem (†) also Elam, and Assur, and Arphaxad, and Aram, and Lud. But from Elam sprang the Elamites, the first race of the Persians (2); by them the city of Elymais was founded. Of Assur were the Assyrians begotten; and Assur founded the city of Nineveh, which was soon called Ninive. From Arphaxad came the Arphaxadaeans, who were also called Chaldeans (3). From Aram, the Arameans, who also have the name of Syrians. Finally, from Lud, the Lydians (4). Now the son of Arphaxad was Sala; of him was Heber, from whom the name and race of the Hebrews were propagated. Abraham succeeded Heber in the sixth place, the patriarch of the Jewish race, in the tenth generation after the flood. Thus far these matters. Indeed, we have said much in few words to demonstrate the affinity of the Hebrews with the Chaldeans and Assyrians. Now it is worth the effort, having repeated the matter from a little further back, to make a beginning of the chronology of the Hebrews.

3. Now Moses begins to narrate exactly those things which concern our original creation; but after the goodness was lost, he unfolds the first history of human lineages, the patriarch of which he declares to be Adam, who is indeed a homonym for the whole race: for in the Hebrew tongue, Adam signifies all men universally. The age, therefore, in which he, having been driven from paradise, prolonged his life, the divine Spirit sets forth through Moses: then he enumerates in a straight series the succession of his descendants, and likewise the times for the ages of each, so that we may now be able from Adam onward to weave together and order the chronology of the Hebrews.

4. For the times during which he dwelt in that which is called the paradise of God, there is no one who can declare it. Indeed, it seems to me that that wonderful Moses, using the divine Spirit, intends to signify some resting place better than our world and some most blessed abode of life beloved of God, when he calls paradise the first settlement of the human race (5): namely, that Adam led a sweeter and more pleasant life in paradise, which is the province of man: because concerning the entirety of his race it was settled that he had designed it (6).

5. For this chronology of ours has no account of the period of his inhabiting [it]; nor does it start from the heaven and earth created, as some have thought they must do; but from the time when our nature began to be, as it now exists, mortal; and a condition of life of such a kind arose for us from that ancient parent: from him, I say, who fell from paradise, and was driven from a sweeter and happier life, and was named Adam. I shall collect the years of his life, by which he concluded his fatal and mortal existence, from the Hebrew codices, and I shall recite them in the following discourse. This, clearly, is the head of the Hebrew chronology, from which even the Mosaic book begins in this way.

6. "And he cast him out," he says, namely the first man, "the Lord God from the paradise of delights, to till the earth from which he was taken. And he cast out Adam, and placed him over against the paradise of delights. Then he adds (***): "Adam went in unto Eve his wife, who conceived and bore Cain." And from this point our chronology entirely takes its beginning: for the history of the time before this, if there is any, is to be held as entirely disconnected by later ages as ineffable. Moreover, the Hebrews themselves greatly disagree among themselves in calculating their times; wherefore it is worth the effort to have knowledge of the texts existing among them, so that from a formally instituted comparison the truth may shine forth. Furthermore, the five books of Moses recite the creation of the world, the ages of those living both before the flood and of the ancient men after it, and also the Hebrew lineages, and finally the departure of Moses from this life.

7. But the Volume of the Law is held otherwise among the successors of the Jews than among the Samaritans, who were proselytes of the Jews. Indeed, even the letters themselves are of a different form among the Hebrews than among the Samaritans: yet not even the heirs of the Jews will deny that the Samaritan [letters] are to be held as genuine and primordial (****). Therefore, before the letters were changed, there was no division between them. Again, with regard to the chronology, the disagreement of the parties is manifest.

^A The sense, which a comparison to be instituted by us shortly will for the most part prove, is made clear by the consensus of words and opinions in the Alexandrian version (1); and the same was deposited in the library and most diligently preserved. But now I shall accurately describe the tenor of the individual texts, so that anyone may easily be able to understand the differences of the aforesaid history.

The editio of the Greek interpretation, however, in certain places deviates strongly from the Jewish, though not equally so from the Hebrew–Samaritan: so that it does not harmonize with this latter at all up to the flood, yet from that point until the times of Abraham it possesses a consenting tradition. The text of the Seventy men that is circulated among us is that which, under Ptolemy Philadelphus, was translated from the Hebrew into the Greek tongue, the vernacular of Egypt, and by a marvelous ^B arrangement, worked out in the Alexandrian city.

8. Therefore, let us first see how the interpretation of the Seventy Men holds its chronology from Adam to the birth of Abraham.

OF THE SEVENTY MEN.

I. First man, Adam, at the age of 230, begat Seth: and he lived thereafter for 700 years until the 135th year of Malalael.

II. Seth, at the age of 205, begat Enos: and he lived thereafter for 707 years until the 20th year of Enoch.

III. Enos, at the age of 190, begat Cainan: and he lived thereafter for 715 years until the 53rd year of Mathusala.

IV. Cainan, at the age of 170, begat Malalael: and he lived thereafter for 740 years until the 81st year of Lamech.

V. Malalael, at the age of 165, begat Jared: and he lived thereafter for 730 years until the 48th year of Noach.

VI. Jared, at the age of 162, begat Enoch: and he lived thereafter for 800 years until the 280th year of Noach.

VII. Enoch, at the age of 165, begat Mathusala: and he lived thereafter for 200 years, and was translated in the 33rd year of Lamech.

VIII. Mathusala, at the age of 167, begat Lamech: and he lived thereafter for 802 years. Under him the flood occurred twenty-two years before his death (2), whence the sum of the remainder of his life is known. But according to other copies, he lived after begetting Lamech for another 782 years (3) and died as the flood was encroaching.

IX. Lamech, at the age of 188, begat Noach: and he lived thereafter for 535 years. Lamech died before his father Mathusala, having prolonged his life until the 535th year of Noach.

^A (*) Thus also the things set forth by Eusebius in threefold manner, as he says, both according to the seventy wise interpreters, and according to that which is found among the Hebrews, and furthermore according to the copy among the Samaritans. From the same, p. 80. (**) We have seen first how the interpretation of the seventy has taken up the chronology from Adam to the birth of Abraham. From Syncellus, p. 81.

EUSEBIUS ON THE WORDING OF THE SEVENTY.

(***) The first of men, Adam, having become 230 years old, begets Seth; and he lived 700 years until the 235th year of Malalael. Seth, having become 205 years old, begets Enos; and he lived 707 years until the 20th year of Enoch. Enos, having become 190 years old, begets Cainan; and he lived 715 years until the 53rd year of Mathusala. Cainan, having become 170 years old, begets Malalael; and he lived 740 years until the 81st year of Lamech. Malalael, having become 165 years old, begets Jared; and he lived 730 years until the 48th year of Noach. Jared, having become 165 years old, begets Enoch; and he lived 800 years until the 6th year of Noach. Enoch, having become 165 years old, begets Mathusala; and he lived 200 years, and was translated in the 33rd year of Lamech. Mathusala, having become 167 years old, begets Lamech; and he lived 802 years. Lamech, having become 188 years old, begets Noach; and he lived 535 years. The first Lamech dies before his own father Mathusala; he lived until the 535th year of Noach. From Syncellus, p. 81, 82.

^B We note this one thing: that Irenaeus, namely in *Adv. Haer.* 3, 25 (whose opinion also Clement of Alexandria reports in *Strom.* 1, 22, p. 409, 410), reports that the translation of the Bible was provided under Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, father of Philadelphus; but this discrepancy is resolved in a certain way in Eusebius, *Hist. eccl.* VII, 32, by Anatolius, who says that this interpretation was offered to both kings; from which statement we understand that both Ptolemies reigned during that time, namely in the final age of Ptolemy Lagus. Thus Vossius thinks in *De historicis Graecis* 1, 12. Yet Eusebius, not only in this place but also in the later book, and in *Praep. ev.* VIII, 1, commemorates only Philadelphus in this matter.

(2) The years of Mathusala begetting [Lamech] were 167; to which must be added the 188 of Lamech begetting Noach. To these ^C again must be added the 535 of Noach until the flood, which is the sum of 880 [sic] years. But Mathusala lived 969 years; therefore, he exceeded the flood by 14 years. And this is the famous question, to use the words of Jerome (*Quaest. in Gen.* 5, 25), aired in the disputation of all the Churches, that indeed, according to a diligent calculation, Mathusala is reported to have lived fourteen years after the flood. But Augustine, *De civ. Dei* 15, 13, and *Quaest. in Gen.*, as well as *De peccato orig.* 2, 27, says that in some Greek codices of the LXX, and also in one Latin and one Syriac, it is found that Mathusala died six years before the flood.

(3) The Armenian Bibles say that Mathusala survived 782 years after generating Lamech; though the same teach that Mathusala begat him in the 187th year of his age: wherefore, according to the opinion of the Armenians, Mathusala survived the flood.

^A

X. Noachus, at 500 years of age, begat Sem, Cham, and Japheth; he lived thereafter for 100 years until the flood. The flood came in the 600th year of Noachus. And Noachus lived after the flood for 350 years, until the 58th year of Abraham. The sum of years is 1656. This differs from the interpretation of the Seventy by 586 years.

10. In this numbering of years, the times of the other patriarchs from Adam to Noachus, before each began to beget children, differ from the interpretation of the Seventy; whereas the times of Jared, Mathusala, and Lamech agree with it ^B. Now, from the agreement of these three, it is easy to conjecture that our reading is likewise better in the preceding cases. For from the abundance of time...

Noachus, having become 500 years old, begets Sem, Cham, and Japheth; and he lived for 100 years until the flood. In the 600th year of Noachus the flood occurred; and Noachus lived after the flood 350 years, until the 83rd year of Heber. In total, everything is 2242. These are according to the interpretation of the Seventy. From Syncellus, p. 83 D.

EUSEBIUS ACCORDING TO THE HEBREW VERSION

Adam, having become 130 years old, begets Seth; and he lived 800 years until the 56th year of Lamech. Seth, having become 105 years old, begets Enos; and he lived 807 years until the 168th year of Lamech. Enos, having become 90 years old, begets Cainan; and he lived 815 years until the 84th year of Noachus. Cainan, having become 70 years old, begets Malaleel; and he lived 840 years until the 179th year of Noachus. Malaleel, having become 65 years old, begets Jared; and he lived 830 years until the 234th year of Noachus. Jared, having become 162 years old, begets Enoch; and he lived 800 years until the 366th year of Noachus. Enoch, having become 65 years old, begets Mathusala; and he lived 300 years, and was translated in the 113th year of Lamech. Mathusala, having become 187 years old, begets Lamech; and he lived 782 years until the flood itself. Noachus, having become 500 years old, begets Sem, Cham, and Japheth; and he lived 100 years until the flood. In the 600th year of Noachus the flood took place; and Noachus lived after the flood 350 years, until the 58th year of Abraham. In total, everything is 1656 years. He disagrees with the interpretation of the Seventy by 586 years.

In these cases, the times of the others from Adam down to Noachus, before the child-bearing of each, deviate from the interpretation of the Seventy; but those of Jared and Mathusala and Lamech agree with it; and from the agreement of these, it is possible for one to perceive by calculation ^C that the reading we possess has the advantage over that of the others.

^A For it is clear that the longer time concerning Jared, and of those who preceded him, ought to coincide with the translation of the Seventy. For if those who were younger and later in time are found, through the addition of centuries, to be in agreement with the Hebrew writing and the interpretation of the Seventy, how much more is it to be expected that those who were more ancient, and the very ancestors of those, were in reality longer-lived than those who came after? Seeing, however, in the summary of each man's life, that the time before the begetting of children, and that after the begetting of children, when taken together, preserve the same number according both to the Hebrew reading and to the interpretation of the Seventy, while only the years before the generation of children have been contracted in the Jewish copies, I am moved to suspect that this was the work of the Jews, who dared to shorten and hasten the times before the begetting of children for the purpose of encouraging early marriage. For since the most ancient men were long-lived and survived for a great many years, if they had come to marriage and procreation as quickly as the reading among them indicates, who would not have striven to imitate them in the same manner of rapid marriage?

EUSEBIUS ON THE READING ACCORDING TO THE HEBREW AMONG THE SAMARITANS

X. Noah, having become 500 years old, begets Shem; and he lived 100 years until the flood. In the 600th year of Noah the flood occurred; and Noah lived after the flood ^A 350 years, until the 83rd year of Eber. The sum of all the years is 1307. This differs from the Hebrew copy of the Jews by 349 years, and from the interpretation of the Seventy by 935 years. And these are the things before the flood. ^B Let us proceed also to the times after these, noting first that which is in agreement with the flood described by the Hebrews, and that the record of the Chaldeans also makes mention of the ark built by Noah. Now, that the flood covered every highest mountain, we ourselves, who write these things, have observed the truth of the matter with our own eyes. For in our age some fish ^C were found in the highest peaks of Lebanon. For some people, cutting stone from the mountains for building purposes, found various genera of sea fish, which, having become petrified in the clay in the hollows of the mountains, had in the manner of preserved specimens remained to this day, so that we, by the very sight of them, have the witness of the ancient account preserved.

ACCORDING TO THE INTERPRETATION OF THE SEVENTY

I. Shem, the son of Noah, begets Arphaxad; and he lived 500 years, until the 101st year of Peleg. II. Arphaxad, having become 135 years old, begets Sala; and he lived 403 years, until the 9th year of Reu. III. Sala, having become 130 years old, begets Eber; and he lived 406 years, until the 7th year of Serug. IV. Eber, having become 134 years old, begets Peleg; and he lived 433 years, until the 38th year of Nachor. V. Peleg, having become 130 years old, begets Reu; and he lived 209 years, until the 75th year of Serug. In the days of Peleg the earth was divided: for which reason Peleg signifies "division" in the Hebrew tongue. He died before his father. In his time the building of the tower occurred, and out of one language from that time many languages were propagated, and a distinct idiom was allotted to each nation. The divine books record this, ^D and the writings of foreign nations also support the same opinion, namely, that which Polyhistor Alexander hands down in his volume on Chaldean affairs, and likewise Abydenus, whose words I have produced above in the Chaldean records. Now after Peleg

^A VI. Ragau, having reached the age of 135, begat Seruch, and lived thereafter 207 years until the 77th year of Nachor. VII. Seruch, having reached the age of 130, begat Nachor, and lived for 200 years until the 51st year of Abraham. VIII. Nachor, having reached the age of 79, begat Thara, and lived for 110 years until the 49th year of Abraham. IX. Thara, having reached the age of 70, begat Abraham, and lived for 135 years until the 35th year of Isaac. X. The first year of Abraham. He is the progenitor of the Jewish nation. In his time, Ninus and Semiramis held dominion over the Assyrians and all of Asia. From the flood to the first year of Abraham, 942 years are collected. Now, from Adam to the flood there were 2242 years; the sum therefore is 3184 years. ^B

ACCORDING TO THE HEBRAIC COPY OF THE JEWS

I. Shem, the son of Noah, begat Arphaxad, and lived for 500 years until the 50th year of Jacob. II. Arphaxad, at the age of 35, begat Sala, and lived for 403 years until the 48th year of Isaac. III. Sala, at the age of 30, begat Heber, and lived for 403 years until the 18th year of Jacob. IV. Heber, at the age of 34, begat Phalec, and lived for 430 years until the 79th year of Jacob. V. Phalec, at the age of 30, begat Ragau, and lived for 209 years until the 48th year of Abraham. VI. Ragau, at the age of 32, begat Seruch, and lived for 207 years until the 78th year of Abraham. ^C VII. Seruch, at the age of 30, begat Nachor, and lived for 200 years until the first year of Isaac. VIII. Nachor, at the age of 29, begat Thara, and lived for 119 years until the 49th year of Abraham. IX. Thara, at the age of 70, begat Abraham, and lived for 135 years until the 35th year of Isaac. X. The first year of Abraham. From the flood to the first year of Abraham, there are completed 292 years. But from Adam, the total is 1648 years. It differs from the interpretation of the Seventy by 1235 years. ^D

ACCORDING TO THE HEBREW OF THE SAMARITANS

^A II. Arphaxad, at 135 years of age, begat Sala; and he lived thereafter 301 years, until the 101st year of Phalec. III. Sala, at 130 years of age, begat Heber; and he lived thereafter 301 years, until the 39th year of Ragau. IV. Heber, at 134 years of age, begat Phalec; and he lived thereafter 270 years, until the 140th year of Ragau. V. Phalec, at 130 years of age, begat Ragau; and he lived thereafter 109 years, until the 109th year of Ragau. VI. Ragau, at 132 years of age, begat Seruch; and he lived thereafter 207 years, until the 77th year of Nachor. VII. Seruch, at 130 years of age, begat Nachor; and he lived thereafter 100 years, until the 21st year of Abraham. VIII. Nachor, at 79 years of age, begat Thara; and he lived thereafter 69 years, until the 69th year of Thara. IX. Thara, at 70 years of age, begat Abraham; and he lived thereafter 75 years, until the 75th year of Abraham. X. The first year of Abraham. From the flood to the first year of Abraham, there are completed 942 years, the same number which is found in the edition of the Seventy.

Therefore, the Hebrew letters which are preserved among the Samaritans agree with our own reading, so far as concerns the designations of the earlier years before the begetting; but they differ from the Hebrew copy of the Jews by 650 years. For from the flood to the first year of Abraham, in the books of the Jews, there are 292 years.

^B Since, therefore, the most ancient Hebrew text, which survives to this day among the Samaritans, is consistent with the interpretation of the Seventy, and presents the patriarchs as begetting from the flood to Abraham after the aforementioned centuries of years, and what is beyond that—how can it be said that those elders, being of much longer life than what happened to their descendants, came to procreation so quickly, and not rather at the time which the Seventy designate? Moreover, a prudent line of reasoning persuades us to confess outright that the Jewish writing errs in reviewing the times from Adam to Abraham, except for the three [years] which revolve around Jared; but that the Samaritan writing is in error only up to the flood; for from the flood to Abraham, it is in agreement with the list of years written down by the Seventy. Most evidently, therefore, the Jewish exemplar of the Hebrews lies in error: for it… ^C

OF EUSEBIUS ACCORDING TO THE HEBREW OF THE SAMARITANS

Year 2 after the flood: Sem, the son of Noe, begets Arphaxad; and he lived 500 years, until the 101st year of Phalec. Arphaxad, having become 135 years old, begets Sala; and he lived 303 years, until the 39th year of Phalec. Sala, having become 130 years old, begets Eber; and he lived 303 years, until the 39th year of Ragau. Eber, having become 134 years old, begets Phalec; and he lived 270 years, until the 140th year of Ragau. Phalec, having become 130 years old, begets Ragau; and he lived 109 years, until the 79th year of Ragau. Ragau, having become 132 years old, begets Seruch; and he lived 207 years, until the 77th year of Nachor. Seruch, having become 130 years old, begets Nachor; and he lived 100 years, until the 21st year of Abraham. Nachor, having become 79 years old, begets Thara; and he lived 69 years, until the 69th year of Thara. Thara, having become 70 years old, begets Abraham; and he lived 75 years, until the 75th year of Abraham. First year of Abraham. In total, from the flood to the first year of Abraham, there are 942 years, just as there were also according to the interpretation of the Seventy.

The Hebrew text carried among the Samaritans is therefore in accord with our reading in the first accounts of the years before the begetting; but it disagrees with the Hebrew of the Jews by 650 years; for from the flood to the first year of Abraham, according to the writing of the Jews, there were 292 years.

Since, therefore, according to the most ancient Hebrew—which is still preserved among the Samaritans even now—the patriarchs from the flood and until Abraham are shown to have produced children after the aforementioned hundreds of years and the number of years above them, in agreement with the interpretation of the Seventy, what argument will say that those elders, although they lived many years longer than those who lived afterward, came most quickly to procreation, and not rather according to the times noted by the Seventy? This is what a sound mind also forces one to think, so that it is necessary to confess that the writing among the Jews is mistaken in the times from Adam to Abraham, except for the three [years] concerning Jared; whereas the writing among the Samaritans is mistaken only in the times from Adam to the flood; for the years from the flood to Abraham are found to be in agreement with the notation of the years carried by the Seventy. But it appears ^D clearly that the Hebrew of the Jews is mistaken; for it concludes according to a sound...

^A interpretation that Noah lived after the flood for three hundred and fifty years, which makes it clear that he lived until the fifty-eighth year of Abraham.

There is another way as well to perceive the absurdity of the Jewish copies, in that they record those before Abraham as having begotten children at the age of thirty, whereas those after Abraham are recorded as having reached an age older than thirty years before they came to begetting children. Therefore, since the interpretation of the Seventy ^B stands as derived from the ancient and, as it appears, undefiled Hebrew text, we have naturally made use of it for the present chronology; especially since the Church of Christ, spread throughout the whole world, adheres to this alone, having had it delivered to us to use from the very beginning by the apostles and disciples of our Savior.

There are, then, according to the Seventy, from Adam ^C to the flood, 2242 years; and from the flood to the first year of Abraham, 942 years; all told, 3184 years. According to the Hebrew text among the Jews, from Adam to the flood are 1656 years; and from the flood to the first year of Abraham, 292 years; all told, 1948 years. According to the Hebrew text of the Samaritans, from Adam to the flood are 1307 years; and from the flood to the first year of Abraham, 942 years; all told 2249 years. ^D

19. Now, from the first year of Abraham to the departure of the Jews from Egypt, by the consent of all interpreters, the years amount to 505; the calculation of which is as follows. When Abraham was in the seventy-fifth year of his age, God appeared to him, and received him, promising that He would give to his offspring the land of promise. Truly, it is recorded in the monuments of literature that Abraham was five and seventy years old when he departed from Haran: "and Abraham took Sarah his wife, and Lot his brother’s son." Furthermore, the Scripture says clearly soon after: "And God appeared to Abraham, and said to him: To thy seed will I give this land." Thus, from the beginning of the age of Abraham are completed 75 years; then from the 75th year of Abraham until the departure of the Jews from Egypt, the years are 430. Indeed, the apostle Paul also comes as a witness to this matter: "The covenant," he says, "which was confirmed before by God, the law which was made after 430 years does not disannul, to make the promise of none effect." And he adds: "God gave it to Abraham by promise."

20. Isaac is born to Abraham in his hundredth year, and in the twenty-fifth year of the divine promise. There are required, to the departure from Egypt, an additional 405 years, so that from the promise to that time, there are gathered 430 years. Now God, who had revealed Himself to Abraham, appearing to him again, says: "Know of a surety that thy seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs, and shall bring them into bondage, and shall afflict them four hundred years." He calls the offspring too long-lived, that we do not mistakenly think of the times of Isaac. Moreover, at the departure of the children of Israel ^A from Egypt, a period of 430 years is commemorated. For the Scripture says: "The sojourning of the children of Israel, who dwelt in the land of Egypt and in the land of Canaan, they and their fathers, was four hundred and thirty years. And it came to pass after the four hundred and thirty years, all the host of the Lord went out from the land of Egypt by night."

^A Age indeed when the years are calculated as 430 after the promise of God, which was made in the seventy-fifth year of Abraham; it follows absolutely that from the first year of Abraham to Moses and the departure from Egypt there are counted 505 years. Which some indeed reckon minutely as follows: Abraham, they say, at 100 years of age begat Isaac. Isaac at 60 years of age begat Jacob. Jacob at 86 years of age begat Levi. Levi at 46 years of age begat Kohath. Kohath at 63 years of age begat Amram. Amram at 70 years of age begat Moses. Moses at 80 years of age led the people out of Egypt. There are completed from the first year of Abraham to the departure from Egypt 505 years. Moreover, the sum from Adam to the departure from Egypt, according to the Seventy, is 4689 years; according to the Jews, 2453 years; and finally, according to the Samaritans, 2753 years.

21. However, since the book of Judges (with which also the proclaimer ^B the apostle Paul in the Acts of the Apostles agrees) follows a doctrine of times different from the history of the Kingdoms, and Hebrew tradition disagrees, it will be worth the effort to go through these records one by one and embrace the opinion which shall appear correct.

22. And meanwhile, it is not inconsiderate to pass over the fact that Africanus has also composed five books of Chronology, who, in my judgment at least, wanders in gross error regarding these matters which we are now discussing. For he calculates the years from the departure of Moses to the building of the temple of Jerusalem by means of his own peculiar ^C calculations as 744: a large part of which time he sins by establishing without testimony; not only for this reason—that he opposes the book of the divine utterance—but also because he rashly thrusts in a hundred years of his own invention. For he increases the years of the elders who were after Joshua, which years he writes as 30; then after Samson the years of popular power as 40, and again 30 years of peace. And by silently establishing such an excess of years without due confirmation, he inserts, by his own device, the weight of many years between the times of Moses and the kingdom of Solomon, which space he defines as more than 740 years. But indeed, it must be looked into how many generations existed before, and it must be known from that very source how weak the artifice of words is which Africanus uses. For since ^D from Abraham to David 14 generations are numbered; and under Moses already the ninth generation was passing, under whom indeed Naasson son of Aminadab was acknowledged, the prince of the tribe of Judah, who also died in the desert: for he was of those who had departed from Egypt, and had been enrolled in the first census of numbers; it is sufficiently constant that that number of years cannot be filled out by the remaining five generations after Naasson up to David. For Naasson begat Salmon; he, Booz; he, Obed; he, Jesse; he, David. How then can it be that within the bounds of five generations after Moses, a space of 700 years is contained? For if anyone should divide the time into equal parts for each individual generation, the years of men...

emerging before marriage will count as 140, to which no wise ^A man will give credence. For even Moses himself died at the age of 120 (1), and likewise his successor Joshua departed from nature in his 110th year (2): before whom Joseph concluded his life within 110 years in total (3). Add to these the yet more ancient Jacob, also named Israel, the patriarch of all the Jews, who himself lived no more than 145 years (4). Therefore, it is absurdly stated that anyone in a later time, specifically after Moses, was as long-lived as we hinted at above: and so Africanus in this matter has hallucinated (5).

23. ^B Reckoning from Joshua, the successor of Moses, until the building of the temple (6), he accumulates 724 years, which one may learn from his first book (7). Now, the divine apostle Paul, addressing the Jews in public in the Acts of the Apostles, says: “God destroyed seven nations in the region of the Chanaanites (8), and gave them their land as a possession. Then for 450 years he continued with them under the power of the Judges until Samuel the prophet. And when from that time they demanded a king be set over them, He granted them Saul, the son of Cis, a man of the tribe of Benjamin, for 40 years: and when he was removed, He exalted David among them.”(★) These are the words of the Apostle, according to whose judgment the years after Joshua are 534. For the years of the Judges are in total 450 until the time, as he himself says, of Samuel: to these, when the 40 years of Saul are added together with those of Samuel’s time, and likewise the 40 of ^C David: and finally the four until the building of the temple. The sum of the years is 534, according to the Apostle, from Joshua, the successor of Moses, to Solomon. But if you add to these the 40 years that Moses also spent in the desert; then and the 27 of Joshua, son of Nun, the sum rises to the Apostle’s count of 600 years.

24. For to this the Book of Judges also gives support to the Apostle: for even there the years of the Judges up to Samuel are found to be 450, set down one by one in this manner (10).

FROM THE BOOK OF JUDGES

^D Again, the Aliens for 20 years. Then Debora and Baracus for 40 years. Soon the Madianites for 7 years. Gedeon for 40 years. Abimelech for 3 years. Thola for 23 years. Jairus for 22 years. The Ammanites for 18 years. Jephtaeus for 6 years. Esbon for 7 years. Æalon for 10 years. Labdon for 8 years. The Aliens for 40 years. Sampson for 20 years. Finally, Heli the priest for 40 years, as it is in the Hebrew copy.

Sampson for twenty years. ^A Heli, under whom was Samuel, for forty years.

25. The total of the time during which the judges exercised their magistracy, up to Samuel, is exactly 450 years, as our herald, the Apostle, also supports. Yet, outside of this calculation are the ages of Moses, and likewise of his successor Joshua, and also of Samuel and Saul. But let us add the times of Samuel and Saul and Joshua. By the testimony, I say, of the Apostle, the forty years of Saul are added to the 450 years of the Judges: to which number, by adding the forty years of David and the four years of Solomon, there arises a sum of 534 years, which is evidently the apostolic tradition. Now, having added the forty years that Moses spent in the desert, and again the twenty-seven years of Joshua the son of Nun, as the Hebrews themselves concur, the sum of 600 years is gathered.

26. Now if you compare these times in the five generations that occurred from Nahshon to David, so that you allot a proportionate part of time to each man, it is certain that before each one approached marriage, more than 115 years would have been attributed to each: which is utterly abhorrent to faith. For since it is an established fact that Moses did not live beyond the 120th year, could his descendants have celebrated marriages at nearly that age?

27. What remains, I ask, but to proceed to the testimony which is sought from the books of Kings? ^B Yet the books of Kings vehemently affirm that the entire space of time, from the departure of the children of Israel from Egypt to the building of the temple of Solomon, consists of 440 years; although the Hebrew copies have 480. For the third book of Kings says that in the 440th year after the departure from Egypt, the building of the divine house was begun by Solomon: in the Hebrew copies, however, it is read as the 480th year. Doctors of the Jews affirm that this span of 480 years is ^C accurately collected, if the years during which foreigners possessed the Hebrews are not estimated separately, but only the dominion of the Judges over the people is calculated, into which the times of foreign tyranny are also merged: having done this, they say that 480 years are clearly formed. Moreover, the herald, the Apostle, does not seem to me to have wished to propose any chronology, nor to hand down any definite sentence as a calculation of the aforementioned years, nor, having put aside the doctrine of the saving word, to occupy himself with tracts on the times; but he seems to make use of the common reading of the book of the Judges who judged. But nevertheless, the book of Kings evidently hands down the aggregate of 440 or 480 years from the exodus to Solomon. Yet, nevertheless, if we set down the times of the Judges one by one, and again one by one the years which the book of Judges grants to the domination of the foreigners, the sum of time from Moses to Solomon will rise to 600 years. For truly, of Moses acting in the desert there are forty years; then Joshua for twenty-seven; afterwards, the Judges and the foreigners for 450, the Apostle testifying and the book of Judges conspiring in the same; next, the forty years of Samuel and Saul; finally, the forty years of David, and ^D the four of Solomon up to the constructed temple; the sum of years is 600. For if indeed that opinion, in which individuals of the aforementioned five generations beget children only at the age of 120, is, I say, utterly and completely at variance with truth and faith.

28. But even if we persist in the book of Kings, according to which 480 years are gathered, 120 years of Hebrew servitude being put aside (for the Hebrews remained in the power of the foreigners for that much time); although we further calculate the liberty and servitude of the people indiscriminately, as the calculus of the Hebrews hands down (which we also are about to follow in these our calculations, by which we shall close the times of the foreigners within the years of the judges); yet it cannot be persuaded to us that the interval...

of five generations, which pertains from Naasson to David, unless the forty years of Moses dwelling in the desert be subtracted from the four hundred and eighty, and those four of Solomon, so that there remain four hundred and thirty-six until the death of David; and these, in the five generations, are so distributed that to each man, when he begat, the year of age eighty-five is assigned: which, if anyone more perceptive should consider, he will recognize the true doctrine; especially if he also looks at the birth of David. For indeed, David was born to Jesse in the eighth place, after seven brothers by birth older. Hence also, we say, the ratio of the age of the preceding is to be measured. Therefore, by the judgment of our books of Kingdoms, from the abandonment of Egypt to Solomon and the temple being constructed, four hundred and eighty years pass: yet so that the times of the foreigners are also included in these, the series interprosed with the judges who held power in order.

29. But indeed, the matter becomes clearer in another way from the book of Judges itself. Jepthae was rendering justice to the people, and against him was kindled the war of the Amorites, inhabitants of the Jordan river. He sent a messenger to the enemy with these words: "Art thou better than Balac, son of Sephoris, king of the Moabites? And did he perhaps contend with Israel or wage war against them when Israel was dwelling in Esebon and its suburbs, and in Aroer and its suburbs, and in all the places along the Jordan, for three hundred years? Why did they not deliver them at that time?" But by these things Jepthae teaches that from the times of Moses and Balac, son of Sephoris, until his own time, three hundred years intervene. But this space of time is by no means completed, unless the times of the foreigners are thought to be the same, ^B as we have said, as those who functioned with the power of the judges. In truth, if you calculate separately the years in which the people, pressed by force, served the foreigners, the times will truly exceed the limits of three hundred years. On the other hand, if you count only the years of the ruling judges, from the defined time of Moses to Jepthae, the three hundred years will arise, which is confirmed by the testimony of Jepthae himself.

30. Therefore, our chronology is explained in this manner:

FROM MOSES UNTIL SOLOMON. Mosis years XL. Josuae years XXVII. Alienigenarum and Gothonielis the judge years LXXX. Alienigenarum and also Deborae and Baraci years XL. Gedeonis years XL. Abimelechi years III. Tholae years XXII. Jairi years XXII. Alienigenarum and Jepthae the judge years VI. Sebegonis years VII. Labdonis years VIII. Alienigenarum and Samsonis years XX. At this time the Iliac war was waged. Heli years XL. Samuelis and Saulis years XL. Davidis years XL. Salomonis years IV until the edifice of the temple. Sum from Moses and the departure from Egypt until the structure of the temple, years CDLXXX.

31. Regarding Josua, the successor of Moses, the book of this name tells nothing, except that he died in the one hundred and tenth year of his age. However, the Hebrews confirm that the leadership was exercised by him for twenty-seven years, so that he himself, when in his forty-third year, departed from Egypt with Moses. Now, when the sacred books do not clearly hand down the times of Samuel himself, I for my part would think that what was said by the divine apostle concerning Saul is common to both Saul and ^C Samuel. Certainly, it appears that Samuel presided over the people for many years: but Saul's...

^A biennium is confirmed only by holy scripture. For in the first chapter of the Book of Kings, the Scripture says: "A son of a year old," it says, "was Saul when he began to reign; and he ruled over Israel for two years." Although Symmachus illuminates this passage, which he interprets thus: "His son," he says, "was as a child of a year old when Saul took hold of the reins of the kingdom." By these words he signifies a man simple and free from vice at the beginning of his reign, who, however, did not remain in that state of life beyond two years; for afterwards he became depraved, and cast off by God, to such a degree that he was suffocated by a demon. Hence, his remaining years are reckoned into the age of Samuel, so that forty years are written for Samuel and Saul.

52. But the times of Saul do not increase to so many years based on apostolic testimony alone, but also upon diligent and accurate consideration of the sacred books. For when Saul was dead, the history says that Ishbosheth, the son of Saul, was forty years old when he began to reign over Israel, and that he reigned for two years, except for the house of Judah, which followed the side of David. Now, that this Ishbosheth was born just as Saul was advanced to the kingdom is evident from the fact that the sacred books, having recently commemorated the sons of Saul who reigned for some time, pass over in silence this Ishbosheth of whom we speak: which fact proves that he was born later: and the kingdom of Saul is as great as the age of his son is found to be after his death.

53. Thus far what was said must be held, which is written in the third book of Kings, namely that from the exodus from Egypt until the building of the temple of Solomon, four hundred and eighty years elapsed. Now from Abraham to the exodus led by Moses there were five hundred and five years. And from the flood to the first year of Abraham there were nine hundred and forty-two years. Finally, from Adam to the flood there were two thousand two hundred and forty-two years. But the total from Adam to the building of the temple of Solomon is four thousand seven hundred and seventy years.

CHAPTER XVII.

Joseph's testimony from the Phoenicians regarding the building of the temple at Jerusalem.

1. Now it is pleasing to proceed from here to the scriptures of our own people, and to bring forward testimonies from them. For among the Tyrians, from all antiquity, there remain records of past years, committed to royal writings and preserved most diligently, in which are contained the deeds performed by them, whether with themselves or with other peoples, whatsoever are worthy of memory. In these it is written that the temple at Jerusalem was built by King Solomon one hundred and forty-three years and eight months before the Tyrians founded Carthage. And the construction of our temple was recorded by them just as it was by us. For Hiram ^B, the king of the Tyrians, was a friend of our King Solomon, having inherited a paternal friendship towards him; he therefore, vying in his zeal for the splendor of the construction for Solomon, gave one hundred and twenty talents of gold; and having cut the finest timber from the mountain which is called Lebanon, he sent it for the roofing of the structure. Solomon, however, in order to remunerate him, granted him not only many other things, but also some districts to be possessed in the province of Galilee, by the name of Cabul. But most of all, the study of wisdom increased their friendship. For they used to send each other problems and commanded them to be solved: and in these Solomon excelled, and in many other matters he surpassed them in wisdom. Many of the letters which they wrote to each other still survive among the Tyrians. ^C

2. That these things stated thus far from the Tyrian commentaries are not my own fabrication, I shall summon as a most weighty witness a man who is believed to have written the history of the Phoenicians with the greatest fidelity, Dius, I say, who in his *History of Phoenicia* speaks as follows: — "When Abibalus had died, his son Hiromus obtained the kingdom. He walled in the eastern part of the city, and made the city itself larger, and the temple of Olympian Zeus, which was separated on an island, he joined to the city by filling in the intervening space with earth, and decorated it with golden offerings. Then, ascending Mount Libanus, which abounded in cedars, he cut down timber by means of workmen for the building of temples. Moreover, Solomon, the tyrant of Jerusalem, is said to have sent riddles to Hiromus, ^A and to have asked to receive others in return from him; under the condition that he who should fail to solve the riddle should pay a sum of money. When Hiromus had agreed to this condition, and thereafter was unable to solve the riddles, he paid a large sum of money as a penalty. But at last, a certain wise and learned man named Abdemon solved the riddles proposed by Solomon, and proposed others in turn, which Solomon could not solve, and he paid much wealth to Hiromus." And thus Dius confirms our words by his testimony.

3. To this I shall add Menander of Ephesus; for he also has recorded the deeds of the individual kings among the Greeks and Barbarians, having applied himself to learn the history from the native records of each region. Writing, then, about those who reigned in Tyre, and coming to Hiromus, he says these things: — "When Abibalus had died, his son Hiromus succeeded to the kingdom, who, having lived fifty-three years, reigned thirty-four years. ^B He filled in the broad space, and set up the golden pillar which is in the temple of Zeus, and furthermore, he went away and cut timber from the so-called mountain of Libanus, cedar wood for the roofs of the temples. And having torn down the ancient temples, he built new ones; he also consecrated the precinct of Heracles and of Astarte, and he made the one of Heracles first in the month of Peritius, then that of Astarte, when he marched against the Tityi who were not paying their tributes, whom he also subdued to himself and returned. In his time there was a certain younger son of Abdemon, who overcame the riddles which Solomon, king of Jerusalem, proposed."

4. And the time from this king to the founding of Carthage is calculated in this way: When Hiromus had died, his son ^C Balaibazerus took possession of the kingdom, who lived forty-three years and reigned seventeen years. After him, his son Abdastartus lived thirty-nine years and reigned nine years. He was killed by the conspiracy of the four sons of his nurse, the eldest of whom occupied the kingdom for twelve years. Then Astartus (son of) Delaestartus, who lived fifty-four years, reigned twelve years. Afterwards his brother Astharimus, who lived fifty-eight years, reigned nine years. He was killed by his brother Phelites, who also obtained the rule for eight months, and extended his life to the fiftieth year.

Ithobalus, priest of Astarte, killed him; he reigned thirty-one years and lived forty-eight. ^A His son Balezorus succeeded him, who lived forty-five years and reigned eight. Metenus, his son, followed him; he lived thirty-two years and reigned twenty-nine. Physmanon succeeded in his place, who lived fifty-eight years and reigned forty-seven. In the seventh year of his reign, his sister, having fled, founded Carthage in Libya.

5. The total time from the reign of Hiromus to the founding of Carthage is one hundred and fifty-five years and eight months. In the twelfth year of Hiromus, the temple at Jerusalem was founded. Therefore, from the founding of the temple to the building of Carthage, one hundred and forty-three years and eight months have elapsed. But what is the point of adding more to the testimony of the Phoenicians? For it is seen that the truth is strongly acknowledged. And surely the arrival of our forefathers in that land predates the construction of the temple. For when they had reduced the whole region to their own power, only then did they apply themselves to the building of the temple. This I have clearly shown from the sacred books, as I believe, in my ^B *Antiquities*.

6. Now our chronology, which we have appended—from the fourth year of Solomon, that is to say, from the founding of the temple, until that place was destroyed by the Babylonians—collects four hundred and thirty-two years, which are reckoned as follows:

I. Solomon, remaining years after the aforementioned three, 37. II. Roboamus, 16 years. III. Abias, 3 years. IV. Asa, 41 years. V. Josaphatus, 25 years. VI. Joramus, 8 years. VII. Ochozias, 1 year. VIII. Gotholia, the mother, 7 years. IX. Joasus, 40 years. X. Amesias, 28 years. XI. Ozias, 52 years. Under him the first Olympiad of the Greeks was instituted. XII. Joathamus, 16 years. XIII. Achazus, 16 years. XIV. Ezechias, 29 years. XV. Manasses, 55 years. XVI. Amosus, 1 year. XVII. Josias, 31 years. XVIII. Joachazus, 3 months. XIX. Joachimus, 11 years. XX. Joachimus, his son, the same as Jechonias, 3 months. XXI. Matthanias, the same as Sedechias, 14 years. Total of the years, 432.

CHAPTER XVIII.

On the Babylonian captivity of the Jews and the remaining times of the same.

1. Following this is the Jewish captivity in Babylon, and the desolation of the holy place for seventy years, which finish around the second year of Darius, king of the Persians, ^C and the sixty-fifth Olympiad; of which matter the divine Scriptures are witnesses. Clement also agrees with us concerning these, who writes this in the first book of the *Stromata*: "And the captivity was indeed extended to the seventieth year, and to the second year of Darius Hystaspis, who reigned by royal authority over the Persians, Assyrians, and Egyptians..."

^A Then the Lord says, "I will subvert that people, and the land of the Chaldeans." All these things happened under Cyrus. Yet the time of the captivity must in no way be reckoned from the destruction of the temple, but must be sought from a little further back, namely from the second year of Jehoiakim, king of the Jews (1), during whose reign the first captivity was inflicted by Nebuchadnezzar, king of the Babylonians; or rather, from the time when Jeremiah began his prophecy. For from that time until the city was besieged and the temple set on fire, forty years elapsed; but to the first year of Cyrus, seventy. From that space, which lies between the beginning of the prophecy of Jeremiah and Cyrus, the first seventy-year period is composed. Again, from the destruction of the temple to the years of Cyrus, there are thirty years, so that in the second year of Darius, seventy years also exist (2). Finally, in the eighth year (3) of Darius, the temple was restored.

^B 3. ***** Henceforth there was no native ruler of the Jews; they used their high priests as princes and leaders, but otherwise they obeyed the kings of the Persians as long as the Persian kingdom remained (4). After that, they were under the power of the Macedonians, who shone with royal authority after Alexander, until Antiochus Epiphanes, who, having gained the kingdom of Syria, began to vex the Jewish nation to turn them toward ethnic superstition. Under him, in fact, Mattathias, son of Asamon, a priest of Jerusalem, and his son Judas, surnamed Maccabaeus, and their successors, restored the Jewish principality and held it until Augustus, in whose age an alien kingdom, by the command of the Romans, was obtained by Herod. And at that time at last were the nativities of our Savior Jesus Christ, and the end was imposed on the prophecies reported by Moses: ^D "There shall never be wanting a prince [from Judah, and a leader from his loins, until he comes to whom it is reserved; and he himself is the expectation of the nations]."

And these matters stand thus.

4. The total time from the beginnings of Solomon up to the temple's reconstruction in the second year of Darius the Persian is 512 years. Then, from Moses and the departure from Egypt until Solomon and the foundation of the temple is 480 years. From the first year of Abraham until the exodus is 505 years. From the flood until the first year of Abraham is 942 years. And from Adam until the flood is 2242 years. Finally, from Adam until the second year of Darius and the second building of the Jerusalem temple, there are gathered 4680 ^A years. The remaining times after the second year of Darius, which was the first year of the sixty-fifth Olympiad, make up 137 Olympiads and 547 years. These times are thus calculated individually.

5. After King Cyrus the first of the Persians, [the power] reverted to Cambyses; from him to Darius, who reigned altogether for 36 years. In his second year the temple at Jerusalem was restored. There remain 34 years of Darius. Let there be held, therefore, 34 years of Darius. Then 20 years of Xerxes, under whom the affairs of Esther were transacted. Then 41 years of Artaxerxes. Under him flourished Ezra, a scribe skilled in the sacred books among the Jews. He is also said to have recalled to his mind all the Scriptures spoken by God and to have delivered them to the Jews, expressed in new forms of Hebrew characters: and this after the wars which had devastated that region. Furthermore, Nehemiah was known as the cupbearer, who, by the command of the king, traveled to Judea, aroused [the people of] Jerusalem, and surrounded the city with walls: for the city had sat in ruins up to that point, except for the temple, which had revived under Darius. After Artaxerxes, ^B these men ruled the Persians: Darius for 19 years. Artaxerxes Mnemon for 40 years. Ochus for 26 years. Arses for 4 years. Darius for 6 years. After these, Alexander of Macedon destroyed the Persian empire and reigned himself for 6 years; and even before he killed Darius he had already reigned for 6 years. The sum of time from the second year of Darius to the death of Alexander, which falls in the first year of the 114th Olympiad, is 197 years.

6. After the death of Alexander, these men held the rule of the Alexandrian city: I. Ptolemy Lagi for 40 years. II. Ptolemy Philadelphus for 38 years. Under him the sacred Books of the Hebrews were translated into the Greek language and received into the library of the Alexandrian city. III. Ptolemy Euergetes for 24 years. IV. Ptolemy Philopator for 21 years. V. Ptolemy Epiphanes for 22 years. VI. Ptolemy Philometor for 34 years.

7. In his time reigned in Syria Antiochus, surnamed Epiphanes, under whom occurred those things which are narrated in the book of the Maccabees; namely, that Antiochus forced the Jewish people to relapse into heathen superstitions, defiled the temple by dedicating signs there, and then plundered the sacred furnishings in the 151st Olympiad. Moreover, there lie between the death of the Macedonian Alexander and the first year of Antiochus Epiphanes 150 years, and between the second year of Darius and Antiochus himself 347 years. During the times of this Antiochus, Matathias, son of Asamonæus, showing forth zeal for the ancestral rites, stood out as a leader of the Jewish army. To him succeeded his son Judas, surnamed Maccabæus. After him again, his brother Jonathas; after whom, likewise his brother Simon, in whom the book of the Maccabees makes an end, ^C embracing the events of forty years, namely, up to the completion of the 161st Olympiad: from which to Augustus the Roman emperor 88 years remain.

8. After Simon, according to Africanus and Josephus, Jonathas led the army of the Jews, ^D who also...

(*) "But under this Antiochus, Matathias, son of Asamonæus, taking up zeal for the ancestral religion, recovered the rule of the Jews and led the people. After him his son Judas, called Maccabæus. After him, Jonathas. Simon, his brother, succeeds this man. The book of the Maccabees ends with him, containing a period of forty years up to the end of the 161st Olympiad. After Simon, Jonathas, who is also Hyrcanus, leads the Jews, just as Africanus and Josephus record."

Hyrcanus, twenty-six years. Then Aristobulus one year; he was the first to wear the diadem, having become both king and high priest of the Jewish nation, 484 years after the Babylonian captivity. After him Alexander, who is also Jannaeus, held the kingdom of the Jews for twenty-five years. Then his wife Alexandra, who is also Messalina, for nine years. Finally Aristobulus and Hyrcanus. At this time, Pompey, the general of the Roman armies, made the Jews tributaries to the Romans; and having established Hyrcanus as their king, he brought the bound Aristobulus to Rome. During the time of this Hyrcanus, Julius Caesar, reigning over the Romans, ruled for four years and seven months during the 184th Olympiad. After him, Augustus, who is also Sebastus, for fifty-six years and six months, under whom Herod, the first of foreign stock—a man naturally of Ascalonite descent, who had no rightful claim to the Jewish throne—was invested with power by the Romans. Under him the ^B Anointed of God is born in Bethlehem of Judaea. After Augustus, Tiberius was emperor of the Romans; this was his fifteenth year, in which our Saviour and Lord Jesus Christ, the God, appeared in the life of men.

Now from Adam to the second year of Darius, it was 5680 years. And from the second year of Darius, 548 years. The total from Adam to the fifteenth year of Tiberius is 6228 years. From the fifteenth year...

Eusebius' Second Book of the Theophany

He revealed seventy disciples, corresponding to the number of nations that are said to exist throughout the whole world; this is also indicated by the Scripture of Moses, which makes a list of the children born after the deluge of Noah; from whom the seventy in total were born, who true reason holds to have been the ancestors of the nations throughout the whole earth. ^C Anianus and Panodorus ^D reasonably reproach Eusebius, because in the recapitulation of his chronicle he erred by 210 years; for instead of 5816 he wrote 5606. He calculated it as follows: from Adam to the birth of Abraham he gathered 3184 years; and from Abraham to the twentieth year of Constantine, in his wider history, he gathered a period of 2342 years, which comes to 5526 years.

^A From the twentieth year of Tiberius to the twentieth year of Constantine the victorious Augustus, there are 300 years. The entire time is gathered into 5528 years, according to the Septuagint translation.

Some of their mythographers say that, in the beginning, gods and heroes ruled over Egypt for a little less than 18,000 years, and the last of the gods to reign was Horus, son of Isis. They say that after this, men ruled the land, beginning from Myris, for a little less than 5,000 years, down to the 180th Olympiad, during which time we arrived in Egypt, and Ptolemy, who was called the new Dionysus, was reigning. Of these, most of the power was held by native kings, while a small portion was held by Ethiopians, Persians, and Macedonians. The Ethiopians, they say, ruled for four cycles—not in a continuous series, but at intervals—for a total duration of a little less than 36 years. The Persians, after King Cambyses subdued the nation with his arms, led for 135 years, including even the times when the Egyptians revolted because they could not endure the harshness of their administration or their impiety toward the native gods. Finally, the Macedonians and their successors held the reins of government for 276 years. During the rest of the entire time, they used native kings: 470 men and 5 women. Regarding all of these, the priests had records in their sacred books, handed down from ancient times to their successors, indicating how great each of the reigning kings was in strength, character, nature, and what each accomplished in his own time. For us to write in detail about each one would be long and tedious, as most of it consists of useless information. So far Diodorus.

It is opportune and convenient to append here the Egyptian matters from Manetho, upon whom this history seems especially to rely.

CHAPTER XX. From the Egyptian monuments of Manetho, who divides his history into three books. Concerning the gods and heroes, the manes and mortal kings who ruled Egypt up to the Persian king Darius.

^B The first of the Egyptians, according to them, was Vulcan, who is also celebrated among them as the discoverer of fire. From him came Sol; afterwards Agathodaemon; then Saturn; then Osiris; after that, Typhon, the brother of Osiris; and finally Horus, the son of Osiris and Isis. These were the first among the Egyptians to hold power. Thence ^C the royal authority descended in a continuous succession down to Bytis for 13,900 years. However, I mean a lunar year, consisting of 30 days: for what we now call a month, the Egyptians once designated by the name of a year. After the gods, heroes reigned for 1,255 years; then again, other kings ruled for 1,817 years; then another thirty Memphite kings for 1,790 years; then another ten Thynite kings for 350 years. There followed the dominion of the manes and heroes for 5,813 years. The sum of the times rises to 11,000 years, which, however, are lunar, that is, monthly. But in truth, the dominion ^D which the Egyptians relate...

^B to have been held before the flood by gods, heroes, and manes for more than twenty thousand years; it is perfectly reasonable that these years should be converted into months, just as many years as are recorded by the Hebrews: namely, that those months which are contained in the years recorded by the Hebrews be understood as an equal number of Egyptian lunar years, in accordance with that sum of time which is gathered from the first created man up to Mezraim. For Mezraim was the author of the Egyptian race, and from him the first dynasty of the Egyptians is to be believed to have begun. But if an abundance of time still remains, it must be carefully considered that perhaps many Egyptian kings existed at one and the same time: for they say that the Thynites reigned, and the Memphites, and the Saitas, and the Ethiopians, and others at the same time. Furthermore, others also seem to have held power elsewhere, and these dynasties each contained itself within its own nome: so that ^C not individual kings held power in a single place, but one reigned in one place and another in another place at the same age. And from this it happens that such a great accumulation of years came about. But we, omitting these, shall pursue the chronology of the Egyptians one by one.

4. After the manes and heroes, they count the first dynasty of eight kings, of whom the first was Menes, outstanding in the glory of governing the kingdom; from whom we shall begin and diligently write down each of the families of those reigning, whose successive series is woven together in this way.

Menes the Thinite and his seven descendants (whom Herodotus called Mina). This man reigned for 30 years. The same man also advanced with an army beyond the borders of his own region, and was renowned for the glory of his deeds. He was carried off by a hippopotamus.

Athothis, his son, obtained the kingdom for 27 years. He built royal palaces for himself at Memphis, and cultivated the medical art, and even wrote books on the method of dissecting bodies.

Cencenes, his son, 39 years.

Vavenephis, 42 years, in whose age famine gripped the region. He built pyramids near the city of Co.

Usaphas, 20 years.

Niebas, 26 years.

Mempses, 18 years. Under him many prodigies and also a very great plague occurred.

Vibesthes, 26 years.

Sum of the dominion: 252 years.

Second dynasty of nine kings.

Concerning the Egyptian dynasties after the flood, according to Eusebius.

After the manes and the demigods, they enumerate a first dynasty of eight kings; of whom there was [1] Menes, who governed them famously; from whom we shall transcribe the kings who reigned from each line; the succession of whom has the following manner.

1. Menes the Thinite, and his seven descendants, ^D whom Herodotus called Menas, reigned for 60 years; he undertook an expedition abroad, and was judged glorious; but he was snatched away by a hippopotamus.

2. Athothis, the son of this man, ruled for 27 years, and built the palaces in Memphis, and practiced medicine, and wrote books on anatomy.

3. Cencenes, the son of this man, 39 years.

All these reigned for 252 years.

Second dynasty of nine kings.

4. Venephes, 42 years, in whose time a famine gripped the land, who also raised the pyramids around Cochome.

5. Usaphas, 20 years.

6. Niebaes, 26 years.

7. Semempses, 18 years, in whose time many portents occurred, and a very great destruction.

8. Ubienthes, 26 years.

^A The first is Bochus, under whom a vast chasm opened at Bubastis, and many perished. The second, Chous, in whose time the Apis, the Mnevis, and also the goat of Mendes were considered gods. Biophis, under whom it was decided by law that women also could hold royal dignity. After these, three others, during whose time nothing remarkable occurred. Under the seventh, it is fabled that the river Nile flowed with honey mixed with water for eleven days. Following him, Sesochris [reigned] for 48 years; it is said he was five cubits in height and three palms in breadth. Under the ninth, nothing worth recording occurred. ^B They reigned for 297 years.

Third Dynasty of Memphites, of eight kings.

Fourth Dynasty of Memphites, of 17 kings of a different royal family,

Fifth Dynasty, of 31 kings from Elephantine,

Sixth Dynasty.

Seventh Dynasty of Memphites, of five kings, who reigned for 75 years.

Eighth Dynasty of Memphites, of five kings, whose rule lasted 100 years.

Ninth Dynasty of Heracleopolitans, of four kings, who reigned for 100 years;

^A The tenth dynasty of Heracleopolitian kings was 19, who reigned for 185 years. The eleventh dynasty of Diospolitan kings was 16, who reigned for 43 years. After them, Ammenemes for 16 years. Up to this point Manetho extended the first book. In total, 192 kings, 2300 years.

OF THE SECOND BOOK OF MANETHO

The twelfth dynasty of Diospolitan kings was 7, the first of whom was Sesonchosis, son of Ammenemes, 46 years. 2. Ammenemes, 38 years, who was slain by his own eunuchs. 3. Sesostris, 48 years, whose stature is said to have been four cubits, three palms, and two fingers. In the space of nine years he subdued the whole of Asia, and parts of Europe as far as Thrace, erecting everywhere monuments of his subjugation of the nations; among the brave peoples he engraved the male genitals on the columns, and among the unwarlike, the female genitalia, for the sake of ignominy. Wherefore he received from the Egyptians honors next after Osiris. After him came Lampares, 8 years, who constructed for himself a cavernous labyrinth in the Arsinoite nome as a tomb. His successors ^B reigned for 45 years; all together they reigned for 245 years.

The thirteenth dynasty of Diospolitan kings was 60, who reigned for 453 years. The fourteenth dynasty of Xoite kings was 76, who reigned for 484 years. The fifteenth dynasty of Diospolitan kings, who reigned for 250 years. The sixteenth dynasty of Theban kings was 5, who reigned for 190 years. The seventeenth dynasty were Shepherds, brothers, foreign Phoenician kings, who also captured Memphis, of whom the first, Saites, reigned for 19 years, from whom the Saite nome also took its name. They also founded a city in the Sethroite nome, from whence, making an incursion, they subdued the Egyptians. 2. Bnon, 40 years. 3. Aphophis, 14 years. After him, Archles, 30 years. The sum of the years is 103. In their age, Joseph is shown to have been king of the Egyptians.

The eighteenth dynasty of Diospolitan kings was 14, the first of whom ^C ...

NOTE ON THE SEVENTEENTH DYNASTY

It must be noted how Eusebius, for his own purpose, says that those who appear in Africanus under the fifteenth dynasty occurred under the seventeenth. For since it is agreed by all that Joseph began his rule over Egypt under Aphophis, not having him to place under any other, he moved Aphophis from the fifteenth dynasty to the seventeenth, having curtailed his years from 61 to 14; and the years of the whole dynasty contracted from 151 to 103; and not six kings, but only four are written down. Syncellus offers nearly the same note on page 69 C-D.

Amoses, 25 years. Chebron, 13 years. Amophis, 21 years. Memphres, 12 years. Mispharmuthosis, 26 years. Tuthmosis, 9 years. Amenophis, 31 years. ^A This is the one who was considered to be Memnon, the speaking stone. Orus, 28 years. Achencheres, 16 years. In his time, Moses showed himself as a leader to the Hebrews departing from Egypt. Acherres, 8 years. Cherres, 15 years. Armais, who is also Danaus, 5 years; at the end of which he was driven from the region of Egypt, and, fleeing from his brother Aegyptus, he arrived in Greece and, having taken Argos, ruled over the Argives. Ramesses, who is also Aegyptus, 68 years. Amenophis, 40 years. Sum of the rule, 348 years. ^B

Nineteenth dynasty of five Diospolite kings

Twentieth dynasty of twelve Diospolite kings

Twenty-first dynasty of seven Tanite kings

And indeed, sixteen kings are written down, whereas from Eusebius only fourteen have been numbered, as Syncellus attests on page 62 C, which passage we cited a little earlier. ^C Again, this same Syncellus notes on page 62 D: Eusebius alone narrates under this king the exodus of Israel from Egypt under Moses as leader, with no history supporting him, nay, with all those before him testifying against him, as he himself bears witness to all those of a higher age. But consult by all means the observations of Scaliger on his own edition of the Eusebian Chronicle, pages 32-33.

From King Amosis, the first of this dynasty, to the reign of Mispharmuthosis, the years are gathered to be 71 according to the evaluation of Eusebius, and five kings, when six should have been written: for Eusebius subtracted the fourth, Amensen, whom Africanus and the others placed, along with his 22 years. ^D

Here too, Eusebius omitted two kings (for Africanus had written 16); he added, however, 85 years, since he wrote 348, while Africanus had written 263.

Theophilus also recounts without variation to Autolycus, III, 20. But here Syncellus notes, on the eighteenth dynasty, that Eusebius added 85 years beyond those defined by Africanus (who, for his part, writes 263, according to Syncellus, p. 72 B).

The codex here and in the tables is correct, but they correct the place and the sum which is submitted of the years and the later book of Eusebius and the Greek text.

One should say rather, a husband of Alcandrus, as it is in Homer, Odyss. IV, 126. But the Armenian interpreter thought the adjective was from *alk-*.

-*. Osochor, 6 years. Psinnaches, 9 years. Psusennes, 35 years. The sum of years is 130.

Twenty-second dynasty of Bubastite kings: Sesonchosis, 21 years. Osorthon, 15 years. Tacelothis, 13 years. The sum of years is 49.

Twenty-third dynasty of Tanite kings: Petubastis, 25 years. Then Osorthon, 9 years, whom the Egyptians called Hercules. Psammus, 10 years. The sum of years is 44.

Twenty-fourth dynasty: Bocchoris the Saite, 44 years, under whom a lamb spoke.

Twenty-fifth dynasty of Ethiopian kings: Sabacon, who took Bocchoris captive, burned him alive, and reigned 12 years. Sebichos, his son, 12 years. Taracus, 20 years. ^A

Twenty-sixth dynasty of Saites, 9 kings: Ammeres the Ethiopian, 12 years. Stephinathis, 7 years. Nechepsos, 6 years. Nechaus, 8 years. Psammetichus, 44 years. Nechaus the second, 6 years. By him Jerusalem was captured, and Jehoahaz the king was led captive into Egypt. Psammuthes the second, who is also Psammetichus, 17 years. Vaphres, 25 years, to whom the remnants of the Jews fled when Jerusalem had fallen under the power of the Assyrians. Amosis, 42 years. ^B The sum of years is 167.

Twenty-seventh dynasty of Persian kings: Cambyses, who in the fifth year of his reign took possession of Egypt, 3 years. The Magi, 7 months. Darius, 36 years. Xerxes, son of Darius, 21 years. Artaxerxes, 40 years. ^C

Twenty-second dynasty of Bubastite kings, three kings:

Twenty-third dynasty of Tanite kings, three kings:

Twenty-fourth dynasty:

Twenty-fifth dynasty of Ethiopian kings, three kings:

Twenty-sixth dynasty of Saite kings, 9 kings:

Twenty-seventh dynasty of Persian kings:

Xerxês the second, 2 months. ^A Sogdianus, 7 months. Dareios, son of Xerxês, 19 years. Total, 120 years and 4 months. The twenty-eighth dynasty. Amyrtaeus the Saite, 6 years.

The twenty-ninth dynasty. Four Mendesian kings. 1. Nepherites, 6 years. 2. Achoris, 13 years. 3. Psammuthes, 1 year. 4. Muthes, 1 year. 5. Nepherites, 4 months. Total, 21 years and 4 months.

The thirtieth dynasty. Three Sebennytan kings. 1. Nectanebes, 10 years. 2. Teos, 2 years. 3. Nectanebus, 8 years. Total, 20 years.

The thirty-first dynasty. Three Persian kings. 1. Ochus, in the twentieth year of his own reign, ruled Egypt for 2 years. 2. After him, Arses, son of Ochus, 4 years. 3. After him, Dareios, 6 years, whom Alexander the Macedonian overthrew.

These are from the third book of Manetho. Up to this point, Manetho. What follows these things is presented from Greek writers.

CHAPTER XXI. Josephus from the books of Manetho. On the Hebrews inhabiting Egypt.

^B All these things [are] from the third book of Manetho. What followed these, one ought to seek in the Greek books. For the old kingdom of the Egyptians reaches only this far. But since Flavius Josephus also, while discussing the ancestors of the Hebrews, produced testimonies from the books of Manetho, it is worth the effort to bring forward his words as well, which are of this kind in his first book concerning the ancient Hebrews.

1. But I will make a beginning from the Egyptian letters, which indeed it is not permitted to bring forward themselves by themselves; but Manetho, an Egyptian by race, a man imbued with Greek learning, as is apparent even from the fact that he wrote his native history in the Greek language, having translated it, as he himself says, from the monuments of the temples, and who also often refutes Herodotus for lying about Egyptian matters out of ignorance—this man, I say, Manetho, in the first [book] of his Egyptian history, writes thus about us. ^C But I will use his own words, since I am bringing him himself forward as a witness. We had, he says, a king, Timaeus by name. Under him, I know not how, God breathed against us, and surprisingly, from the regions of the East, men of ignoble race, having taken courage, marched against the country, and easily, without a battle, took it by force. And having arrested the rulers within it, they then cruelly burned the cities and leveled the temples of the gods. And they behaved in a most hostile manner toward all the natives...

leading away into slavery the children and wives of some of them. In the end, they even made one of themselves king, whose name was Salatis. He resided in Memphis, levying tribute from both the upper and lower regions, and leaving garrisons in the most suitable places, but especially ensuring the safety of the regions to the east, as he foresaw that the Assyrians, who were at that time most powerful, would harbor a desire to invade his kingdom. Finding in the Saite nome a city most conveniently situated, lying to the east of the Bubastite branch of the Nile, and called Avaris according to an ancient theology, he rebuilt it and fortified it most strongly with walls, settling therein a multitude of twenty-four myriads of armed men as a garrison. Hither he would come in summer, partly to dispense rations and pay, and partly to train his soldiers diligently in military exercises, so as to strike terror into foreigners. ^B Having reigned for nineteen years, he departed this life. After him, another reigned for thirty-six years and seven months, named Bnon/Apachnas. Then Apophis for sixty-one years, and Ianias for fifty years and one month. Finally, after all of them, Assis for forty-nine years and two months. These were the first six ^C rulers among them, who were always at war, and were more intent on plucking up the root of Egypt. Their entire nation was called HYCSOS, which means "king-shepherds"; for HYC in the sacred tongue denotes a king, and SOS is a shepherd in the common dialect, and so, when compounded, it becomes HYCSOS. Some say they were Arabs; in another copy, it says that the name HYC does not signify kings, but on the contrary denotes captives. For HYC again, and when aspirated AK in the Egyptian tongue, explicitly signifies captives. And this seems more probable to me, and as one consistent with ancient history. Manetho says that these aforementioned kings, those called shepherds, and their descendants, held Egypt for five hundred and eleven years.

3. After these things, he says that the kings from the Thebaid and the rest of Egypt rose up in revolt, and a great and long-drawn-out war broke out against them. Under a king whose name was Misphragmuthosis, he says that the shepherds, having been defeated by him, were driven out of all the rest of Egypt and shut up in a place with a circumference often thousand arourae; the name of the place was Avaris. Manetho says that the shepherds enclosed this whole place with a large and strong wall, so that they might keep all their possessions and booty in a stronghold. He says that the son of Misphragmuthosis, Thummosis, attempted to take them by force through a siege, having brought up forty-eight myriads of soldiers to the walls; but since he despaired of the success of the siege, he made an agreement that they should leave Egypt and depart unharmed; and they, relying on the treaty, departed from Egypt with their herds and families and all their possessions, namely, the myriads of soldiers

no less than twenty-four, and having traveled through the desert into Syria, had come. Soon, fearing the very numerous forces of the Assyrians, who at that time held Asia in their power, they built in the region now called Judea a city capable of holding so many myriads of people, and named it Jerusalem. In another book of the Egyptian history, Manetho says that this people, who are called shepherds, are termed captives in their sacred books. And he indeed told the truth; for the condition of our ancestors’ homeland was in reality pastoral life, and because they were occupied in the pasturing of flocks, they were called shepherds. Again, the books of the Egyptians speak not ineptly when they say: for our progenitor Joseph testified before the Egyptian king that he was a captive, and then, with the king’s consent, summoned his brothers into Egypt. However, I shall investigate these matters more diligently in another place.

4. Meanwhile, I shall set forth valid witnesses from the Egyptians regarding our ancient history, and I shall turn to Manetho, and I shall describe in this Commentary of mine in what manner he arranges the times. He speaks thus: After the nation of shepherds had betaken itself from Egypt to Jerusalem, the king who drove them from Egypt, Thutmosis, reigned thereafter for twenty-five years and four months, and then died. And his son Chebron received the rule for thirteen years. After him, Amenophis for twenty years and seven months. After him, his sister Amenses for twenty-one years and nine months. After her, Mephres for twelve years and nine months. ^A After him, his son Mephrathmuthosis for twenty-five years and nine months. After him, his son Thmothosis for nine years and eight months. After him, his son Amenophis for thirty years and ten months. After him, his son Orus for thirty-seven years and seven months. After him, his daughter Chencheres for twelve years and one month. After him, her brother Athosis for nine years. After him, his son Chencheres for twelve years and five months. After him, his son Achencheres for twelve years and three months. After him, his son Armais for four years and one month. After him, Rameses, son of Miammi, for sixty-six years and two months. After him, his son Amenophis for nineteen years and six months. After him, Sethosis, who is also Ramesses, surpassing in cavalry and naval forces.

5. He appointed his brother Armais as governor of Egypt, and conferred upon him all other royal authority, yet on the condition that he refrain from wearing the diadem, and from abusing the queen of whom he had already begotten children, and he further ordered him to abstain from the rest of the royal concubines. He himself departed for Cyprus and Phoenicia, and again brought the Assyrians and Medes under his dominion, and secured the whole [region], partly by arms, and partly even without conflict and merely by the terror of his forces. Thereafter, his own deeds brought upon him more arrogant spirits, so that he advanced more boldly, overturning the cities and villages of the East. And a long time later, Armais, who had remained in Egypt, dared to act in all things contrary to what his brother had commanded: for he both offered violence to the queen, and...

continued to associate with the other concubines without restraint. Being persuaded by his friends, he put on the diadem and set himself up as his brother’s adversary. The person who was in charge of the sacred rites in Egypt wrote a letter to Sethos informing him of everything, and that his brother Armais had openly revolted from him. Therefore, he returned promptly to Pelusium and recovered his own kingdom. The region was named Egypt after him, because Sethos himself—as he says—was called Aegyptus, and his brother Armais was called Danaus. Thus much from Manetho. ^B 6. Now if the time is calculated for the aforementioned years, it will be absolutely clear that those who were called shepherds, our own ancestors, had departed from Egypt and settled in this region three hundred and ninety-three years before Danaus went to Argos, whom the Argives nevertheless consider to be their most ancient ancestor. And so Manetho supplies us with two most important pieces of evidence from the Egyptian records: first, that our ancestors entered Egypt from elsewhere; and second, that they departed from it in an age so ancient that it preceded the Trojan War by nearly a thousand years. As for what Manetho added—not from the Egyptian records, ^C but, as he himself confesses, from certain uncertain and fabulous chronicles—I shall refute them piece by piece later, demonstrating his implausible falsehoods.

Concerning those who reigned over Egypt and Alexandria after Alexander the Macedonian. From the writing of Porphyry.

1. Finally, Alexander the Macedonian, in the second year of the one hundred and fourteenth Olympiad, having reigned in total for twelve years. Aridaeus, who was renamed Philip, succeeded to the kingdom—being a brother of Alexander, though not by the same mother; for Philip had begotten him with Philinna of Larissa. He reigned for seven years, until he was put to death in Macedonia by Polyperchon, the son of Antipater.

Ptolemy, son of Arsinoe and Lagus, one year after the reign that had been recorded for Philip, was sent as satrap to Egypt. He exercised that authority first for seventeen years, and then usurped the supreme royal dignity for twenty-three years, so that by the time of his death a full forty years had passed in total. Yet, still being alive, he transferred the kingdom to his own son, Ptolemy surnamed Philadelphus, and prolonged his life for two years while his son was reigning. Thus the years of the first Ptolemy, surnamed Soter, were no longer reckoned as forty, but as thirty-eight.

He was succeeded by his son Ptolemy, surnamed, as we have said, Philadelphus, who administered the kingdom for two years while his parent was still alive, and for thirty-six after he had died. So that he himself, not otherwise than his parent, must be said to have reigned for thirty-eight years.

^A

The third to succeed him is Ptolemy, surnamed Euergetes, and he reigns for twenty-five years. ^B To him succeeds the fourth Ptolemy, called Philopator, and he reigns for a full seventeen years. The fifth Ptolemy after him was surnamed Epiphanes, and he reigns for twenty-four years.

2. To these succeed the two sons of Ptolemy, of whom the elder by birth was called Philometor, and the younger was called Euergetes the Second. For both of these, sixty-four years are reckoned. For we have placed their number together, because, as they were in conflict with one another and reigned in turn, confusion regarding the times has occurred. For initially Philometor reigns alone for eleven years. But when Antiochus campaigned against Egypt and stripped him of the diadem, the Alexandrians entrusted affairs to the younger brother, and having driven out Antiochus, they rescued Philometor, and it was reckoned for them as the twelfth year of Philometor, and the first of Euergetes. From this point, power was equalized and extended until the seventeenth year. But from the eighteenth year, the name of Philometor alone was written. For when the younger brother had driven the elder from his rule, he was restored by the Romans. And he himself rules over Egypt, while to his brother he hands over the government of Libya; and he rules alone for eighteen years. But after he had died in Syria (for he was indeed master of those regions as well), Euergetes, having been called from Cyrene and proclaimed king, begins to calculate his years from the time he was first regarded as king, so that it might appear that after the death of his brother, having reigned for twenty-five years, he attributed to himself fifty-four. For the thirty-sixth year of Philometor, which ought to have been called the first of his own reign, he ordered to be written as the twenty-fifth. And thus, while the years of both together are sixty-four—those of Philometor being thirty-five, and the remaining ones those of Euergetes—this subdivision among the specific parts causes error.

3. To Ptolemy Euergetes the Second there are two sons by Cleopatra, both named Ptolemy, but the elder by birth was surnamed Soter, the younger Alexander. The elder by birth reigns first, having attained the kingdom with the protection of his mother; and as he seemed to be obedient to her, he certainly enjoyed for some time the mother’s goodwill. However, in the tenth year of his reign, when he had slaughtered the friends of his parents, he was deposed from his rule by his mother on account of his cruelty, and was exiled to Cyprus. The younger son the mother summoned from Pelusium and appointed king along with herself. Therefore, the younger reigned together with his mother, with official acts being ascribed to both; and it was proclaimed the eleventh year of Cleopatra, and the eighth of Ptolemy Alexander. For indeed he took his start from the fourth year of ^C his mother's reign.

^A And this custom prevailed while Cleopatra was alive; but once she was dead, the marks of honor began to be deferred to Alexander alone. He retained the empire for eighteen years in all after he had come to Alexandria; yet he was said to be reigning for the twenty-sixth year. In his nineteenth year, having become angry at his soldiers, he went out to gather a force against them in Egypt. But they pursued him, led by Tyrrhus, a kinsman of the kings, overcame him in a naval battle, and forced him to flee, along with his wife and daughter, to the Lycian city of Myra. From there he fled again to Cyprus and, having been attacked in war by the navarch Chaereas, he perished.

4. Meanwhile, after this flight, the Alexandrians sent ambassadors and offered the kingdom once more to the elder brother, Ptolemy Soter, who had returned from Cyprus. Seven years and six months pass from this time, for he survived for just that long after his return. The entire time following the death of the father is attributed to him, with the complete number of thirty-five years and six months recorded. To Ptolemy Soter should properly be assigned, at intervals, seventeen years and six months; and to the other, namely Alexander, eighteen years—those, that is, that were interspersed when the elder was reigning. Although the Egyptians could not erase these from the records, they nevertheless destroyed them as much as they were able, because Alexander had offended them, relying as he did on ^B some Jewish auxiliaries. Therefore, they do not account for the years of Alexander, and report all thirty-six years as belonging to the elder brother. Those remaining, with which the thirty-sixth year is completed, they do not attribute to the elder's daughter, Cleopatra, wife of the younger, who managed royal affairs after her father had died; nor indeed do they attribute nineteen days to Alexander, who reigned with her for those same nineteen days.

Furthermore, this Alexander was the son of the younger Ptolemy, also called Alexander, and stepson of Cleopatra, and he was living in the city of Rome. When at that time the male royal line in Egypt failed, he was summoned and came to Alexandria, and took to himself as wife the Cleopatra I mentioned before, and against the woman's will claimed the empire for himself. Soon, after nineteen days, he killed her; ^C then he himself was also surrounded by a crowd of armed men in the gymnasium and perished on account of his impious parricide.

6. To this Alexander succeeded Ptolemy, whose epithet was the new Dionysus, son of Ptolemy Soter, and brother of the aforementioned Cleopatra. ^D

^A His reign is reckoned at twenty-nine years. The daughter of this man was Cleopatra, the last of the Lagid line, whose reign is reckoned at twenty-two years. Yet these kingdoms do not contain a continuous series of time from beginning to end, described distinctly by themselves; rather, they are intertwined, occupying one another in turn. For under the new Dionysus, a three-year period of the kingdom was attributed to his daughters, Cleopatra—who was also called Tryphaena—and Berenice. For the two of them, one year was assigned; but after the death of Cleopatra, or Tryphaena, a two-year period was assigned to Berenice alone. This came about because Ptolemy had departed for Rome and remained there for some time, and the daughters, seeing that their father did not appear to be returning, seized the helm of the kingdom for themselves. Then some of Berenice’s kinsmen, aiding her, held charge of affairs with her, until Ptolemy returned from Rome; and he, quickly forgetting his affection for his daughter and loathing the deeds done by her, put her to death.

7. While Cleopatra was reigning, the first years of the empire ^B were attributed to her and her elder brother Ptolemy. Subsequent years were assigned to others for a similar reason. For the new Dionysus passed from life, having bequeathed the empire to his four children—two Ptolemies, Cleopatra, and Arsinoe. The same man left the empire to his elder children, Ptolemy and Cleopatra. For the four years that they reigned together, the period was completed in that way. And this custom would have remained for the subsequent period also, had not Ptolemy, having transgressed his father’s commands and wishing to claim the leadership for himself alone, been removed from life by a fatal necessity, having been involved in a naval battle in Egypt against Julius Caesar, who brought aid to Cleopatra.

8. After the death of Ptolemy, his younger brother, also called Ptolemy, was made a partner in the kingdom with his sister Cleopatra, by the command of Caesar. But the fifth year of Cleopatra and the first of Ptolemy was recorded. From this point, two other years followed until his death.

9. After he perished through the treachery of Cleopatra in his fourth year and the eighth of Cleopatra, the remaining time was ascribed to Cleopatra alone up until her fifteenth year. The sixteenth was then designated as also being the first. For after Lysimachus, the king of Chalcis in Syria, died, ^C Marcus Antonius the commander granted Chalcis and the regions around it to Cleopatra. And from that time, the remaining years up to the twenty-second were passed, the last of which became Cleopatra’s year, according to others.

^A Moreover Octavianus Caesar, who is Augustus, took away the kingdom of Egypt from Cleopatra in the second year of the 184th Olympiad. Now, between the first year of the 111th Olympiad, when Aridaeus, who is also Philip, succeeded to the empire, and the second year of the 184th Olympiad, there lie seventy-three Olympiads and one year, that is, 293 years. The same number of years of the kings of the city of Alexandria are counted up to the end of Cleopatra.

11. Therefore the times of the Ptolemies proceed in this manner. Alexander of Macedon begins his reign in the first year of the 111th Olympiad. He founds Alexandria in Egypt. The duration of his empire and of those who ruled all Egypt is as follows: ^B

Ptolemy son of Lagus, 40 years; Ptolemy Philadelphus, 38 years; Ptolemy Evergetes, 24 years; Ptolemy Philopator, 21 years; Ptolemy Epiphanes, 24 years; Ptolemy Philometor, 30 years; Ptolemy the younger, also named Evergetes, 29 years; Ptolemy Physcon, also named Soter, 17 years with 6 months; Ptolemy, also called Alexander, who was expelled by his father's mother, ^C ... [years]; Ptolemy Philadelphus, returned from exile after Alexander was ejected, 8 years; Ptolemy Dionysus, also called Philadelphus, 30 years; Ptolemy's daughter Cleopatra, 20 years.

In total, from the first Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, until Cleopatra, there are 306 years. ^D

^A At this time Gaius Julius Caesar first became monarch of the Romans. After him, Caesar Augustus Octavianus, having captured Cleopatra, abolished the rule of the Ptolemies, who had reigned for 293 years. This is also how it stands among the Egyptians.

CHAPTER XXIII. OF THE GREEKS.

CHAPTER XXIV. Of the times of the Greeks.

^B Seeing that there is much ambiguity among the ancients who have recorded the times of Greek history, we for our part shall select from that confusion those things in which the authors agree with one another. The times of the Sicyonian kings also have been set forth in chronicle books in no small order by Castor, and he has embraced them in a brief writing in these very words: "We append the Sicyonian kings, whose prince was Aegialeus, and the last was Zeuxippus. And indeed the kings ruled for 959 years; after the kings, six Carnian priests presided, who held the pontificate for 33 years; the last of these, the priest Charidemus, when he could not bear the expense, fled." These are the words of Castor. The list of Sicyonian kings is of this sort.

CHAPTER XXV. The kings of the Sicyonians.

^A

The sixth, Ægydrus, for 34 years. The seventh, Thurimachus, for 45 years. In his age, Inachus first rules the Argives. The eighth, Leucippus, for 53 years. The ninth, Messappus, for 47 years. In his age it happened that Joseph, of whom the Hebrews speak, held dominion in Egypt. The tenth, Eratus, for 46 years. The eleventh, Plemnæus, for 48 years. The twelfth, Orthopolis, for 63 years. The thirteenth, Marathonius, for 30 years, at which time Cecrops Diphyes first reigned in Attica. The fourteenth, Marathon, for 20 years. In that time, Moses was the leader of the Hebrews as they were exiting Egypt, as will be demonstrated in its proper time. The fifteenth, Chyreus, for 55 years. At that time, Danaus ruled over the Argives. The sixteenth, Corax, for 30 years. The seventeenth, Epopeus, for 35 years. The eighteenth, Laomedon, for 40 years. The nineteenth, Sicyon, for 45 years. In his age, the kings of the Argives, who had continued for 540 years, ceased. The twentieth, Polybus, for 40 years. The twenty-first, Inachus, for 40 years. The twenty-second, Phæstus, for 8 years. The twenty-third, Adrastus, for 4 years. The twenty-fourth, Polyphides, for 31 years. In his age, Ilium was captured. The twenty-fifth, Pelasgus, for 20 years. In his age, Æneas held the kingdom of the Latins. ^C The twenty-sixth, Zeuxippus, for 31 years.

The sum of the Sicyonian kings is 26, under whom reign lasted for 449 years. 2. Henceforth there were no kings, but priests of the Carnian, of whom: The first who performed the priesthood was Archelaus for 1 year. The second, Automedon, for 1 year. The third, Theoclytus, for 4 years. The fourth, Euneus, for 6 years. The fifth, Theonomus, for 9 years. The sixth, Amphichyes, for 12 years. The seventh, finally, Charidemus, who, exhausted by expenses, fled. From him to the first Olympiad, the years amount to 352. From the times of the Sicyonian kings and priests, the years total 897. ^D

After the rulers of Sicyon, it is fitting to go through the Argive kings briefly, just as the accurate records of the ancients contain them. Castor also mentions them, writing in this way.

CHAPTER XXVI. Castor on the kingdom of the Argives.

Let us add in order those Argive kings, who, starting from Inachus, ended at Sthenelus, the son of Crotopus; in their times, 382 years are accounted for. When Sthenelus was driven out, Danaus himself acquired Argos, and his descendants did so until Eurystheus, son of Sthenelus, who was born of Perseus. Thereafter, the Pelopidae acquired the kingdom. Moreover, the times of the Danaidae amount to 162 years; but [the times] of the Pelopidae, who—having taken...

into possession the dominion after Atreus—kept the dignity until Penthilus and Tisamenus and Cometes, the son of Orestes (under whom the descent of the Heraclidae occurred), are reported to be 105 years. ^A But come, these are the times of the individual kings of the Argives:

Chapter XXVII. Kings of the Argives.

1. First, Inachus, from whom the region is called Inachia, [reigned] for 50 years. Inachus inaugurated the Argive empire while the seventh in succession, Thurimachus, ruled over the Sicyonians.

Second, Phoroneus, for 60 years. In his time, Ogygus founded Eleusis.

Third, Apis, from whom that region was called Apia, for 35 years. At that time, Joseph, whom the Hebrews record, held dominion among the Egyptians.

Fourth, Argus, the son of Zeus ^B and Niobe; from him, the name of the region was changed and it was called Argia, for 61 years.

Fifth, Criasus, for 54 years.

Sixth, Phorbas, for 35 years. In his time, Cecrops Diphyes ruled the Athenians.

Seventh, Triopas, for 46 years. While he was reigning, Moses was the leader of the Hebrews as they exited from Egypt.

Eighth, Crotopus, for 21 years.

Ninth, Sthenelus, for 11 years.

^C 3. After Acrisius, the Argive empire was transferred to Mycenae under Eurystheus, the son of Sthenelus, and the Pelopidae obtained the dominion: the first, however, who reigned in the Peloponnese was Pelops, who was the curator of the Olympian games. The Argive empire having been transferred to Mycenae, after Acrisius reigned:

Eurystheus, for 45 years.

Then the Pelopidae, Atreus and Thyestes, for 65 years.

After them, Agamemnon, for 30 years, in the eighteenth year of whose [reign] Ilium was captured.

Aegisthus, for 17 years.

Orestes, Tisamenus, Penthilus, ^D and Cometes, for 58 years, until the descent of the Heraclidae who occupied the Peloponnese: from which [time] until the migration of the Ionians from their own lands, the years...

exceed 80, and from the migration of the Ionians until the first Olympiad are 267 years. Castor himself also narrates this same thing in his Epitome of histories.

CHAPTER XXVIII. A summary of the kings of the Athenians.

^A Here is also the catalogue of the Athenian kings, to which we shall append a summarized history from the more certain records of the ancients. First among the Athenians is mentioned Ogygus, into whose age that great and most ancient flood is said to have fallen. His contemporary is held to be Phoroneus, son of Inachus, king of the Argives, whom Plato himself in his *Timaeus* commemorates with these words: "When he was endeavoring to move them to a conversation about the antiquities of this city, he attempted to relate the most ancient things regarding that first Phoroneus who was mentioned, and Niobe, and the things which followed the flood." ^B Ogygus, however, fell into the age of Messappus, the ninth king of the Sicyonians, and Belochus, the eighth king of the Assyrians. But after Ogygus, because the flood had laid everything waste, they claim that for 190 years the region which is now called Attica remained without a king, until Cecrops.

The years [of the kings] of the Argives are also calculated, because they began before the age of Ogygus. Doubtless from the end of Phoroneus, king of the Argives (under whom the Ogygian flood is reported to have occurred), to Phorbas, to whom Cecrops Diphyes—the first to preside over modern Attica—was contemporary, 190 years are accumulated. Then from Cecrops ^C to the first Olympiad, 17 kings are numbered, and 11 princes whom death finished: under whom fabulous portents are celebrated among the Greeks. Hence the Greeks begin to arrange the kings of the Attics; for of the more ancient ones they have no certain reasons.

CHAPTER XXIX. Castor on the kingdom of Athens.

We shall also set forth the kings of the Athenians in order, beginning from Cecrops, nicknamed Diphyes; and we shall end at Thymoetes. The times of those kings, indeed, who were called Erechthidae, consist of 450 years. Then the kingdom devolved to Melanthius the Pylian, son of Andropompus, and to his son Codrus, the dominion of both of whom occupies 51 years. The kingdom being removed, those princes closely followed whom death finished. Their ^D beginning is from Medon, son of Codrus, and the end is in Alcmaeon, son of Aeschylus: the times [being] 209 years. Then those who held the decennial power followed, 7 in number; and these flourished for 70 years. Finally, the annual princes, beginning from Creon, ceased at Theophimus, under whom a limit was put to the affairs and deeds of our land. These things [says] Castor. We, however, shall pursue the catalogue of the individual kings.

CHAPTER XXX. The kings of Athens.

1. First is Cecrops Diphyes for 50 years, under whom [were] Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Atlas. He governs Athens, being a contemporary of Triopas, the seventh king of the Argives, and also of Marathonius who ruled Sicyon in the thirteenth place. Under the same person Moses also was known among the Hebrews, which we shall opportunely demonstrate hereafter. Under the same, likewise, namely in the Deucalian age, Thessaly is reported to have been overwhelmed by a flood: then under Phaethon, Ethiopia was seized by the fury of consuming fire.

^A The second, Cranaus, a native, 9 years. ^B The third, Amphictyon, son of Deucalion and son-in-law of Cranaus, 10 years, under whom the affairs of the Danaids are recounted. The fourth, Erichthonius of Vulcan, whom Homer calls Erechtheus, under whom were the Idaean Dactyls, 50 years, under whom the Amazons set fire to the temple at Ephesus. The fifth, Pandion, son of Erichthonius, under whom occurred the abduction of Core and events concerning Triptolemus, 40 years. The sixth, Erechtheus, son of Pandion, under whom occurred the events concerning Perseus, 50 years. The seventh, Cecrops, brother of Erechtheus, under whom occurred the events concerning Bacchus, 40 years. The eighth, Pandion, son of Erechtheus, 25 years. Having fled, he reigned in Megara; under him are recounted Europa, Cadmus, and the story of the Sparti. The ninth, Aegeus, son of Pandion, 48 years, under whom were the Argonauts and the Centaurs, and Hercules was accomplishing his labors. The tenth, Theseus, son of Aegeus, 30 years, under whom Minos was known as a legislator. The eleventh, Menestheus, son of Peteos, son of Orneus, son of Erechtheus, under whom Ilium was captured, 23 years. The twelfth, Demophon, son of Theseus, 33 years, under whom occurred the events concerning Ulysses and Orestes, and in which time Aeneas, son of Anchises, reigned at Lavinium. The thirteenth, Oxyntes, son of Demophon, 14 years. The fourteenth, Aphidas, son of Oxyntes, 1 year. The fifteenth, Thymoetes, brother of Aphidas, 8 years. The sixteenth, Melanthus, son of Andropompus, a Pylian, 37 years, under whom was the return of the Heracleidae and the conquest of the Peloponnese. The seventeenth, Codrus, son of Melanthus, 21 years, under whom the Ionians, having been expelled from Achaia, fled to Athens. The eighteenth, Medon, son of Codrus, ruled for 20 years. The nineteenth, Acastus, son of Medon, 36 years, in whose age the Ionian migration took place, in which it is also traditioned that Homer lived. At this same time among the Hebrews, Solomon was building the temple in Jerusalem, as we shall demonstrate at the appropriate time. The twentieth, Archippus, son of Acastus, 19 years. The twenty-first, Thersippus, son of Archippus, 41 years. The twenty-second, Phorbas, son of Thersippus, 30 years. The twenty-third, Megacles, son of Phorbas, 30 years. The twenty-fourth, Diognetus, son of Megacles, 28 years, under whom Lycurgus was known. The twenty-fifth, Pherecles, son of Diognetus, 19 years.

The twenty-sixth, Ariphron, son of Pherecles, 20 years, in whose time the empire of the Assyrians was destroyed and Sardanapallus was slain. ^A The twenty-seventh, Thespieus, son of Ariphron, 27 years, in whose time Lycurgus was writing laws for the Lacedaemonians. The twenty-eighth, Agamestor, son of Thespieus, 17 years. The twenty-ninth, Aeschylus, son of Agamestor, 23 years, in whose twelfth year the first Olympiad was held, in which Coroebus the Elean won the stadium race. The total count up to the first Olympiad, from Cecrops the Diphyes, is 780 years, and from Ogygus, 970 years. From this point on, time should be reckoned according to the Olympiads.

The thirtieth, ruling after Aeschylus, is Alcmaeon, king of the Athenians, 16 years. After him, it was decided that the principalities should be for ten years. Charops, 10 years. Aesimedes, 10 years. Clidicus, 10 years. Hippomenes, 10 years. Leocrates, 10 years. Apsander, 10 years. Eryxias, 10 years. ^B It was decided that a magistrate should be chosen annually. And the first to lead as annual magistrate was Creon, in the twenty-fourth Olympiad. After him, also, one person ruled among them each year, the names of whom it is not necessary to set down here.

These are the times of the Athenian antiquity, which are recorded in summary fashion, and which are cited in the ancient and more accurate histories. We have collected in summary, as best we could from many records, those times before the capture of Ilium, and whatever memorable things were done in that period, since they were not handed down by diligent history. Then, too, the times from the capture of Ilium to the first Olympiad were not recorded in any certain monuments. Nevertheless, Porphyry, in the first book of his *Philosophical History*, summarizes them briefly in these words:

CHAPTER XXXI.

^C Apollodorus says that from the capture of Ilium to the descent of the Heraclidae into the Peloponnese, 80 years elapsed; then from the descent to the settlement of Ionia by many cities, 60 years; from then to Lycurgus, 159 years (and from Lycurgus to the first Olympiad, 108 years); and that the sum of the time from the capture of Ilium to the first Olympiad is 407 years. Eratosthenes records the times thus: From the capture of Troy to the return of the Heraclidae, 80 years; from then to the settlement of Ionia, 60 years; the remaining times which followed until the guardianship of Lycurgus are 159 years; then to the first year of the first Olympiad, 108 years. ^D

^A I believe I shall perform a useful task if I also include in my book the Olympiads, which are celebrated by the Greeks.

CHAPTER XXXII.

The Olympiads of the Greeks.

* Of the institution of the games (which is the competition of those struggling).

1. Regarding the games, it is necessary to speak a little, for those who extend the age of the institution to the greatest degree assert that it was founded before Hercules by one of the Idaean Dactyls; then it was celebrated by Aethlius for the training of his own sons, from whom those who competed derived the name of "athletes." Then his son Epeus, then Endymion, then Alexinus, then Oenomaus were prefects of the rites; then Pelops offered sacrifices in honor of his ancestral Jupiter; and finally Hercules, the son of Alcmene and Jupiter, after whom some say ten generations, others three, elapsed until Iphitus, who renewed the games.

2. For he (Iphitus), being an Elean and anxious for the welfare of Greece, desiring to calm the wars of the cities throughout the entire Peloponnese, sent envoys to inquire of the oracle concerning the resolution of the pressing wars, and this response was delivered by the God to the Peloponnesians: "Enter the shrine, bring sacrifices, and obey the commands of the seers." ^B Likewise, this oracle was delivered to the Eleans: "Eleans, who hold fast to the customs of your ancestors, liberate your fatherland, set an end to wars, and enter into a common pact with the Greeks until the year returns joyful with festivity." For the sake of this, Iphitus ordered that there be a cessation of wars through a treaty of peace, and that each person enjoy his own food in tranquility; and he warned that, as Hercules had forbidden, no one should offer violence to another. And thus Iphitus concluded the games with Lycurgus the Lacedaemonian; they were both Heraclidae. Furthermore, at that time there was no contest other than the stadium. Other competitions were added later by degrees.

3. But Aristodemus the Elean reports that they began at the twenty-seventh Olympiad (after the exact years 406 from the reign of Inachus, unless this Inachus is the Sicyonian, had passed), ^C and he hands down that this was the first Olympiad; this has long been considered corrupt by critics.

(Note: Varro states that there are three distinctions of time: the first, from the beginning of men to the first cataclysm, which is called "unknown" on account of ignorance; the second, from the first cataclysm to the first Olympiad, which is called "mythical" because many fabulous things are related in it; the third, from the first Olympiad to our own time, which is called "historical" because the deeds in it are contained in true histories. But Plutarch contradicts this in *Numa*, ch. 1.)

Now, concerning the Olympiads, many of the ancients wrote, but Phlegon, an author of the Hadrianic age, wrote most copiously of all, whose principal work on this matter (for he had published several things on the same subject) Photius read in *Codex* 96. One should also consult Suidas under the word "Phlegon." A fragment of the proem of the Olympiads of Phlegon has long since been committed to type. Finally, let Pausanias be read in his *Eliaca*.

^A Since the beginning of the contest founded by Iphitus, victors had begun to be recorded, whereas previously, because of the negligence of those of old, no one had been committed to writing. Not until the twenty-eighth Olympiad, when Coroebus of Elis won the stadium contest, was he the first to be registered in the record, and that Olympiad was set down as the first, from which the Greeks calculate their eras. Polybius also agrees with Aristodemus on this. But Callimachus says that thirteen Olympiads after Iphitus were not committed to writing, that is, until the fourteenth, which Coroebus won. Many, however, assert that four hundred and forty-nine years elapsed between the contest that Hercules, son of Alcmene, instituted and the first Olympiad that is numbered. The Eleans conduct the contest every five years, with four years intervening.

The Olympiads of the Greeks from the first to the two hundred and forty-seventh, under which the Roman emperor was Antoninus, son of Severus.

I. Olympiad: Coroebus of Elis won the stadium. For this was the only event contested in the Olympic games. II. Olympiad: Antimachus of Elis won the stadium. ^B Remus and Romulus are born. III. Olympiad: Androclus of Messenia won the stadium. IV. Olympiad: Polychares of Messenia won the stadium. V. Olympiad: Aeschides of Elis won the stadium. VI. Olympiad: Oebotas of Dyme won the stadium. VII. Olympiad: Darcles of Messenia won the stadium. Romulus founds Rome. VIII. Olympiad: Anticles of Messenia won the stadium. IX. Olympiad: Xenocles of Messenia won the stadium. X. Olympiad: Dotades of Messenia won the stadium. XI. Olympiad: Leochares of Messenia won the stadium. XII. Olympiad: Oxythemis of Coronea won the stadium. XIII. Olympiad: Diocles of Corinth won the stadium. XIV. Olympiad: Desmon of Corinth won the stadium. The *diaulos* (double-course race) was added, and Hypenus of Elis won it. XV. Olympiad: Orsippus of Megara won the stadium. The *dolichos* (long-distance race) was added, and they ran naked; Acanthus the Spartan won. XVI. Olympiad: Pythagoras the Spartan won the stadium. XVII. Olympiad: Polus of Epidaurus won the stadium. XVIII. Olympiad: Tellis of Sicyon won the stadium. Wrestling was added, and Hybatus the Spartan won. The *pentathlon* was also added, and Lampis the Spartan won. XIX. Olympiad: Menus of Megara won the stadium. XX. Olympiad: Atheradas the Spartan won the stadium.

XXI. Pantacles the Athenian won the stadium. XXII. The same man won for the second time. XXIII. Icarius of Hyperesia won the stadium. Boxing was added, and Onomastus of Smyrna won, who also established the rules for this boxing. ^A XXIV. Cleoptolemus the Spartan won the stadium. XXV. Thalpis the Spartan won the stadium. The four-horse chariot race was added, and Paoron the Theban won. XXVI. Callisthenes the Spartan won the stadium. Philimbrotus the Spartan won the *pentathlon* in three Olympiads. The Carneia were first instituted at Lacedaemon as a contest for cithara-players. XXVII. Eurybus the Athenian won the stadium. ^B XXVIII. Charmis the Spartan won the stadium, who trained on dried figs alone. The Pisans presided over this Olympiad because the Eleans were preoccupied with the war against the Dymeans. XXIX. Chionis the Spartan won the stadium; his single jump was twenty-two cubits. XXX. The same man won for the second time. The Pisans defected from the Eleans and presided over this one and the subsequent twenty-two. XXXI. Chionis the Spartan won the stadium for the third time. XXXII. Cratinus of Megara won the stadium; at which time also Comaeus, while competing in boxing, defeated three brothers. ^C

XXXIII. Gygis the Spartan won the stadium. The *pancratium* was added, and Lygdamis the Syracusan—a man of massive stature—won; he measured out the stadium with his own feet, making it just six hundred paces. A horse race (*celes*) was also added, and Praxillas the Thessalian won. XXXIV. Stomus the Athenian won the stadium. XXXV. Sphaerus the Spartan won the stadium; Cylon the Athenian, who also aspired to tyranny, won the *diaulos* (double-course race). XXXVI. Phryno the Athenian, who was killed in single combat on the island of Cos. ^D XXXVII. Euryclidas the Spartan won the stadium. The boys' stadium was added, and Polynices the Elean won. The boys' wrestling match was also added, and Hipposthenes the Spartan won, who, after skipping one, won the men's wrestling match for five consecutive Olympiads. XXXVIII. Olyntheus the Spartan won the stadium. The boys' *pentathlon* was added, and they competed in it only at that time. Deutelidas the Spartan won. XXXIX. Ripsolaus the Spartan won the stadium. XL. Olyntheus the Spartan won for the second time. XLI. Cleondas the Theban won the stadium. The boys' boxing match was added, and Philotas the Sybarite won. XLII. Lycotas the Spartan won the stadium.

XLIII. Cleo the Epidaurian won the stadium. XLIV. Gelo the Spartan won the stadium. XLV. Anticrates the Epidaurian won the stadium. XLVI. Chrysomachus the Spartan won the stadium, and Polymnestor the Milesian won the boys' stadium; residing in the pastures, he caught a hare by running. XLVII. Eurycles the Spartan won the stadium. XLVIII. Glyco the Crotoniate won the stadium. Pythagoras the Samian, having been spurned in the boys' boxing match and mocked as a woman, advanced to the men's match and famously overcame them all. XLIX. Lycinus the Crotoniate won the stadium. L. Epitelidas the Spartan won the stadium. The seven sages were named. LI. Eratosthenes the Crotoniate won the stadium. LII. Agis of Elis won the stadium. LIII. Agno the Peparethian won the stadium. LIV. Hippostratus the Crotoniate won the stadium. Arechion of Phigalia, already twice victor in the pancratium, died when his skull was fractured, and his corpse was crowned because, before he died, his opponent had acknowledged defeat, ^B because he had had his foot broken by him. LV. Hippostratus, the same, for the second time. At this time Cyrus reigned over the Persians. LVI. Phaedrus of Pharsalus won the stadium. LVII. Lagramus the Spartan won the stadium. LVIII. Diognetus the Crotoniate won the stadium. LIX. Archilochus the Corcyrean won the stadium. LX. Apellaeus of Elis won the stadium. LXI. Agatharchus the Corcyrean won the stadium. LXII. Eryxias the Chalcidian won the stadium; Milo the Crotoniate won the wrestling, who was victorious at Olympia six times, at the Pythian games six times, at the Isthmian games ten times, and at the Nemean games nine times. LXIII. Parmenides the Camarinaean won the stadium. LXIV. Menander the Thessalian won the stadium. LXV. Anachus the Tarentine won the stadium. The armed race was added, and Damaretus of Heraea won it. LXVI. Ischyrus of Himera won the stadium. LXVII. Phannas of Pellene was the first to perform the triple contest, namely the stadium, the double-stadium race, and the armed race. LXVIII. Isomachus the Crotoniate won the stadium. LXIX. The same, for the second time. LXX. Nicias the Opuntian won the stadium.

LXXI. Tisicrates of Croton, stadium. LXXII. The same, second time. LXXIII. Astyalus of Croton, stadium. LXXIV. The same, second time. LXXV. The same, third time. LXXVI. Scamander of Mitylene, stadium. LXXVII. Dandinus of Argos, stadium. LXXVIII. Parmenides of Poseidonia, stadium. LXXIX. Xenophon of Corinth, stadium. LXXX. Turymmas of Thessaly, stadium: wrestling. Amesinas of Barca, who while herding cattle used to wrestle with a bull; he was brought to Pisa and competed with one. LXXXI. Polymnastus of Cyrene, stadium. LXXXII. Lycus of Larisa, stadium. LXXXIII. Crisso of Himera, stadium. LXXXIV. The same, second time. LXXXV. The same, third time. LXXXVI. Theopompus of Thessaly, stadium. LXXXVII. Euphranor of Ambracia, stadium. Then follows the Peloponnesian War. ^A LXXXVIII. Symmachus of Messene, stadium. LXXXIX. The same, second time. XC. Hyperbius of Syracuse, stadium. XCI. Exegentus of Agrigentum, stadium. XCII. The same, second time. XCIII. Eurotas of Cyrene, stadium: pancratium. Polydamas of Scotussa, a man of huge body, who while in Persia at the court of Ochus used to slay lions, and fought unarmed against armed men; he also held back chariots driven at full speed. A two-horse chariot race was added, and Evagoras of Elis won. XCIV. Crocinas of Larisa, stadium. XCV. Meno of Athens, stadium. ^B XCVI. Eupolemus of Elis, stadium. A trumpeter was added, and Timæus of Elis won. A herald was also added, and Acrates of Elis won. XCVII. Tirinæus of Elis, stadium. XCVIII. Sosippus of Delphi, stadium: wrestling. Aristodemus of Elis, whom no one could grasp by the waist. XCIX. Dicon of Syracuse, stadium. A foals' chariot race was added, and Eurybasus the Laconian won. C. Dionysidorus of Tarentum, stadium. ^C

CI. Damon of Thurii, stadium. ^A CII. The same, second time. CIII. Pythostratus of Ephesus, stadium. CIV. Phocides of Athens, stadium. This Olympiad was held by the Pisans. CV. Porus of Cyrene, stadium. CVI. The same, second time. CVII. Micrinas of Tarentum, stadium. CVIII. Polycles of Cyrene, stadium. CIX. Aristolochus of Athens, stadium. CX. Anticles of Athens, stadium. CXI. Cleomantis of Clitor, stadium. CXII. Eurylas of Chalcis, stadium. Alexander captured Babylon, having overthrown Darius. CXIII. Clito of Macedon, stadium. Ageus of Argos, the dolichos, who announced his own victory in Argos on the same day. CXIV. Micennas of Rhodes, stadium. Alexander died. Soon, as many divided his empire among themselves, Ptolemy obtained the kingdom of Egypt and Alexandria. CXV. Damasias of Amphipolis, stadium. CXVI. Demosthenes of Sparta, stadium. CXVII. Parmenides of Mytilene, stadium. CXVIII. Andromenes of Corinth, stadium. Antenor of Athens or Miletus, in the pancratium, having stood against those around him, emerged victor without anointing in three age categories. CXIX. Andromenes of Corinth, stadium. CXX. Pythagoras of Magnesia on the Maeander, stadium. The wrestling: Ceras of Argos, who used to tear off the hoofs of an ox. CXXI. The same Pythagoras, second time. CXXII. Antigonus of Macedon, stadium. CXXIII. The same, second time. CXXIV. Philomelus of Pharsalus, stadium. CXXV. Lagus of Aegium, stadium. CXXVI. Idaeus, or Nicator, of Cyrene, stadium. CXXVII. Perigenes of Alexandria, stadium. CXXVIII. Seleucus of Macedon, stadium. Belistiche, a woman from the seacoast area of Macedonia, won with a foal chariot pair. CXXIX. Philinus of Cos, stadium. CXXX. The same, second time. CXXXI. Ammonius of Alexandria, stadium. A single horse was added, and Hippocrates, son of Thessalus, won.

CXXXII. Xenophanes of Aetolia from Amphissa, stadium. ^A CXXXIII. Simylus of Naples, stadium. The Parthians revolted from the Macedonians, and Arsaces was the first to reign, from whom the Arsacids are named. CXXXIV. Alcidas of Laconia, stadium. CXXXV. Eraton of Aetolia, stadium. Cleoxenus of Alexandria won the boxing, remaining unscathed throughout the period. CXXXVI. Pythocles of Sicyon, stadium. CXXXVII. Menestheus of Barcylis, stadium. CXXXVIII. Demetrius of Alexandria, stadium. CXXXIX. Iolaidas of Argos, stadium. CXL. Zopyrus of Syracuse, stadium. CXLI. Dorotheus of Rhodes, stadium. CXLII. Crates of Alexandria, stadium. Caper of Elis won the wrestling ^B and the pancratium after Hercules, and is recorded as the second after Hercules. CXLIII. Heraclitus of Samos, stadium. CXLIV. Heraclides of Salamis, from the island of Cyprus, stadium. CXLV. Pyrrhias of Aetolia, stadium. Torchus of Colophon won the boys' wrestling; he alone won the boys' period. The boys' pancratium was added, and Phaedimus of Alexandria won. CXLVI. Micion of Boeotia, stadium. CXLVII. Agemachus of Cyzicus, stadium; Clitostratus of Rhodes won the wrestling, who would win as soon as he seized the neck. CXLVIII. Arcesilaus of Megalopolis, stadium. CXLIX. Hippostratus from Seleucia Pieria, stadium. CL. Onesicratus of Salamis, stadium. CLI. Thymelus of Aspendus, stadium. CLII. Democrates of Megara, stadium. CLIII. Aristander of Lesbos from Antissa, stadium. CLIV. Leonidas of Rhodes, victor in the triple contest, stadium. CLV. The same, a second time. CLVI. The same, a third time. Aristoxenus of Rhodes is the third after Hercules [to win] both wrestling and pancratium. CLVII. The same Leonidas, a fourth time. He alone and first ^C carried off twelve Olympic crowns in four Olympiads. CLVIII. Orthon of Syracuse, stadium. CLIX. Alcimus of Cyzicus, stadium. CLX. Anodorus of Cyzicus, stadium.

CLXI. Antipater of Epirus, stadium. CLXII. Damon of Delphi, stadium. CLXIII. Timotheus of Tralles, stadium. CLXIV. Boeotus of Sicyon, stadium. CLXV. Acusilaus of Cyrene, stadium. CLXVI. Chrysogonus of Nicaea, stadium. CLXVII. The same, second time. CLXVIII. Nicomachus of Philadelphia, stadium. CLXIX. Nicodemus of Laconia, stadium. CLXX. Simmias of Seleucia on the Tigris, stadium. CLXXI. Parmeniscus of Corcyra, stadium. CLXXII. Eudamus of Cos, stadium. Protophanes of Magnesia on the Maeander, pancratium, fourth from Hercules. CLXXIII. Parmeniscus of Corcyra, stadium again. CLXXIV. Demostratus of Larisa, stadium. CLXXV. Stadium of the boys, which Epænetus of Argos won. For the men did not compete, because Sulla had summoned them all to Rome. CLXXVI. Dio of Cyparissia, stadium. CLXXVII. Hecatomnus of Elis, stadium. CLXXVIII. Diocles of Hypaepa, stadium. Stratonicus, son of Coragus, of Alexandria, wrestling and pancratium, ^A fifth from Hercules: who also, at the Nemean games on the same day, took four crowns in the boys' and beardless youths' competitions, and engaging in gymnastic contests without a horse, he attained by the favor of friends or kings to be enrolled in the register; wherefore he was not thought to have even run the course. CLXXIX. ^B Andreas of Laconia, stadium. CLXXX. Andromachus of Laconia, stadium. CLXXXI. Lamachus of Tauromenium, stadium. CLXXXII. Anthestion of Argos, stadium. Marion, son of Marion, of Alexandria, wrestling and pancratium, sixth from Hercules. CLXXXIII. Theodorus of Messene, stadium. Julius Caesar attained supreme dominion over the Romans. CLXXXIV. The same Theodorus, second time. Augustus ruled over the Romans. CLXXXV. Aristo of Thurii, stadium. CLXXXVI. Scamander from Alexandria of the Troad, stadium. CLXXXV[II]. Aristo of Thurii, second time. CLXXXVIII. Sopater of Argos, stadium. CLXXXIX. Asclepiades of Sidon, stadium. CXC. Auphidius of Patrae, stadium.

CXCI. Diodotus of Tyana, stadium. CXCII. Diophanes of Aeolis, stadium. CXCIII. Artemidorus of Thyatira, stadium. CXCIV. Demaratus of Ephesus, stadium. CXCV. The same, second time. CXCVI. Pammenes of Magnesia on the Maeander, stadium. CXCVII. Asiaticus of Halicarnassus, stadium. CXCVIII. Diophanes of Prusa on Olympus, stadium. Aristeas of Stratonicea, or the Maeandrian, [won] wrestling and pancratium, the seventh from Hercules. Tiberius ruled the Romans. ^A CXCIX. Aeschines of Miletus, who [was] also [called] Glaucias, stadium. The horse-race was restored, having been long forbidden, and the chariot of Tiberius Caesar won. CC. Polemon of Petra, stadium. CCI. Damas of Cydonia, stadium. CCII. Hermogenes of Pergamum, stadium. CCIII. Apollonius of Epidaurus, stadium. CCIV. Sarapion of Alexandria, stadium. Nicostratus the Argive [won] wrestling and pancratium, the eighth from Hercules. From then on no one of that sort appeared from Hercules down to our own times, as the Eleans neglected to crown the powerful as well. Caius ruled the Romans. CCV. Eubulidas of Laodicea, stadium. Claudius ruled the Romans. ^B CCVI. Valerius of Mitylene, stadium. CCVII. Athenodorus of Aegium, stadium. CCVIII. The same, second time. Nero ruled the Romans. CCIX. Callicles of Sidon, stadium. CCX. Athenodorus of Aegium, stadium. CCXI. The Olympiad was not celebrated, because Nero postponed it until he could arrive there himself. However, it was celebrated after two years, and Tryphon of Philadelphia won the stadium. Nero, moreover, was crowned in the contest of citharoedes, because he defeated the singers and lyre-players; likewise in the contest of young horses and the ten-horse chariot. CCXII. Polites of Ceramus, stadium. Vespasianus ruled the Romans. CCXIII. Rhodon of Cyme, or Theodorus, stadium. CCXIV. Strato of Alexandria, stadium. Titus ruled the Romans. CCXV. Hermogenes of Xanthus, stadium. Domitianus ruled the Romans. CCXVI. Apollophanes, who [was] also [called] Patis, of Tarsus, stadium.

^A CCXVII. Hermogenes of Xanthus, for the second time, stadium. CCXVIII. Apollonius of Alexandria, or Heliodorus, stadium. CCXIX. Stephanus of Cappadocia, stadium. Nerva ruled the Romans, after whom Trajan. CCXX. Achilles of Alexandria, stadium. CCXXI. Theonas, who is also called Smaragdus, of Alexandria, stadium. CCXXII. Callistus of Side, stadium. Again, there was a horse race. CCXXIII. Eustolus of Side, stadium. CCXXIV. Isarion of Alexandria, stadium. Hadrian ruled the Romans. CCXXV. Aristeas of Miletus, stadium. CCXXVI. Dionysius Sammeus of Alexandria, stadium. ^B CCXXVII. The same, for the second time. CCXXVIII. Lucas of Alexandria, stadium. CCXXIX. Epidaurus, who is also called Ammonius, of Alexandria, stadium. Antoninus Pius ruled the Romans. CCXXX. Didymus Clideus of Alexandria, stadium. CCXXXI. Cranaus of Sicyon, stadium. CCXXXII. Atticus of Sardis, stadium. Socrates is recorded by the Eleans as having won both wrestling and the pancratium, [but] he was judged to be in second place by Dionysius of Seleucia. CCXXXIII. Demetrius of Chios, stadium. CCXXXIV. Heras of Chios, stadium. CCXXXV. Mnasibulus of Elateia, stadium. Verus and Antoninus ruled the Romans. CCXXXVI. Aithales of Alexandria, stadium. CCXXXVII. Eudaemon of Alexandria, stadium. CCXXXVIII. Agathopus of Aegina, stadium. CCXXXIX. The same, for the second time. Commodus ruled the Romans. CCXL. Anubion, who is also called Phidus, of Alexandria, stadium. CCXLI. Hero of Alexandria, stadium. CCXLII. Magnes the Libyan of Cyrene, stadium. CCXLIII. Isidorus, who is also called Artemidorus, of Alexandria, stadium. Pertinax, and then Severus, ruled the Romans. CCXLIV. The same, for the second time. CCXLV. Alexander of Alexandria, stadium. CCXLVI. Epinicius of Cyzicus, who is also called Cynas, stadium. CCXLVII. Saturninus the Cretan of Gortyn, stadium. Antoninus Bassianus ruled the Romans. Marcus Pius.

CCXLVIII. Heliodorus, who is also Trosidamas, of Alexandria, stadium. CCXLIX. The same, a second time. Up to this point we have found the register of the Olympiads. It is fitting to attach here the kings, too, of the Corinthians and Lacedaemonians, and likewise those who held the scepter of the sea, and also the first princes of Macedonia. I shall therefore write down their sequence and dates in order, gathered from Diodorus’ *Library*, in which these histories are most truthfully narrated.

CAPUT XXXIV. From Diodorus’ Library. Regarding the kings of the Corinthians.

The kings of the Corinthians are therefore these: I. Aletes, 38 years. II. Ixion, 38 years. III. Agelas, 37 years. IV. Primnes, 35 years. V. Bacches, 35 years. VI. Agelas, 30 years. VII. Eudemus, 25 years.

^A VII. Aristomedes, 35 years. IX. Agemon, 16 years. X. Alexander, 25 years. XI. Telestes, 12 years. XII. Automenes, 1 year. Thereafter, there were annual presidents.

CAPUT XXXV. The Kings of the Lacedaemonians from the books of Diodorus

- From sixty years: later, Nicander, 38 years; Theopompus, 47 years. In the tenth year of this man also, the first Olympiad is found. The total time from the taking of Troy until the descent of the Heraclidae is 80 years. There follow the kings of the Lacedaemonians.

1. Since, from the Trojan events until the first Olympiad, the tracing of times is difficult—because in that interval there were no annual magistrates either in Athens or in other cities—we shall therefore use the kings of the Lacedaemonians for this matter. From the destruction of Troy until the first Olympiad, 408 years have elapsed, as the Athenian Apollodorus says: of which, 80 are counted until the descent of the Heraclidae, ^B and the remainder are occupied by the kings of the Lacedaemonians, Procles, Eurysthenes, and their descendants. We, however, shall enumerate the individual kings from these families until the first Olympiad.

2. Eurysthenes commenced his reign in the eightieth year after the Trojan events, and held it for 42 years. After him, Agis for one year; Echestratus for 31 years: whom Labotas succeeded for 37 years; then Dorysthus for 29 years: them succeeded Agesilaus for 44 years; Archesilaus for 60 years; Teleclus for 40 years; and finally Alcamenes for 38 years. In the tenth year of this ruler, the first Olympiad is identified, in which Coroebus the Elean won the stadium. ^C From the other house likewise, they reigned: first, Procles for 50 years less one: then Prytanis for 50 years less one: then Eunomius for 45 years: then Charicles.

VII. Aristomedes, 35 years. IX. Agemon, 16 years. X. Alexander, 25 years. XI. Telestes, 12 years. XII. Automenes, 1 year. After whom, annual prytaneis.

Aristomedes, 35 years. Agemon, 16 years. Alexander, 25 years. Telestes, 12 years. Automenes, 1 year. After whom, annual prytaneis.

Since these times are included in this treatise, we do not define those before the Trojan events with certainty, because we have received no established chronicle concerning them. But from the Trojan events, consistently with Apollodorus of Athens, we posit 80 years to the descent of the Heraclidae; and from that to the first Olympiad, 328 years, calculating the times.

^A Lydians, also called Maeonians, held sway at sea for 92 years. Pelasgians held sway at sea for 85 years. Third, the Thracians held sway at sea for 79 years. Fourth, the Rhodians held sway at sea, and according to some, fifth, for 23 years. Castor.

CAPUT XXXVI. From the books of Diodorus, briefly concerning the times of those holding sea power

Those who held sea power after the Trojan war: I. Lydians and Maeonians, 92 years. II. Pelasgians, 85 years. III. Thracians, 79 years. IV. Rhodians, 23 years. ^D

V. Phrygians, 25 years. VI. Cypriots, 33 years. VII. Phoenicians, 45 years. VIII. Egyptians, ... years. IX. Milesians, 18 years. X. Carians, 61 years. XI. Lesbians, 68 years. XII. Phocaeans, 44 years. XIII. Samians, ... years. XIV. Lacedaemonians, 2 years. XV. Naxians, 10 years. XVI. Eretrians, 15 years. XVII. Aeginetans, 10 years, until the arrival of Xerxes.

Chapter XXXVII. The Kings of the Macedonians [from the books of Diodorus]

^A After the Assyrians had perished and the last king of Assyria, Sardanapalus, was destroyed, the times of the Macedonians begin. Before the first Olympiad, Caranus, desiring to acquire a realm, gathered forces from the Argives and other parts of the Peloponnese, and undertook an expedition into the borders of the Macedonians. At that same time, the king of the Orestae, waging war with his neighbors, the Eordaeans, implored the aid of Caranus on the condition that he would concede to him the middle part of his kingdom. Having settled matters for the Orestae in this way, when the king had fulfilled his promises, Caranus obtained that region and reigned there ^B for thirty years. To him, now finished with a long life, succeeded his son by the name of Coenus, and he reigned for two and thirty years. Then Tyrimmas for forty-three years; Perdiccas for forty-two years. This man, being studious of extending his kingdom, sent an embassy to Delphi. Then, having interposed a few words, he adds that Perdiccas reigned for forty-eight years, and from him the dignity came down to Argaeus; having performed his reign for thirty-one years, he was succeeded by Philippus, of whose reign thirty-tree years are held. To him succeeded Aeropus for twenty years. Soon Alcetas possessed the scepter for eighteen years. Afterwards, Amyntas for forty-nine years. Then Alexander for forty-four years. From hence reigned Perdiccas for twenty-two years; Archelaus for seventeen years; Aeropus for six years; Pausanias for one year; Ptolemy for three years; Perdiccas for five years; Philip for twenty-four years; Alexander, the one who fought with the Persians, for twelve years.

2. Moreover, the family of the Macedonian kings, in this manner of reliable history, is referred back as far as Hercules. Now, from Caranus, who first built and held the Macedonian kingdom, to Alexander, who conquered Asia, there are counted 24 kings, and the years are 451, and they are individually as follows.

Fifth, the Phrygians held the sea for 25 years, according to some for 5. Idem ibid. Twelfth, the Phocaeans held the sea for 44 years. Idem p. 239 B. The Lacedaemonians held the sea for 2 years. Idem p. 238 C. The Naxians held the sea for 15, years 10. And after them, the Eretrians 16, years 7. Idem p. 247 B. The Aeginetans held the sea for 10 years. Idem p. 247 B.

I. Caranus reigned for 30 years. II. Coenus for 28 years. III. Tyrimmas for 43 years. IV. Perdiccas for 48 years. V. Argeus for 38 years. VI. Philippus for 33 years. VII. Aropas for 20 years. VIII. Alcetas for 18 years. In his age Cyrus ruled over the Persians. IX. Amyntas for 42 years. X. Alexander for 44 years. XI. Perdiccas for 23 years. XII. Archelaus for 24 years. XIII. Orestes for 3 years. XIV. Archelaus for 4 years. XV. Amyntas for 1 year. XVI. Pausanias for 1 year. XVII. Amyntas for 6 years. XVIII. Argeus for 2 years. XIX. Amyntas for 18 years. XX. Alexander for 1 year. XXI. Ptolemaeus Alorites for 3 years. XXII. Perdiccas for 6 years. XXIII. Philippus for 27 years. XXIV. Alexander the son of Philip for 12 years.

CHAPTER XXXVIII. Kings of the Macedonians after Alexander.

^A After Alexander the son of Philip, these ruled as kings over the Macedonians and the Greeks. The rule of the Macedonians, up until its dissolution by the Romans, lasted in this manner.

Aridaeus, the son of Philip and Philinna the Thessalian—whom the Macedonians, out of devotion to the family of Philip, called Philip and appointed king after Alexander, even though he was born of another woman and they knew him to be mentally deficient—succeeded to the rule, as we have stated, in the second year of the 114th Olympiad. Seven years are calculated for him: for he reigned until the fourth year of the 115th Olympiad. Alexander had left behind children: Hercules by Barsine, the daughter of Pharnabazus, and Alexander by Roxana, the daughter of Oxyartes, king of the Bactrians. ^B Cassander, the son of Antipater, killed them—the former he slew himself, and the latter he persuaded Polysperchon to kill; he also cast out Olympias unburied, and proclaimed himself king of the Macedonians. From this time on, the other prefects also, with the lineage of Alexander now removed, asserted kingdoms for themselves. Cassander joined himself in marriage to Thessalonica, the daughter of Philip, and ruled for 19 years.

The Macedonian kingdom according to Porphyry the philosopher who was against us.

^C The learned and most erudite Eusebius, in his chronological canons, while discussing in summary the Antiochians, the Seleucids, and the Ptolemies, and the high priests who presided after the return from Babylon, says the following: "Alexander, the king of the Macedonians, in the sixth year of his reign, having vanquished Darius the son of Arsames, overthrew the power of the Persians, which had lasted from Cyrus to Darius for 230 years. The kingdom of the Macedonians, however, had lasted from Cranaus to Alexander for 518 years; and upon his death in Babylon, the rule was succeeded to by Philip in Macedonia, Antigonus in Asia, Ptolemy son of Lagus in Egypt, and Seleucus Nicanor in Syria, etc."

^A ...and each of the satraps reigned, the generation of Alexander having become corrupted. Having married Thessalonica, daughter of Philip, he spent nineteen years in his reign, and was destroyed by a painful wasting disease.

3. His children succeeded him after their father; first Philip, who died at Elatea. But Antipater, having killed his mother Thessalonica for helping his brother Alexander, fled to Lysimachus; and having married one of his daughters, he was likewise put to death by this same Lysimachus. Alexander, for his part, married Lysandra, daughter of Ptolemy, and called upon Demetrius, son of Antigonus—who was surnamed the Besieger—to aid him in the war which had arisen against his younger brother; but he was also killed by him. And Demetrius himself became ruler of the Macedonians. The years, therefore, during which the children of Cassander reigned, are reckoned from the fourth year of the 120th Olympiad to the third year of the 121st Olympiad.

^B He was the twenty-third descendant of Achilles, son of Thetis, and he considered the empire of Macedonia as having devolved upon him from the family of Philip on account of Olympias, the mother of Alexander, she herself having been born of Pyrrhus, son of Neoptolemus. He reigned over the Macedonians for seven months; but in the eighth month, he was succeeded by Lysimachus, the son of Agathocles, who was a Thessalian from Cranon and had once been a bodyguard of Alexander; and being at that time king of Thrace and the Chersonese, he invaded Macedonia, a neighboring and bordering territory, and took it over. ^C This man, persuaded by his wife Arsinoe, deprived his son Agathocles of life, and he reigned over Macedonia for five years and six months, until he was killed in the battle at the plain of Corus against Seleucus, the king of Asia, who bore the surname Nicator, at which time he also departed from life.

5. Then Ptolemy, who bore the surname Ceraunus [that is, "Thunderbolt"], killed Seleucus—to whom he had been a benefactor and to whom he had fled as an exile—and claimed Macedonia for himself. However, this same man died in battle against the Gauls, after having reigned for one year and five months.

6. Ptolemy was succeeded by his brother Meleager; but the Macedonians immediately cast him out of the government after he had reigned for two months, as he appeared unworthy; and in his place they made King Antipater, who was the nephew of Cassander and son of Philip, because they lacked a royal heir. He reigned for forty-five days...

until a certain Sosthenes, one of the common people, drove him out, as he was unable to lead the army against such a great enemy, the Gaul Brennus ^A. The Macedonians called this man "Etesias," because the Etesian winds blow for just that length of time. Sosthenes drove out Brennus, and after he had been in charge of affairs for two full years, he died.

7. Then Macedonia lacked a king, because Antipater, Ptolemy, and Aridaeus were managing affairs, yet in such a way that no one held supreme power; specifically, from Ptolemy until the end of the interregnum—that is, from the fourth year of the 124th Olympiad to the 126th—Ptolemy Ceraunus reigned for one year and five months, Meleager for two months, Antipater for forty-five days, and Sosthenes for two years, and the remaining time was considered an interregnum.

8. When Antipater was plotting against the republic, Antigonus, son of Demetrius the Besieger and Phila, daughter of Antipater, took the reins of power. He had been educated among the Thessalians at Gonnos and was therefore called Gonatas. There are assigned to him, in total, forty-four years of reign. For he reigned for ten years before he fully established his hold on Macedonia, having been called king in the second year of the 123rd Olympiad: he then ^B subdued Greece with a strong hand in the first year of the 126th Olympiad. He prolonged his life to his eighty-third year; he died in the first year of the 135th Olympiad.

9. He was succeeded by his son Demetrius, who also took all of Libya and obtained Cyrene; having added these to his father's domain, he made a monarchy and ruled for ten years. Having taken a wife—a certain captive whom he named Aureola—he fathered a son, Philip, who was the first to fight a war against the Romans and was the cause of the Macedonian disaster.

10. Now, when Philip was orphaned, a certain man of the royal race, surnamed Phuscus ^C, whom the Macedonians, seeing that he administered the guardianship with just laws, appointed king, and betrothed Aureola to him. He, however, did not rear the children born of Aureola, preserving the power for Philip, to whom he handed it over upon his death, having acted as guardian for twelve years, and lived in all forty-five years. Demetrius, surnamed the Fair, died in the second year of the 136th Olympiad. The kingdom then came to Philip, whose curator and guardian was the aforementioned Antigonus, ^D who died in the fourth year of the 139th Olympiad, after he had acted as guardian for twelve years, and had lived for forty-two. Now Philip, with the guardian removed, began his reign in the 140th Olympiad, and held it for...

forty-two years in total. ^A He died in the second year of the 150th Olympiad, being fifty-eight years old.

11. Philip’s son Perseus, having killed his brother Demetrius, reigned for ten years and eight months. For in the fourth year of the 154th Olympiad, Lucius Aemilius broke the Macedonian forces at Pydna; Perseus fled first to Samothrace, then voluntarily surrendered to the enemy as a prisoner, and was transferred to Alba, where he lived under guard until he died five years later.

12. The affairs of the Macedonians ended with him: ^B although the Romans still allowed them to be free and under their own laws, out of respect for the dignity and fame of the glorious and victorious Macedonian empire.

13. But after the ninth year, which was the third year of the 157th Olympiad, a certain Andriscus falsely claimed to be the son of Perseus, also adopting the name of Philip, whence he was called the False Philip. Relying on the aid of the Thracians, he seized the lordship of Macedonia and held it for one year, until, defeated in battle, he fled back to the Thracians, by whom he was betrayed and sent in chains to Rome.

14. Then at last the Romans, despising the Macedonians who had favored Philip, made them subject to tribute and placed them under Roman rule, in the fourth year of the 157th Olympiad. ^C And so, from the second year of the 114th Olympiad—after Alexander the Great—until the fourth year of the 157th Olympiad, in which the Macedonians were enslaved, there are numbered in all forty-three Olympiads with two years; the sum of the years is 174.

15. The kings of the Macedonians after Alexander were these: I. Aridaeus, also known as Philip, seven years. II. Cassander, nineteen years. III. The sons of Cassander, three years and six months. IV. Demetrius the Besieger, six years. V. Pyrrhus, seven months. VI. Lysimachus, five years and five months. VII. Ptolemy, also known as Ceraunus, one year and five months. VIII. Meleager, two months. IX. Antipater, son of Lysimachus, forty-five days. X. Sosthenes, two years. XI. Years of interregnum, three. XII. Antigonus Gonatas, thirty-four years. XIII. Demetrius, ten years. XIV. Antigonus Phuscus, twelve years. XV. Philip, forty-two years. XVI. Perseus, ten years and eight months. XVII. Nineteen years of liberty with local laws. XVIII. The False Philip, one year. After these, the Romans.

CHAPTER XXXIX. Kings of the Thessalians.

1. The Thessalians and Epirotes had obeyed the same rulers as the Macedonians. From the Romans, however, they obtained freedom and the right to use their own laws after Philip was defeated in Thessaly by the arms of the Roman commander Titus ^A. But in the end, they themselves also became tributaries of the Romans for the same reason as the Macedonians.

2. Specifically, after the death of Alexander, Aridaeus, who was also Philip, reigned for seven years. Cassander, king of the Epirotes and Thessalians, succeeded him for nineteen years. Then Philip, his son, reigned for four months. After that, his brothers Antipater and Alexander reigned for two years and six months. Likewise, Demetrius, son of Antigonus, reigned for six years and as many months. Afterwards, Pyrrhus reigned for four years and as many months. Then Lysimachus, son of Agathocles, for six years. Soon after, Ptolemy, byname Ceraunus, reigned for one year and five months; he was succeeded by Meleager for two months, after whom Antipater, son of Lysimachus, reigned for forty-five days, and after him Sosthenes for one year. ^B An interregnum of two years and as many months followed. Thereafter, Antigonus, son of Demetrius, ruled for thirty-four years and two months. About these years, Pyrrhus, having received the surrender of the forces of Antigonus and having gained control of a few places, was subsequently defeated in the battle of Derdii ^C by Demetrius, son of Antigonus, and stripped of his affairs. A short time later, after Antigonus died, his son Demetrius reigned for ten years. After him, Antigonus, his son—who had gone to Cyrene—and of Olympias, daughter of Polycletus the Larissaean, reigned for nine years. Bringing strong aid to the Achaeans, he defeated Cleomenes, the tyrant of the Lacedaemonians, in battle, bestowed liberty upon the Spartans, and earned almost divine honors among the Achaean nation. After him, Philip, son of Demetrius, reigned for twenty-three years and nine months; he was then defeated in battle in Thessaly by Titus, commander of the Roman army. From the Romans, the Thessalians and the rest of the Greeks who paid tribute to Philip received freedom and the power to use their own laws.

A Thessalia fuerunt; deinceps vero principes annui suffragiis publicis legi cœperunt. Primus autem creatus est Pausanias Echecrati, Pheræus. Deinde Amyntas Cratetis, Pierius, quo imperante Titus Romam reversus est. Deinde Æacides Calliæ metropolitanus. Deinde Epidromus Andromachi, Larissæus, mensibus octo; reliqua autem ejus anni parte Eunomus Polycleti, Larissæus, mensibus quatuor. Posthinc Eunomus anno uno. Deinde Æacides Calliæ metropolitanus iterum. Deinde Pravilus Phaxiæ, Scotusæus. Deinde Eunomus Polycleti, Larissæus, iterum. Deinde Androsthenes Idalii, Gyrtonius. Deinde Thrasymachus Alexandri, Atracius. Deinde Laontomenes Damothonis, Pheræus. Deinde Pausanias Damothonis. Deinde Theodorus Alexandri, Argivus. Deinde Nicocrates Phaxini, Scotusæus. Deinde Hippolochus Alexippi, Larissæus. Deinde Cleomachides Œnei, Larissæus. Deinde Phyrinus Aristomenis, Gomphensis.

4. In that same year Philip died in Macedonia, and authority was transferred to his son Perseus. He had ruled the Thessalians, as was stated, for twenty-three years and nine months, but the Macedonians for a total of forty-two years and nine months. But from the second year of the 114th Olympiad, the time when Philip (Aridaeus) was placed in charge of affairs, up to the end of Philip, son of Demetrius, whose death fell in the second year of the 150th Olympiad with five months, there are accounted 144 years and 5 months.

5. Sum of the Thessalian kings. I. Aridaeus, also known as Philip, 7 years. II. Cassander 19 years. III. Philip 4 months. IV. Antipater and Alexander 2 years and 6 months. V. Demetrius 6 years and 6 months. VI. Pyrrhus 3 years and 4 months. VII. Lysimachus 6 years. VIII. Ptolemy, also known as Ceraunus, 1 year and 5 months. IX. Meleager 2 months. X. Antipater 45 days. XI. Sosthenes 1 year.

^A XII. Interregnum 11 years and 11 months. XIII. Antigonus 33 years and 2 months. XIV. Demetrius 10 years. XV. Antigonus 9 years. XVI. Philippus 22 years and 9 months. 6. Then the commanders of the forces were these: Pausanias, Laontomenes, Amyntas, Pausanias (the second, or another), Æacides, Theodorus, Epidromus, Nicocrates, Eunomus, Hioppolochus, Æacides (the second), Praviles, Cleomachides, Eunomus (the second), Phyrinus, Androsthenes, Philippus (2), Thrasymachus.

CHAPTER XL. KINGS OF ASIA AND SYRIA

1. When Philippus Arrhidaeus was in the sixth year of his reign, in the third year of the 115th Olympiad, Antigonus the First reigned over Asia, and he ruled for eighteen years, having lived in all eighty-six years. He was the most formidable of the kings of that time, and he died in Phrygia, when all the dynasts, through fear, set upon him, in the fourth year of the 119th Olympiad. 2. His son Demetrius, fleeing to Ephesus, provided for his own safety, since all of Asia was falling away from him. He appeared to be the most savage of all kings in the besieging of cities, and for that reason he bore the name of "the Besieger." He reigned for seventeen years, and lived in all fifty-four years. In the first year of the 120th Olympiad he had already reigned for two years with his father, which same period of time pertains to the seventeen years of his reign. He was taken by Seleucus into Cilicia in the fourth year of the 120th Olympiad, and was held by him in honorable custody after the royal manner, until he died in the fourth year of the 124th Olympiad. Such an end did the affairs of Antigonus and Demetrius have.

^B 3. Over the Lydian regions, which pertain to Thrace, Lysimachus ruled, but over the upper parts of Syria, Seleucus: each of whom from the first year of the 114th Olympiad possessed those dominions. But it is better to pass over the affairs of Lysimachus; we shall narrate what was done by Seleucus and by what method. 4. The first king of Egypt, Ptolemy, coming to Palaegaza, joined battle with Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, and having conquered him, he presented Seleucus as king of Syria and the upper regions. But Seleucus, having advanced to Babylon and overcome the barbarians, reigned for 32 years; for which reason he was also called Nicanor.

^C There is not an infrequent confusion in books regarding Syria and Assyria, partly through the fault of the copyists, and partly through the error or intent of the authors themselves. Nor should we pass over what the ancients tell us regarding this appellation. Herodotus indeed, VII, 63: "Those whom the Greeks called Syrians, the barbarians called Assyrians." Hyginus, Fab. CCLXXV: "Semiramis, daughter of Dercetis, founded Babylon in Syria." For which reason in Plutarch, *Amatorius*, Vol. II, p. 753, Semiramis is called a Syrian woman. But also Justin, I, 11: "The Assyrians, who were later called Syrians." Read the same author also in XVIII, 5. Finally, Jerome in *Isaiah* XIX, 23: "Let the learned reader turn over the ancient histories, and recognize that the whole region in the middle from the Euphrates to the Tigris was of the Assyrians." Therefore, those whom the ancients called Assyrians, we now call Syrians. Jerome took this passage from an eponymous work of our Eusebius, namely his Commentary on Isaiah.

^A Having advanced further among the barbarians, he confirmed his kingdom by victory, earning thereby the name Nicanor (or victor). He possessed the scepter for thirty-two years, having begun in the first year of the one hundred and seventeenth Olympiad, and ending in the fourth year of the one hundred and twenty-fourth Olympiad; his life extended to his seventy-fifth year, in which he died, having suffered treachery from a familiar of Ptolemy, surnamed Ceraunus.

5. He was succeeded by his son Antiochus, from Apame the Persian, who was called Soter (that is, Savior). He died in the first year of the one hundred and twenty-ninth Olympiad, after having lived sixty-four years. He had reigned for nineteen years, from the first year of the one hundred and twenty-fifth Olympiad until the third year of the one hundred and twenty-ninth. There were born to him by Stratonice, a son, Antiochus, and two daughters, Stratonice and Apame; the latter of whom, Apame, was taken in marriage by Magas. Stratonice, however, was married to Demetrius, King of Macedonia.

6. When the aforementioned Antiochus Soter died, he was succeeded in the empire by Antiochus, surnamed Theos, beginning in the fourth year of the one hundred and twenty-ninth Olympiad, and extending his life for fifteen more years. Afflicted by illness, he died in Ephesus in the third year of the one hundred and thirty-fifth Olympiad, after having lived forty years in all. He had two sons, Seleucus, surnamed Callinicus, and Antigonus; and two daughters by Laodice of Achaeus, of whom Mithridates took one in marriage, and Arathes took the other.

7. Since his eldest son Seleucus, whom we have mentioned as Callinicus, began his reign in the third year of the one hundred and thirty-third Olympiad, and held it until the second year ^B of the one hundred and thirty-eighth Olympiad, thus reigning for twenty-one years. Upon his death, his son Seleucus, surnamed Ceraunus, succeeded him. And these events happened in this manner.

8. However, while Seleucus Callinicus was still alive, Antigonus, his younger brother, impatient of his quiet lot, found an assistant and supporter in Alexander, who held the city of Sardis, and was the brother of Laodice his mother; he also employed Gauls as mercenaries. In two battles, Seleucus won victory in Lydia, yet in such a way that he neither took Sardis nor Ephesus, which city Ptolemy held with a garrison. Then, in Cappadocia, a new battle having arisen against Mithridates, twenty thousand of his soldiers were slaughtered by the barbarians, and he himself, having been defeated, vanished.

9. But Ptolemy, who is also called Tryphon, occupied the regions of Syria with Damascus and besieged Orthosia, which siege was lifted in the third year of the one hundred and thirty-fourth Olympiad, when Seleucus arrived there.

10. But his brother Antigonus, traveling through Phrygia, burdened the inhabitants with tributes. He even sent commanders of forces against Seleucus; at which time, having been betrayed to the barbarians by his own hedonistic ministers, he escaped their hands and fled to Magnesia with a small retinue. On the following day, relying on the aid of Ptolemy, he joined battle with fortunate outcome; then he also took to himself in marriage the daughter of Ziela. Then, in the fourth year of the one hundred and thirty-seventh Olympiad, after having been moved to arms twice in Lydia, he was defeated. He also fought near Choloë against Attalus; and indeed, in the first year of the one hundred and thirty-eighth Olympiad, fleeing Attalus even into Thrace, after a battle fought in Caria, he departed from life.

... [For this original text,] Seleucus, byname Callinicus, brother of Antigonus, ^A perished in the following year.

11. His son Alexander succeeded him; he preferred to be called Seleucus, but was dubbed Ceraunus by the army. He also had a brother named Antiochus. When Seleucus had ruled the ancestral empire for three years, he was slain by stratagem by a certain Nicanor the Gaul in Phrygia ^A around the first year of the one hundred and thirty-ninth Olympiad.

12. He had as successor his brother Antiochus, whom the army summoned from Babylon and created king ^B, who was awarded the byname of Great ^B, and who reigned for thirty-six years, namely from the second year of the one hundred and thirty-ninth Olympiad until the second year of the one hundred and forty-eighth. Having set out for Susa and the upper satrapies, he was killed in a massacre after engaging in battle with the Elymaeans ^B, leaving two children, Seleucus and Antiochus.

13. From these, Seleucus succeeded to his father’s throne in the third year of the one hundred and forty-eighth Olympiad, and he survived in the empire for twelve years until the first year of the one hundred and fifty-first Olympiad; he lived sixty years in total.

14. In the place of the deceased, his brother Antiochus, byname Epiphanes, presided over affairs for eleven years, specifically from the third year of the one hundred and fifty-first Olympiad until the first year of the one hundred and fifty-fourth.

15. While Antiochus Epiphanes was yet alive, his twelve-year-old son Antiochus, byname Eupator, was admitted to the throne, and lived for one year and six months with his father. Soon Demetrius ^B, whom his father ^C Seleucus had handed over to the Romans as a hostage, fleeing and withdrawing from Rome, arrived at the city of Tripolis in Phoenicia. He slew Lysias, the tutor of the boy, along with Antiochus himself, and invaded the kingdom in the fourth year of the one hundred and fifty-fourth Olympiad: he held it until the fourth Olympiad. The empire remained for twelve years: finally, a battle having arisen for the sake of the kingdom against Alexander—whom mercenary soldiers and also the forces of Ptolemy and King Attalus supported—he was deprived of his life.

16. Alexander gained control of Syria in the third year of the one hundred and fifty-seventh Olympiad and reigned for five years, until he perished in the fourth year of the one hundred and fifty-eighth while waging war against Ptolemy, who was bringing aid to Demetrius (the son of Demetrius) near the city of Antioch; for the battle was fought there, in which tumult Ptolemy himself was lost.

17. Demetrius subsequently sustained the war, whom we have called the son of Demetrius. When, therefore, Demetrius (who was at Seleucia) and Antiochus (son of Alexander, who was advancing from Syria and the city of Antioch) had joined battle, Demetrius departed the victor, and in the first year of the one hundred and sixty-first Olympiad took hold of the reins of government. In the second year, he led forces against Arsaces ^C to Babylon and into the upper provinces: then in the following year, which was the third of the one hundred and sixty-first Olympiad, Arsaces ordered the same man—having been captured—to be transferred to the Parthians and held in custody. This man was called Nicanor (meaning "victor") because he had defeated Antiochus, the son of Alexander: then also Siderites, because he was led away in iron shackles and kept in custody.

18. Demetrius’s other brother, the younger by birth, named Antiochus, was raised in the city of Sida, from which he took the byname Sidetes. After learning of his brother's disaster and chains, having left Sida, he set out to occupy Syria in the fourth year of the one hundred and sixty-first Olympiad, and held that kingdom for nine years. He forcibly subdued the Jews, tore down the walls of the besieged city, and killed the nobles of the nation in the second year of the one hundred and sixty-second Olympiad. ^D

^A

In the fourth year of the same one hundred and sixty-second Olympiad, Arsaces came against him with one hundred and twenty thousand soldiers, and by using a stratagem, sent his brother Demetrius, released from captivity, into Syria. Now, while Antiochus was pursuing the barbarians in a narrow place during a harsh winter, he was wounded in the heat of battle and died at the age of thirty-five. Arsaces took his son, the young Seleucus, who was in his father's retinue, as a captive and had him kept in royal fashion.

19. Now five children had been born to Antiochus, namely three males and two females. The first and the other daughter, Laodice, were called by one name common to both. The third was Antiochus, whom disease likewise carried off alongside his sisters. The fourth was Seleucus, whom Arsaces captured. The fifth, finally, was Antiochus, also called Cyzicenus, who, while he was being reared with Craterus the eunuch, fled in fear of Demetrius to Cyzicus with Craterus and other servants of Antiochus.

20. And so, while the one brother had passed away with his sisters, only the youngest, Antiochus, remained, who for the reason of his flight was called Cyzicenus. Again, Demetrius, having been freed by Arsaces, began to rule in the second year of the one hundred and sixty-second Olympiad, having spent ten years in captivity. ^B Straightaway, upon his return, setting his mind on Egypt, he marched for Pelusium; but soon, with Ptolemy Physcon resisting him, he retreated, for he found the army—to which he was hateful—little inclined toward war. But Ptolemy, burning with wrath, sent against the Asians Alexander, the son of Alexander, or so it was noised abroad, the son of Alexander, who, since he was thought to be a purchased slave of Ptolemy, was called Zabinas by the Syrians. But a battle having occurred near Damascus, Demetrius, having been defeated, fled to Tyre, and being prevented from entering there, he boarded a ship and was hacked to pieces, having reigned three years before his captivity and four years after his return.

21. Demetrius was followed by his son Seleucus, who was immediately put to death through the slanders of his mother. Matters therefore fell to his younger brother, Antiochus, in the second year of the ^C one hundred and sixty-fourth Olympiad. In the third year, he crushed Zabinas, who, so as not to survive the defeat, drank poison and died. Now Antiochus reigned eleven years until the fourth year of the one hundred and sixty-sixth Olympiad; and in that number is also included the single year in which his brother Seleucus held power. He was also called Grypus (that is, endowed with a hooked nose) as well as Philometor. Upon the arrival of Antiochus, who was his brother by the same mother but his cousin by his father, and who by the surname (as we said just before) was called Cyzicenus, he abdicated power and proceeded to Aspendus; on account of which he ^D was also called Aspendius, the same who was also called Grypus and Philometor.

22. After Antiochus had departed for Aspendus, Antiochus Cyzicenus held sway in the first year of the one hundred and sixty-seventh Olympiad. But indeed, in the second year of the same Olympiad, Antiochus returned from Aspendus and occupied Syria, except for a certain portion still subservient to Cyzicenus. Therefore, the empire was divided in two; that which Grypus...

^A held extended until the fourth year of the 170th Olympiad, having lived fifteen years after his return, so that he reigned in total twenty-six years—eleven of them independently, and fifteen while the empire was divided.

23. Now Cyzicenus held power from the first year of the 167th Olympiad, and died in the first year of the 171st, having reigned for eighteen years and lived for fifty in total. The manner of his death was as follows: After Grypus Antiochus had died at the time mentioned, Seleucus, his son, advanced with an army and brought many cities under his control. Antiochus Cyzicenus, bringing his forces out of Antioch, engaged in battle, but was defeated. Carried away by his horse toward the enemy and being on the verge of capture, he cut his own throat. By this event, the entire kingdom, including Antioch itself, was reduced to the power of Seleucus.

24. Against him, however, the surviving son of Cyzicenus, Antiochus, waged war. A battle having been fought in Cilicia near the city called Mopsouestia, Antiochus gained the victory. Seleucus, having fled into the city and learning that the local inhabitants had determined to burn him alive, forestalled them by killing himself. ^B

25. His brothers, who were called twins, Antiochus and Philippus, arriving with an army, took the city by force and, to avenge their brother, razed it to the ground. But the son of Cyzicenus, having advanced, defeated them in battle. Of these, Antiochus, the brother of Seleucus, while driving his horse from the battle and fleeing into the Orontes, was swallowed up by the current.

26. There remained in the contention over the kingdom Philippus, the brother of Seleucus, born of Grypus Antiochus, and Antiochus, the son of Cyzicenus. Starting from the third year of the 171st Olympiad, and possessing significant forces, and each controlling a part of Syria, they waged war against one another for the whole of Syria. And Antiochus, having been defeated, fled to the Parthians, and later entrusted himself to Pompey, thinking he would be restored to Syria by him. But Pompey, having taken money from the Antiochenes, ignored him and allowed the city to be autonomous. Meanwhile, the Alexandrians sent ^C envoys, Menelaus, Lampon, and Callimandrus, asking him that, if Ptolemy Dionysus were to depart from Alexandria, he himself should come and reign over Egypt along with the daughters of Ptolemy. But he was seized by illness and died.

27. Philippus, who was also from Grypus and Tryphaena, born of Ptolemy the Eighth, fell from power. And because he desired to go to Egypt—for he, too, was being summoned at that time by the Alexandrian citizens to the empire—the Roman proconsul of Syria, Gabinius, ^D a legate of Pompey, blocked the undertaking. Therefore, of the Syrian affairs

the royal succession was brought to a halt at this point.

28. The kings of the Asians and Syrians are individually these. ^A I. Antigonus ruled over the Asians for 18 years. II. Demetrius the Besieger, over the upper regions and Syria, for 17 years. III. Seleucus Nicator for 32 years. IV. Antiochus Soter for 19 years. V. Antiochus Theos for 15 years. VI. Seleucus Callinicus for 21 years. VII. Seleucus Ceraunus for 3 years. VIII. Antiochus the Great for 36 years. IX. Seleucus for 12 years. X. Antiochus Epiphanes for 11 years. XI. Antiochus, son of the former, for 1 year and 6 months.

XII. Demetrius Soter for 12 years. XIII. Alexander for 15 years. XIV. Demetrius, son of Demetrius, for 3 years. XV. Antiochus Sidetes for 9 years. XVI. Demetrius again for 4 years. XVII. Antiochus Grypus for 26 years. XVIII. Antiochus Cyzicenus for 18 years. XIX. Philippus, son of Grypus, for 2 years, under whom the dominion of Syria was brought to an end. After these, the Romans.

CHAPTER XLI.

Of the principal authors from whom this work is excerpted.

The kings of the Romans, who existed from Romulus and from Augustus down to our own age, and the Roman consuls from Julius Caesar down to us—I will now proceed to add these, as many as have been consigned to writing in so many records, which I have thus far collected and arranged in order here, taking them from Alexander Polyhistor, from Abydenus who wrote the histories of the Assyrians and Medes, from the three books of Manetho’s Egyptian records, from the nine books of Cephalion’s Muses, from the forty volumes of Diodorus’s Library in which he briefly composed history down to Gaius Caesar, from the eighteen books of Cassius Longinus in which he covered the olympiads down to 228, from the fourteen books of Phlegon, Caesar’s freedman, in which the olympiads down to 229 are summarized, from the six books of Castor in which he reaches from Ninus down to the 181st olympiad, from the three books of Thallus’s Memorials from the capture of Ilium down to the 167th olympiad, and finally from Porphyry, the philosopher of our own age, from the capture of Ilium down to the dominion of Claudius. ^B

CHAPTER XLII.

The Times of the Romans.

1. Now at last we must come to the times of the Roman empire, which began to be so called in the seventh olympiad, in which Romulus founded the city of Rome; but from him, the name was derived at that time both for this city and for the rest that were under its dominion: for before the aforementioned age, they were called now Latins, now Aborigines, and at other times they were called otherwise.

2. Therefore, after the capture of Ilium, Aeneas, the son of Anchises, and his descendants reigned among them, as many as were in charge of the same nation before the City was founded. And indeed, others besides the Romans themselves, and very many, and by name the Greeks, have summarized their history in writing: yet from that number, we shall invoke only two illustrious witnesses of this our subject: namely Dionysius immediately, who composed the Commentaries on Roman history, and who, besides the rest of the material, strictly pursued the Roman origins in his first book from Aeneas and his descendants. ^C

28. The kings of Asia and Syria are as follows in order: Antigonus reigned over Asia for 18 years. Demetrius the Besieger, over the upper regions and Syria, for 17 years. Seleucus Nicator, 32 years. Antiochus Soter, 19 years. Antiochus Theos, 15 years. Seleucus Callinicus, 21 years. Seleucus Ceraunus, 3 years. Antiochus the Great, 36 years. Seleucus Philopator, 12 years. Antiochus Epiphanes, 11 years. Antiochus Eupator, 1 year, 6 months. Demetrius Soter, 12 years. Alexander, 15 years. Demetrius, son of Demetrius, 3 years. Antiochus Sidetes, 9 years. Demetrius again, 4 years. Antiochus Grypus, 26 years. Antiochus Cyzicenus, 18 years. ^D Philippus, son of Grypus, 2 years, under whom the rule over Syria was extinguished.

The time of the Macedonians is thus gathered: from Antigonus to 204 years, and from Seleucus Nicator to 239 years.

CHAPTER XLIII.

From Book One of the Roman History of Dionysius of Halicarnassus. On the first inhabitants of Rome.

^A 1. The city which now is inhabited by the Romans, a city that rules over every land and sea, is said by the ancient chroniclers to have been occupied by the barbarian Sicels, an indigenous people. But regarding the time before this, no one can affirm with certainty whether it had other colonists or was vacant. As time passed, the Aborigines wrested it from its ancient owners after a long war; they had formerly lived in villages and scattered groups upon the mountains without walls. Afterward, the Pelasgi and some other Greeks are said to have held the region, and these men were once called Aborigines, but later they were named Latins from King Latinus, who held power during the heat of the Trojan War. Finally, sixteen generations later, Romulus built and increased the city, and brought in the majesty of wealth and laws.

^B 2. And returning to the text of his discourse, he writes these very words: “The Aborigines, from whom the Roman race was propagated, some declare to be the indigenous and peculiar people of the same Italy. (Furthermore, I call Italy the entire coast as far as the Ionian Gulf and the Tyrrhenian Sea, and the third part of the land which the Latins occupied.) They interpret their name as meaning princes, heads of the race, or firstborn: but according to the opinion of other writers, they are called by various names, because indeed they came from many regions: others say that they came thither from Libya: finally, the most learned of the Roman writers say they were Greeks who once lived in Achaia, and migrated from there in crowds many ages before the Trojan War. ^C Then he adds clearly: “And indeed the truth of the matter lies hidden; yet, as I opine, they are of that race which is now called the Arcadians: for these were the first to cross the Ionian Gulf and settle in Italy, led by Oenotrus, the son of Lycaon, who was the fifth after Zeus and Phoroneus, seventeen generations before the Trojan War. When Oenotrus was already living in the mountains, the province was called Oenotria, and the colonists were called Oenotrians, who afterward were heard of as Italians from King Italus, whence the whole region also contracted the name of Italy. Italus was succeeded by Morges, from whom they were called Morgetes. Furthermore, Oenotrus’s brother, whose name was Peucetius, having likewise led colonists from Arcadia, fixed his seat near the Ionian Gulf, and from him the name Peucetii was given to the peoples. He relates all these things as a matter of probable doctrine.”

3. He says further that Pelasgian colonies came into Italy for a shared inhabitation with the Aborigines. Then the name of Tyrrhenians was given to the Pelasgians themselves, and to the whole region that of Tyrrhenia, from a certain Tyrrhenus, a prince of theirs.

4. Moreover, he says that Evander, having crossed with a fleet from the Arcadian city of Pallantium, finally settled in those places of Italy where it later came to pass that the city of Rome was founded. He likewise relates that the Arcadians brought with them into Italy the use of Greek letters, and also musical instrumental arts, and established laws.

^A

5. After these, he says that another Greek fleet arrived, led by Hercules. They remained in these regions and built a hill, which was called Saturnius by the men of that time; and the entire other headland was also named Saturnia. Some say that he also left behind a son in these regions, Latinus, who, when he had reached manhood, took over the rule of the Aborigines. When he died without children, the rule passed to Aeneas, the son of Anchises.

6. Bringing all these things together in summary, he concludes with words to this effect: “The collected peoples, who also intermingled their way of life with the natives, and from whose blend the Roman race was fashioned—before the city as it now exists was populated by its inhabitants—are these. First, the Aborigines, who drove the Siculi from their lands; they derived their Greek origin from the Peloponnese, and, as I believe, migrated with Oenotrus from what is now called Arcadia. Next, the Thessali, who flowed in here from what was once called Haemonia, but is now called Thessaly. In the third place, the Pelasgi, ^B who came with Evander from Arcadia and the city of Palantium. After these came a certain detachment of those Peloponnesians who had joined themselves to Hercules in the Peloponnesian war. Lastly, those who escaped safely with Aeneas from Ilium, Dardania, and the other Trojan cities.”

CAPUT XLIV. From the same book. On the time of Aeneas’ arrival in Italy.

1. Ilium, he says, was captured at the end of summer, seventeen days before the *winter* solstice, in the month of Elaphebolion, as the Athenians calculate time. There remained, moreover, five days that completed that year after the solstice. It seems to me that the Achaeans managed the affairs of that city for thirty-seven days after its capture, received embassies from those who had revolted, and confirmed a treaty with them by oath. In the following year, which was the first after the capture, after the autumn equinox, the Trojans left their homeland, crossed the Hellespont, and landing in Thrace, spent the winter there; in which place they also awaited other refugees and prepared themselves to pursue their sea voyage all together. Therefore, at the approach of spring, having boarded their ships and set sail from Thrace, they made their way through the intervening spaces as far as Sicily; the year ended for them as they disembarked at this region, and they spent the second winter there, settling cities with the Elymi in Sicily. When the sailing season returned, having departed from the island, they crossed the Tyrrhenian sea, and finally arrived at Laurentum, on the coast of the Aborigines, in the middle of that same summer. Having taken the site, they founded Lavinium, having completed the second year after the capture. And regarding these matters, my opinion ^C has been made clear. And Aeneas, having adequately equipped the city with shrines and other ornaments, most of which were still in existence in my time, ^D

^A ruled only over the Trojans for the year following his departure. In the fourth year, however, Latinus having passed away, he also received his kingdom, by virtue of his relationship with the heir, Lavinia, who became his after the death of Latinus. Because of these accusations, a war and a fierce battle arose, in which Latinus, Turnus, and many others were lost, but Aeneas’s allies emerged victorious. Consequently, Aeneas took the authority that had devolved upon him through his marriage. Having reigned for three years following the death of Latinus, he died in the fourth year during the war.

2. After Aeneas had departed from human life, in the seventh year after the capture of Ilium, Euryleon, who had been renamed Ascanius during his exile, began to be prince of the Latins. ^B And when Ascanius had died in the thirty-eighth year of his reign, the royal dignity reverted to Silvius, the brother of Ascanius, who had been born a posthumous son to Aeneas by Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus. And Silvius, having held the power for twenty-nine years, was succeeded by his son Aeneas, who reigned for thirty-one years. After him, Latinus ruled for fifty-one years. After him, Alba ruled for thirty-nine years. After Alba, Capetus for twenty-six years. Then Capys for twenty-eight years. After Capys, Calpetus held the power for thirteen years. Next, Tiberinus reigned for eight years; and it is said that he died in a battle by a river. Having been carried away by the current, he left his own name to the river, which was previously called Albula.

^C 3. Tiberinus’s successor, Agrippa, reigned for forty-one years. After Agrippa, Amulius, an acute and godless tyrant, reigned for nineteen years. This man, a contemner of the gods, constructed apparatus to simulate lightning and imitated the sound of thunder, so that he might be regarded by people struck with terror as worthy of something like divine honor. But when rains and lightning fell upon his house, and the lake adjacent to the palace flooded into his house beyond its custom, he was thus exterminated together with his whole house. And even now, in a certain part, when the lake recedes and the waters subside and the bottom is still, the ruins of chambers and other traces of habitation show themselves.

4. Now, the one who succeeded him in the empire was Aventius, (from whom one of the seven hills that are within the city of Rome derived its name), who ruled for thirty-seven years. After him, Procas for twenty-eight years. Afterward, Amulius, who reigned tyrannically for forty-two years, having usurped against moral law the kingdom belonging to his elder brother, Numitor. Now, indeed, with Amulius killed by the sons of the sacred maiden, as we shall soon relate, Romulus and Remus, with that man dead, Numitor entered upon the legitimate authority...

in the year following his reign. In the four hundred and thirty-second year after the capture of Troy, the Albans sent forth a colony under the leadership of Romulus and Remus, and they founded the city ^A of Rome in the first year of the seventh Olympiad, in which Daicles of Messene won the stadium race, and when Charops was in the first year of his decennial archonship at Athens.

The same writer adds the following to the aforementioned book, showing that the history of the city of Rome has been handed down in various ways.

CAPUT XLV. Of the founding of the city of Rome.

1. Since there has been much disputation concerning the city of Rome, specifically regarding the time of its building and its founders; nevertheless, as it seems to me, no sufficiently suitable account exists, which all, however, treat in a perfunctory manner. For Cephalion of Gergesis, a very ancient writer, says that the city was founded in the second generation after the Trojan War by those who escaped safely from Ilium with Aeneas. He thinks that the founder of the settlement was the general of the Roman colony himself, whom he affirms to be one of the sons of Aeneas. For he says ^B that Aeneas had four sons: Ascanius, Euryleon, Romulus, and Romus. The same time and the same leader of the colony are also set forth by Diodorus, Agathymus, and many others. But he who collected the sacred rites of the Argives and their other deeds says that Aeneas, having arrived in Italy from the Molossians with Odysseus, populated the city with inhabitants and named it after a certain Latin woman ^C, who, having incited the other Trojan women who were weary and disgusted with their wandering, was the author of the plan to burn the ships with them. Damastes of Sigeum and several others agree with him.

2. But the philosopher Aristotle tells that certain Achaeans, returning from Troy, were caught by a violent storm while navigating the Malean [sea], and being forced by the winds to wander hither and thither throughout the whole expanse of the sea, they finally reached this place in Opicia, which is called Latium, and which lies adjacent to the vastness of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Now, when they had gladly seen the land, they hauled their ships ashore and spent the winter tempest there, intending to resume their journey at the beginning of spring; but when their ships were consumed by a fire during the night, and they had no way to make their departure, ^D they were forced by unavoidable necessity to settle their lives in the region where they had been brought; and this happened to them because of the captive women, whom they happened to have with them from Ilium. These women, fearing the return of the Achaeans home, as if they were going to arrive into slavery—their plan [remains] to others...

in the place where they had landed. This event, moreover, happened through the agency of the captive women carried off from Ilium, who, fearing that if they went to Achaea, they would endure slavery there, set fire to the ships.

3. Callias, however, who wrote of the deeds of Agathocles, states that a certain Trojan woman, having been brought to Italy with others, married Latinus, king of the Aborigines, and from her were born the sons Romus and Romulus, who founded the City and gave it the name of their mother. ^B But the historian Xenagoras says that three children were born of Ulysses and Circe: Romus, Antias, and Ardeas, and that they founded three cities and named them after themselves. And Dionysius of Chalcis asserts that the City was founded by Romus, but he says that he was, according to some, the son of Ascanius, and according to others, of Emathion. Nor are there wanting those who say that Rome was built by a Romus who was born of Italus and Leuca, the daughter of Latinus.

4. Although I could name many other Greek authors who still discourse differently about the founders of the City ^C; nevertheless, lest I be thought too wordy, I will move on to the Roman writers. There is, in truth, no really ancient Roman writer of prose or history: everyone, rather, has fashioned his own studies from ancient records which are preserved in sacred books. Now some of these say that Romulus and Remus are the founders of Rome, born of Aeneas; others [call them] the children of a daughter of Aeneas; but whose children they were, they no longer define. They say they were given by Aeneas as hostages to Latinus, king of the Aborigines, at the time when ^D covenants were being made between the natives and the newcomers; and that Latinus, welcoming them, treated them well with other care, and dying without male children, called them successors to a part of his dominion.

5. Others indeed narrate that, after the death of Aeneas, Ascanius obtained the whole of Latinus's rule, yet shared it with his brothers Romulus and Remus, the land and the power of the Latins being divided into three parts. And that he himself founded Alba and other small towns; but that Romus founded Capua, named from his great-grandfather Capys; and likewise Anchisa [founded] from his grandfather Anchises; then also Aeneas [founded] (afterward called Anicavus) from his father; finally, Rome from his own name. But that this city was for some time destroyed, and afterward recovered its original form through other colonists whom the Albans led, under the leadership of Romulus and Remus: so that Rome has a twofold founding—the first indeed occurring a little after the Trojan war, but the other following the former after an interval of fifteen generations.

6. Nay, if anyone inspects even earlier times, he will find a third founding of Rome, more ancient than these, before Aeneas and the Trojans arrived in Italy. And this is not narrated by some common writer, but is reported by Antiochus the Syracusan himself, of whom I made mention earlier. He says that while Morgetes was reigning in Latium (it was, however, at that time—the coast from Tarentum to Posidonia) [there arrived before]

him a fugitive man from Rome. He speaks thus: "When Italus had grown old, Morges reigned. Under him, there arrived a fugitive man from Rome, Siculus by name." Therefore, according to the opinion of the Syracusan writer, Rome is older and prior to the Trojan times. Whether it was in those same places where the city now stands, or if some other settlement existed that was called by that name, since he himself left it uncertain, I cannot even by conjecture discover. And of the ancient buildings, I deem that enough has been said by me.

7. But as for the final foundation of Rome — or whatever one ought to call it, whether it be a gathering of inhabitants or a building or anything else — Timaeus the Sicilian, I know not by what rule he used, says that it came to pass at the time of the founding of Carthage, namely in the thirty-eighth year before the first Olympiad; Lucius Cincius, a man of the senatorial order, [sets it] about the fourth year of the twelfth Olympiad; Quintus Fabius [sets it] in the first year of the eighth Olympiad. Cato Porcius, though he does not follow the rule of the Greek periods, is nonetheless as careful as any in collecting ancient history, and he asserts that it is four hundred and thirty-two years later than the Trojan War; and this time, when measured against the chronographies of Eratosthenes, falls in the first year of the seventh Olympiad. That the rules which Eratosthenes uses are sound, and how one might harmonize Roman times with those of the Greeks, I have shown in another treatise. ^B Some wish that Cronus was the first Alban to rule over the places in the West; after whom they say Picus his son, who is also Zeus, reigned; then Faunus the son of Zeus, who is Hermes; under whom Hercules, returning from Spain... and after him Latinus, under whom Aeneas, after the capture of Troy, having come prepared with arms and royal wealth, is joined to Lavinia his daughter, and reigns over the Latins.

Concerning the Ancient History of the Romans from the 7th book of Diodorus Siculus

1. Some of the historians, having been led astray, have supposed that Rome was founded by those begotten of the daughter of Aeneas; but the truth is not so; for in the time between...

the seventh Olympiad and the founding of the city, there were kings of the lineage of Aeneas and Romulus; and this foundation falls more than four hundred and fifty years after the Trojan War. For Aeneas, having taken hold of the kingdom of the Latins three years after the capture of Troy, and having held it for three years, vanished from the sight of men and attained immortal honors. His son Ascanius, having succeeded to the rule, built Alba, now called Longa, which he named after the river that was then called Alba, but is now called Tiber. ^A And the historian of Roman affairs, Fabius, devises another fable. For he says that an oracle was given to Aeneas, that some four-footed beast would point out to him the site for the building of a city. But when he was about to sacrifice a sow, pregnant and white in color, as a victim, it escaped from his hands and ran swiftly into a certain hill, where it gave birth to thirty piglets. Stupefied by the omen, Aeneas decided to immediately execute the commands of the oracle; but when he was already applying his hand to the building of the place, a certain vision clearly appeared to him in his sleep, restraining him from his undertaking, and commanding him not to build until thirty years had passed, according to the number of the piglets. He therefore desisted from his purpose for the time being. ^B 3. Delivered from his life, his son Ascanius occupied the hill with buildings after thirty years, and this structure was called Alba on account of the color of the sow. (For the Latins in their own idiom call white *album*.) Furthermore, the name *Longa* was added, that is to say *makran*, because it was stretched out greatly in length, being little extended in width.

4. After his death, dissension gripped the people, with two contending for the scepter. For Julius, the son of Ascanius, said that the kingdom belonged to him; and Silvius, the brother of Ascanius, begotten of Aeneas and Silvia (who had once been the wife of Latinus), thought that he used an equal right. Ascanius had plotted against him after the death of Aeneas, and therefore the boy had been raised by herdsmen on the mountain, whence his name Silvius was formed from the name of the mountain of the Latins, which was called Silva. ^C In this conflict of parties, Silvius finally, being superior in the number of votes, occupies the royal dignity; but Julius, excluded from rule, obtained the office of high priest, which was an honor second to the regal. They say that the Julian clan, which arose from this, flourishes in Rome to this very day. Silvius, however, having done nothing worthy of commemoration during his rule, died after the twenty-ninth year of his kingdom. Aeneas, his son, who had the surname Silvius, succeeded to the empire, and he reigned for more than thirty years.

5. Then Latinus, also surnamed Silvius, obtained power for fifty years. He became illustrious by his deeds both at home and in war. The same man destroyed adjacent towns; he then built eighteen of those ancient cities which were once called Latin; namely, Tibur, Praeneste, Gabii, Tusculum, Cora, Pometia, Lanuvium, Labicum, Scaptia, Satricum, Aricia, Tellenae, Crustumerium, Caenina, Fregellae, Camerium, Medullia, and Boilum, which some call Bola. ^D

6. After the death of Latinus, his son Alba Silvius was created king, and he held power for thirty-eight years. Afterwards Epitus Silvius reigned for twenty-six years. Upon his death, the kingdom devolved to Capys; and it remained with him for twenty-eight years. Afterwards his son Calpetus ruled for thirteen years. Then Tiberius Silvius [reigned] for eight years. Having undertaken an expedition against the Etruscans, while he was crossing the Albam river with his army, he was drowned in its depths and died; from which the name of the river has since been Tiber. After his life was taken, Agrippa reigned over the Latins for forty-one years.

7. He was followed by Amulius Silvius for nineteen years. He is said to have behaved arrogantly throughout his whole life, and to have vied with Jupiter himself for power. Therefore, whenever in the autumn time frequent and vehement thunder was heard, he would order his army, upon a given signal, to strike their shields with their swords collectively: and he thought ^B that by this means he was creating a greater crash than the thunder. Therefore, he paid the penalty for his spirit, which was proud toward the gods, being struck dead by a thunderbolt, and together with his whole house, he was submerged beneath the Alban lake. Even now, the inhabitants of that lake show some remnants of him to the Romans, namely columns protruding beneath the water, at the bottom of which the royal house was situated.

8. Then Aventius was chosen, who reigned for thirty-seven years. Greatly pressured by a battle with his neighbors, he withdrew in flight to the Aventine hill, which from that event took the name of Aventius. Upon his death, his son Procas Silvius received the rule, and held it for twenty-three years. Upon his, too, paying the debt of nature, his younger son Amulius usurped the tyranny, because Numitor, his elder brother and heir to the kingdom, was staying in a distant region. Amulius reigned for a little more than forty-three years, until he was killed at Rome by Remus and Romulus, the founders.

9. The Roman kings then, one by one, are these.

I. Aeneas, after the capture of Ilium, reigned for three years. II. Ascanius for thirty-eight years. III. Silvius Aeneas for twenty-eight years. IV. Aeneas Silvius for thirty-one years. V. Latinus Silvius for fifty years. VI. Alba Silvius for thirty-nine years. VII. Epitus Silvius for twenty-six years. VIII. Capys Silvius for twenty-eight years. IX. Calpetus Silvius for thirteen years. X. Tiberius Silvius for eight years. XI. Agrippa Silvius for thirty-five years. XII. Amulius Silvius for nineteen years. XIII. Aventius Silvius for thirty-seven years. XIV. Procas Silvius for twenty-two years. XV. Amulius Silvius for forty-two years.

Romulus founded Rome and reigned in the seventh Olympiad. Therefore, from Aeneas to Romulus, there are 448 years. But from the capture of Ilium, there are 431 years.

From Romulus, who founded Rome, these kings are counted: I. Romulus for thirty-eight years. II. Numa Pompilius for forty-one years. III. Tullus Hostilius for thirty years. IV. Ancus Marcius for thirty-two years. V. Tarquinius for thirty-seven years. VI. Servilius for forty-four years. VII. Tarquinius Superbus for twenty-four years.

These seven kings stood from Romulus, and their rule was removed after 244 years. Furthermore, from the capture of Ilium to Romulus, there are 431 years; the sum, therefore, is 675 years.

The times of these Roman kings, namely from Romulus to Tarquinius, are also briefly reviewed by Dionysius of Halicarnassus in his work, writing thus around the first year of the seventh Olympiad.

CHAPTER XLVII. Dionysius of Halicarnassus on the kings who ruled at Rome after Romulus.

1. Indeed, if from the kings removed until...

the present time we count back, the years amount to two hundred and forty-four, which has been ascertained from the very successions of the kings and the years each remained in power. Romulus, the founder of the City, is said to have held the kingdom for thirty-seven years. After Romulus was gone, there was an interregnum in the City for one year. Then Numa Pompilius, chosen by the votes of the soldiers, reigned for forty-three years. Tullus Hostilius, after Numa, for thirty-three years. Afterwards, Ancus Marcius obtained the royal dignity for twenty-four years. After Marcius, Lucius Tarquinius, who is called Priscus, for thirty-eight years. Succeeding him, Servilius Tullus reigned for forty-four years. Lucius the tyrant slew Servilius, who, because of his contempt for law, was called Superbus, and he remained in power for twenty-five years. Since, therefore, two hundred and forty-four years of kings have passed, and sixty-one Olympiads, it follows necessarily that Romulus, the first ruler of the City, began his dominion in the first year of the seventh Olympiad, during the first year of the decennial archonship of Charops at Athens. And the calculation of the years strictly demands this. That each of the kings reigned for such a number of years is made evident by that same reasoning. The matters, therefore, concerning the time at which the city that now rules over affairs was founded, as they were related by those who existed before me, and as they seem to me, are as follows. ^A Since this does not contribute to the present institute, I judge it better that all these matters be reserved for another chronology. I speak of the consuls who were after Tarquinius, and the tribunes and dictators who administered the city of the Romans, and who also provide the account of years down to Caesar. In the meantime, let us return there, to him, clearly, who first held monarchical power after the aforementioned kings. ^B 5. Therefore, from the time between the expulsion of Tarquinius up to Julius Caesar, one hundred and fifteen Olympiads are reckoned, which are four hundred and sixty years. Indeed, Tarquinius fell from the kingdom at the completion of the sixty-seventh Olympiad, but Caesar usurped supreme power at the beginning of the one hundred and eighty-third; therefore, the space of four hundred and sixty years has intervened. Furthermore, from the seventh Olympiad and the founding of Rome, two hundred and forty-four years had elapsed; therefore, from the founding of Rome to Julius Caesar there are seven hundred and four years, and in truth one hundred and seventy-six Olympiads. Castor, the chronographer, is also a witness to these things, who summarizes the times in the words which we append below.

CHAPTER XLVIII.

Castor on the Roman Empire.

^A And it will also be worth the effort to append to these the emperors after Julius Caesar, assigning their consuls for each individual year, and adding, too, the Olympiads completed during those years. This comes from Castor.

CHAPTER XLIX.

The emperors and consuls of the Romans from Julius Caesar to the vicennalia of Constantine.

Around the beginning of the 183rd Olympiad, Gaius Julius Caesar was the first of the Romans to be raised to the position of monarch and emperor, under whom the affairs of the Romans chiefly flourished. Those who came after him were called Caesars. He was the first Roman emperor to proceed in this manner, for a period of four years and seven months.

The first year of Gaius Julius Caesar. 1. Consuls: Lepidus and Plancus. 2. Consuls: Antonius and Isauricus. 3. Consuls: Albinus and Pollio.

184th OLYMPIAD. 4. Consuls: Censorinus and Sabinus. 5. Consuls: Pulcher and Flaccus.

Gaius Julius Caesar was assassinated in Rome by the second Brutus, with certain other senators conspiring with him.

The second emperor of the Romans was Caesar Augustus, also known as Octavianus, for 56 years and six months. 1. Consuls: Agrippa and Gallus. 2. Consuls: Publicola and Nerva Cocceius. ^{B C D}

^A CLXXXV Olympiad. III. Consulship of Cornificius and Pompeius. IV. Consulship of Antoninus and Libo. V. Consulship of Octavianus Augustus and Cicero. VI. Consulship of Octavianus Augustus II and Corvilius. CLXXXVI Olympiad. VII. Consulship of Octavianus Augustus III and Crassus. VIII. Consulship of Octavianus Augustus IV and Crassus II. IX. Consulship of Aenobarbus and Sosius. X. Consulship of Octavianus Augustus V and Apuleius. CLXXXVII Olympiad. XI. Consulship of Octavianus Augustus VI and Agrippa. XII. Consulship of Octavianus Augustus VII and Agrippa II. XIII. Consulship of Octavianus Augustus VIII and Taurus. XIV. Consulship of Octavianus Augustus IX and Silanus. CLXXXVIII Olympiad. XV. Consulship of Octavianus Augustus X and Flaccus. XVI. Consulship of Octavianus Augustus XI and Piso. XVII. Consulship of Octavianus Augustus XII and Aruntius. XVIII. Consulship of Celsus and Tiberius. CLXXXIX Olympiad. XIX. Consulship of Lollius and Lepidus. XX. Consulship of Apuleius and Nerva. XXI. Consulship of Saturninus and Lucretius. XXII. Consulship of Lentulus and Lentulus. CXC Olympiad. XXIII. Consulship of Lentulus II and Cornelius. XXIV. Consulship of Fornicius and Silanus. XXV. Consulship of Domitius and Aenobarbus. XXVI. Consulship of Libo and Piso. CXCI Olympiad. XXVII. Consulship of Crassus and Lentulus. XXVIII. Consulship of Nero and Clarus. XXIX. Consulship of Messala and Cyrinius. XXX. Consulship of Rubellius and Saturninus. CXCII Olympiad. XXXI. Consulship of Maximus and Tubero. XXXII. Consulship of Africanus and Maximus II. XXXIII. Consulship of Drusus and Crispinus. XXXIV. Consulship of Censorinus and Gallus. CXCIII Olympiad. XXXV. Consulship of Nero II and Piso II. XXXVI. Consulship of Balbus and Vetus. XXXVII. Consulship of Octavianus Augustus XIII and Sulla. XXXVIII. Consulship of Sabinus and Rufinus. CXCIV Olympiad. XXXIX. Consulship of Octavianus Augustus XIV and Silanus. XL. Consulship of Lentulus and Piso. XLI. Consulship of Publius Caesar and Paulus. XLII. Consulship of Vindicius and Varius. CXCV Olympiad. XLIII. Consulship of Lamia and Servilius. XLIV. Consulship of Magnus and Valerius. XLV. Consulship of Lepidus and Plancus. XLVI. Consulship of Tiberius Caesar and Capito.

^A 196th Olympiad. XLVII. Consulship of Cretio and Nerva. XLVIII. Consulship of Camillus and Quintilian. XLIX. Consulship of Camerinus and Sabinus. L. Consulship of Dolabella and Silanus. 197th Olympiad. LI. Consulship of Lepidus and Taurus. LII. Consulship of Tiberius Caesar II and Scipio. LIII. Consulship of Flaccus and Silanus. LIV. Consulship of Sextus and Sextus. 198th Olympiad. LV. Consulship of Pompeius Magnus and Apuleius. LVI. Consulship of Brutus and Flaccus II. [Octavianus Augustus dies at Nola in his seventy-sixth year, lacking thirty-five days.] ^B Third Emperor of the Romans, Tiberius Caesar, 22 years. I. Consulship of Taurus and Libo. II. Consulship of Crassus and Rufus. 199th Olympiad. III. Consulship of Tiberius Caesar III and Rufus II. IV. Consulship of Silanus and Balbus. V. Consulship of Messala and Gratus. VI. Consulship of Tiberius Caesar IV and Drusus. 200th Olympiad. VII. Consulship of Agrippa and Galba. VIII. Consulship of Pollio and Vetus. ^C IX. Consulship of Cethegus and Varus. X. Consulship of Agrippa II and Lentulus. 201st Olympiad. XI. Consulship of Getulicus and Sabinus. XII. Consulship of Crassus and Piso. XIII. Consulship of Silanus and Nerva. XIV. Consulship of Geminus and Geminus. 202nd Olympiad. XV. Consulship of Rufus and Rubellinus. XVI. Consulship of Vinicius and Longinus. XVII. Consulship of Tiberius Caesar V alone. XVIII. Consulship of Persicus and Vitellius. 203rd Olympiad. XIX. Consulship of Aruntius and Aenobarbus. ^D XX. Consulship of Galba and Sulla. XXI. Consulship of Gallus and Nonnianus. XXII. Consulship of Laelianus and Plautus. Emperor Tiberius dies a natural death at Rome in the palace, childless and unmarried, being 70 years old. Fourth Emperor of the Romans, Caius Caligula Caesar, 4 years. 204th Olympiad. I. Consulship of Proculus and Nigrinus.

3. under the consuls Julian and Asprenas. III. under Claudius Caesar and Cersianus. IV. under Claudius Caesar alone for the second time. During these aforementioned consulates, Gaius Caligula was killed in the palace at Rome by his own sword-bearing chamberlain eunuchs, with the consent of the senate, being thirty-nine years of age. ^A

CCV OLYMPIAD. The fifth emperor of the Romans, Claudius, reigned for 14 years. I. under Claudius Caesar for the third time and Antoninus. II. under Claudius Caesar for the fourth time and Largus. III. under Claudius Caesar for the fifth time and Vitellius for the second time. IV. under Crispus and Taurus.

CCVI OLYMPIAD. V. under Vinicius and Corvinus. VI. under Asiaticus and Silanus. ^B VII. under Claudius Caesar for the sixth time and Vitellius for the third time. VIII. under Vitellius for the fourth time and Publicola.

CCVII OLYMPIAD. IX. under Verianus and Gallus. X. under Vetere and Nervinianus. XI. under Claudius Caesar for the seventh time and Orfitus. XII. under Sylla and Cato.

CCVIII OLYMPIAD. XIII. under Silanus and Antoninus. XIV. under Marcellus and Aviola. The sixth emperor of the Romans, Nero, reigned for 14 years. I. under Nero and Vetere. II. under Saturninus and Scipio. ^C

CCIX OLYMPIAD. III. under Nero for the second time and Piso. IV. under Nero for the third time and Messala. V. under Apronianus and Capito. VI. under Nero for the fourth time and Lentulus.

CCX OLYMPIAD. VII. under Lacio and Turpilianus. VIII. under Marius and Gallus. IX. under Rufus and Regulus. X. under Crassus and Bassus.

CCXI OLYMPIAD. XI. under Helva and Vestinus. XII. under Telesinus and Rufus. XIII. under Capito and Rufus. XIV. under Italicus and Trachalo. During these consulships, Nero vanished and died at the age of sixty-nine. ^D After Nero, Galba ruled in Hispania, Vitellius in Germania, and Otho at Rome; each of these seized power separately. Galba ruled for seven months and was beheaded in the middle of the Roman forum. Otho, having ruled for four months, took his own life.

^A Vitellius was put to death in the palace in the tenth month of his reign. The seventh Roman emperor, Vespasian, chosen by the army, ruled for nine years, eleven months, and twenty-two days. CCXII OLYMPIAD. I. Galba and Titus Rufus, consuls. II. Vespasian, emperor, alone, consul. III. Vespasian, emperor, II, and Nerva, consuls. IV. Vespasian Augustus III and Titus, consuls. CCXIII OLYMPIAD. V. Vespasian Augustus IV and Titus II, consuls. VI. Domitian and Messalinus, consuls. VII. Vespasian Augustus V and Titus III, consuls. VIII. Vespasian Augustus VI and Titus IV, consuls. CCXIV OLYMPIAD. IX. Vespasian Augustus VII and Titus V, consuls. X. Titus VI and Domitian II, consuls. In this year, Emperor Vespasian was struck by a disease, and, having been taken ill, he died, in the seventieth year of his life. The eighth Roman emperor, Titus, his son, for two years. I. Titus Augustus VII and Domitian III, consuls. II. Galba and Pollio, consuls. During the aforementioned consulship, Titus was struck by a severe illness and died, in the forty-second year of his life. The ninth Roman emperor, Domitian, for sixteen years. CCXV OLYMPIAD. I. Domitian Augustus IV and Sabinus, consuls. II. Domitian Augustus V and Titus Rufus, consuls. III. ^C Domitian Augustus VI and Sabinus, consuls. IV. Domitian Augustus VII and Fulvius, consuls. CCXVI OLYMPIAD. V. Domitian Augustus VIII and Dolabella, consuls. VI. Domitian Augustus IX and Saturninus, consuls. VII. Domitian Augustus X and Titus Rufus II, consuls. VIII. Fulvius II and Atratinus, consuls. CCXVII OLYMPIAD. IX. Domitian Augustus XI and Nerva, consuls. X. Glabrio and Trajan, consuls. XI. Domitian Augustus XII and Saturninus, consuls. XII. Pompeius and Crispinus, consuls. CCXVIII OLYMPIAD. XIII. ^D Domitian Augustus XIII and Flavius Clemens, consuls. XIV. Asprenas and Lateranus, consuls. XV. Domitian Augustus XIV and Clemens II, consuls. XVI. Valens and Vetus, consuls. Domitian was killed, in the forty-fifth year of his life. The tenth Roman emperor, Nerva, for one year. CCXIX OLYMPIAD. I. Nerva Augustus and Titus Rufus III, consuls. Nerva, afflicted by illness, brought his life to an end on the eighth day before the Kalends of February. The eleventh Roman emperor, Trajan, for nineteen years. I. Trajan Augustus, alone, consul. II. Palma and Senecio, consuls. III. Trajan Augustus II and Pontianus, consuls.

^A CCXX Olympiad. IV. Trajan Augustus III and Paetus, consuls. V. Syriano and Syrio, consuls. VI. Trajan Augustus IV and Maximus, consuls. VII. Syriano II and Marcellus, consuls. CCXXI Olympiad. VIII. Candidus and Quadratus, consuls. IX. Commodus and Ceratanus, consuls. X. Syriano III and Senecio II, consuls. XI. Gallus and Bradua, consuls. CCXXII Olympiad. XII. Palma and Tullus, consuls. XIII. Orfitus and Priscianus, consuls. XIV. Piso and Julianus, consuls. XV. Trajan Augustus V and Africanus, consuls. ^B CCXXIII Olympiad. XVI. Priscianus and Celsus, consuls. XVII. Malsus and Vulciscus, consuls. XVIII. Messala and Pedo, consuls. XIX. Aelianus and Veterus, consuls. The Emperor Trajan died of dropsy in the city of Selinus in Seleucia, at the age of sixty-five. The12th Roman emperor, Aelius Hadrian, reigned for twenty-one years. CCXXIV Olympiad. I. Apronianus and Niger, consuls. II. Aelius Hadrian Augustus and Salinator, consuls. III. Aelius Hadrian Augustus II and Rusticius, consuls. ^C IV. Severus and Fulcus, consuls. CCXXV Olympiad. V. Severus II and Augurinus, consuls. VI. Aviola and Pansa, consuls. VII. Apronianus II and Pampinus, consuls. VIII. Glabrio and Torquatus, consuls. CCXXVI Olympiad. IX. Asiaticus and Aquilinus, consuls. X. Severus III and Ambigulus, consuls. XI. Titianus and Gallicanus, consuls. XII. Torquatus and Libo, consuls. CCXXVII Olympiad. XIII. Marcellus and Celsus, consuls. XIV. Catullinus and Libo II, consuls. ^D XV. Pontianus and Rufus, consuls. XVI. Augurinus and Sergianus, consuls. CCXXVIII Olympiad. XVII. Hiberus and Sisenna, consuls. XVIII. Severus and Varus, consuls. XIX. Pontianus II and Aquilinus, consuls. XX. Commodus and Pontianus III, consuls. CCXXIX Olympiad. XXI. Aelianus Caesar and Balbinus, consuls. Under these consuls, Aelius Hadrian, having been ill for a few days, passed away at the age of seventy-seven. The 13th Roman emperor, Aelius Antoninus the Pious, for twenty-three years.

I. In the consulship of Camerinus and Niger. II. In the consulship of Antoninus Augustus and Praesens. III. In the consulship of Antoninus Augustus II and Marcus Aurelius, his son. ^A CCXXX OLYMPIAD. IV. In the consulship of Severus IV and Silanus. V. In the consulship of Rufinus and Quadratus. VI. In the consulship of Torquatus and Herodes. VII. In the consulship of Aviola and Maximus. CCXXXI OLYMPIAD. VIII. In the consulship of Antoninus Augustus III and Aurelius II. IX. In the consulship of Severus V and Verinus. X. In the consulship of Largus and Messalinus. ^B XI. In the consulship of Torquatus II and Julianus. CCXXXII OLYMPIAD. XII. In the consulship of Orfitus and Priscus. XIII. In the consulship of Glabrio and Vetus. XIV. In the consulship of Condianus and Maximus. XV. In the consulship of Glabrio II and Jumilius. CCXXXIII OLYMPIAD. XVI. In the consulship of Praesens and Rufinus. XVII. In the consulship of Commodus and Lateranus. XVIII. In the consulship of Severus VI and Sabinianus. XIX. In the consulship of Silvanus and Augurinus. ^C CCXXXIV OLYMPIAD. XX. In the consulship of Barbarus and Regulus. XXI. In the consulship of Tertullus and Sacerdos. XXII. In the consulship of Quintillus and Priscus. XXIII. In the consulship of Bradua and Verus. During these consulships, Aelius Antoninus passed away at Lorium, at the age of sixty-eight. The 14th Roman emperor, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, who is also called Verus, son of Antoninus the Pious, and Lucius Aurelius Commodus, his brother, reigned for nineteen years. CCXXXV OLYMPIAD. I. In the consulship of Marcus Aurelius Verus and Lucius Commodus Augustus II. II. In the consulship of Marcus Aurelius Verus and Lucius Commodus Augustus III. III. In the consulship of Rusticus and Aquilinus. IV. In the consulship of Aelianus and Pastor. ^D CCXXXVI OLYMPIAD. V. In the consulship of Macrinus and Celsus. VI. In the consulship of Orfitus and Pudens. VII. In the consulship of Pudens II and Pollio. VIII. In the consulship of Marcus Aurelius Verus III and Quadratus. CCXXXVII OLYMPIAD. IX. In the consulship of Apronianus and Paulus. X. In the consulship of Priscus and Apollinarius. XI. In the consulship of Cethegus and Clarus. XII. In the consulship of Severus and Herennianus. CCXXXVIII OLYMPIAD. XIII. In the consulship of Orfitus II and Maximus.

^A XIV. In the consulship of Severus and Pompeianus. XV. In the consulship of Gallus and Flaccus. XVI. In the consulship of Orfitus III and Rufus.

CCXXXIX OLYMPIAD.

XVII. In the consulship of Pollio and Aper. XVIII. In the consulship of Commodus and Quintillus. XIX. In the consulship of Orfitus IV and Rufus II. Antoninus, who is also called Verus, afflicted by disease, died in the Pannonias on the 8th day before the Kalends of April, having reigned for 19 years. 15th Emperor of the Romans, Commodus, for 12 years. I. In the consulship of Commodus Augustus II and Verus.

CCXL OLYMPIAD.

II. In the consulship of Praesens and Gordian. III. In the consulship of Commodus Augustus III and Verus II. IV. In the consulship of Mamertinus and Rufus III. V. In the consulship of Commodus Augustus IV and Victorinus.

CCXLI OLYMPIAD.

VI. In the consulship of Marcellus and Aelianus. VII. In the consulship of Maternus and Bradua. VIII. In the consulship of Commodus Augustus V and Glabrio. IX. In the consulship of Crispinus and Aelianus.

CCXLII OLYMPIAD.

X. In the consulship of Fuscianus and Silanus. XI. In the consulship of Commodus Augustus VI and Septimianus. XII. In the consulship of Commodus Augustus VII and Pertinax.

Commodus died suddenly, suffocated in the house of Vestianus, his kinsman, and Attaliana, a woman of consular rank, at Rome on the day before the Kalends of January, having reigned for 12 years. ^C 16th Emperor of the Romans, Lucius Pertinax, for 2 months. Pertinax, who is also called Lucius, was slain by the soldiers while he was going out from the palace to the Campus Martius, being 70 years of age. 17th Emperor of the Romans, Didius Julianus, who is also called Silvius, for 7 months. I. In the consulship of Flaccus and Clarus. And this Didius was also slain by a chamberlain, through the treachery of his companions, at the fountain of the palace in Rome, while he was attending to the fish, being 60 years of age. 18th Emperor of the Romans, Lucius Septimius Severus, elected by the Senate of Rome, for 19 years. ^D

CCXLIII OLYMPIAD.

I. In the consulship of Severus Augustus and Sabinus. II. In the consulship of Tertullus and Clemens. III. In the consulship of Dexter and Priscus. IV. In the consulship of Lateranus and Rufinus.

CCXLIV OLYMPIAD.

V. In the consulship of Saturninus and Gallus. VI. In the consulship of Anullinus and Fronto. VII. In the consulship of Severus Augustus II and Victorinus. VIII. In the consulship of Mucianus and Fabianus.

^A CCXLV OLYMPIAD. IX. In the consulship of Severus Augustus III and Antoninus. X. In the consulship of Plautianus and Geta. XI. In the consulship of Chilo and Libo. XII. In the consulship of Antoninus II and Geta II.

CCXLVI OLYMPIAD. XIII. In the consulship of Albinus and Aemilianus. XIV. In the consulship of Aper and Maximus. XV. In the consulship of Antoninus III and Geta III. XVI. In the consulship of Pompeianus and Attus.

CCXLVII OLYMPIAD. XVII. In the consulship of Faustinus and Rufinus. XVIII. In the consulship of Gentianus and Bassus. XIX. In the consulship of Aper II and Aper. In these consulships Severus died in barbarian territory, ^B having lived sixty-five years. The nineteenth Roman emperor was Antoninus Caracallus, son of Severus, for seven years. I. In the consulship of Antoninus Augustus IV and Albinus.

CCXLVIII OLYMPIAD. II. In the consulship of Messala and Sabinus. III. In the consulship of Lentulus and Cerealis. IV. In the consulship of Sabinus II and Anullinus. V. In the consulship of Praesens and Extricatus.

CCXLIX OLYMPIAD. VI. In the consulship of Antoninus Augustus V and Adventus. VII. In the consulship of Antoninus Augustus VI and Sacerdos. In these consulships, Antoninus Caracallus, while setting out against the Persians and having taken over Osroene, while joining in the war, was slain between Edessa and Carrhae, having lived sixty years. The twentieth Roman emperor was Macrinus for one year. I. In the consulship of Antoninus and Comazon. Macrinus was slain at Archelais, having lived fifty-two years. The twenty-first Roman emperor was Antoninus Heliogabalus for four years. I. In the consulship of Gratus and Seleucus.

CCL OLYMPIAD. II. In the consulship of Antoninus Augustus II and Alexander. III. In the consulship of Maximus and Aelianus. IV. In the consulship of Flavianus and Crispinus. In these consulships, Antoninus Heliogabalus Augustus was slain ^D at Rome by his own relative, having lived thirty-six years. The twenty-second Roman emperor was Alexander, son of Mammaea, for thirteen years. I. In the consulship of Fuscianus and Dexter.

CCLI OLYMPIAD. II. In the consulship of Alexander II and Marcellus. III. In the consulship of Albinus and Maximus II. IV. In the consulship of Modestus and Probus. V. In the consulship of Alexander III and Dio.

CCLII OLYMPIAD. VI. In the consulship of Agricola and Clemens.

VII. In the consulship of Pompeianus and Pelegmianus. ^A VIII. In the consulship of Lupus and Maximus III. IX. In the consulship of Maximus IV and Paternus. CCLIII OLYMPIAD. X. In the consulship of Maximus V and Urbanus. XI. In the consulship of Severus and Quintianus. XII. In the consulship of Maximus VI and Africanus. XIII. In the consulship of Perpetuus and Cornelius.

During the previous consulships, Alexander Augustus was slain by the army while he was in his tent at Moguntiacum, being then 30 years old; and his mother Mammaea, who was with her son, was strangled with a rope inside the same tent. The 23rd emperor of the Romans was Maximinus, who was proclaimed Augustus by the army, for 3 years. ^B

CCLIV OLYMPIAD. I. In the consulship of Ulpicius and Pontianus. II. In the consulship of Gordianus and Aviola. III. In the consulship of Albinus and Venustus.

During these consulships, the soldiers, having attacked, slew Maximinus Augustus at Aquileia, when he was in his 65th year. Balbinus succeeded him, who was killed after the third month. Then Publius obtained the empire, who after a hundred days was likewise killed. The 24th emperor of the Romans was Gordianus senior, for 6 years.

I. In the consulship of Gordianus Augustus II and Pompeianus. CCLV OLYMPIAD. II. In the consulship of Atticus and Praetextatus. III. In the consulship of Aurelianus and Pappus. IV. In the consulship of Peregrinus and Aemilianus. V. In the consulship of Philippus and Tatianus. ^C

CCLVI OLYMPIAD. VI. In the consulship of Praesens and Albinus.

During these consulships, Gordianus senior died from a disease, being 79 years old. The 25th emperor of the Romans was Philippus junior, together with his son Philippus, for 6 years.

I. In the consulship of Philippus Augustus II and Philippus his son. II. In the consulship of Philippus Augustus III and Philippus his son II. III. In the consulship of Aemilianus II and Aquilinus. ^D

CCLVII OLYMPIAD. IV. In the consulship of Decius and Gratianus. V. In the consulship of Gallus and Volusianus. VI. In the consulship of Volusianus II and Maximus.

Philippus junior fought many wars and acted successfully. But as he was warring against the Gepidae, his horse stumbled, and falling with it, he suffered a broken thigh; and having come to Rome, he died from that very fracture, being 45 years old. The 26th emperor of the Romans was Decius, for 1 year. I. In the consulship of Decius Caesar and Decius his son.

The same Decius, having gone forth to war against the Franks, as he was marching, was slain with his son by one of the commanders at Abyrtus, being 60 years old.

Roman emperor XXVII, Caius Gallus, 3 years. ^A CCLVIII OLYMPIAD. I. Under Valerian and Gallienus, consuls. II. Under Valerian II and Gallienus II, consuls. III. Under Maximus II and Glabrio, consuls. Caius Gallus died, 62 years old. Roman emperor XXVIII, Valerian Augustus, 14 years. 1. Under Valerian Augustus III and Gallienus III, consuls. CCLIX OLYMPIAD. II. Under Tuscus and Bassus, consuls. III. Under Aemilianus III and Volusianus II, consuls. IV. Under Saecularis and Donatus, consuls. V. Under Gallienus IV and Volusianus III, consuls. CCLX OLYMPIAD. VI. Under Gallienus V and Faustinianus, consuls. VII. Under Albinus and Dexter, consuls. VIII. Under Gallienus VI and Saturninus, consuls. IX. Under Valerian Augustus IV and Lucianus, consuls. CCLXI OLYMPIAD. ^B X. Under Valerian Augustus V and Lucianus II, consuls. XI. Under Gallienus VII and Sabinianus, consuls. XII. Under Paternus and Arcesilaus, consuls. XIII. Under Paternus II and Marinianus, consuls. CCLXII OLYMPIAD. XIV. Under Claudius and Paternus III, consuls. Under the aforementioned consuls, Valerian Augustus was killed by the Persians rising up against him, being 61 years old. ^C Roman emperor XXIX, Claudius, 2 years. I. Under Antiochianus and Orfitus, consuls. II. Under Aurelian and Bassus, consuls. Claudius died at Sirmium, being 56 years old. Roman emperor XXX, Aurelian, 6 years. I. Under Quietus and Braduianus, consuls. CCLXIII OLYMPIAD. II. Under Tacitus and Placidianus, consuls. III. Under Quietus II and Braduianus II, consuls. IV. Under Aurelian Augustus II and Capitolinus, consuls. V. Under Aurelian Augustus III and Marcellus, consuls. ^D CCLXIV OLYMPIAD. VI. Under Tacitus II and Aemilianus, consuls. Aurelian Augustus died, 75 years old, and Florianus reigned for 97 days and was killed. Roman emperor XXXI, Probus, 6 years. I. Under Probus Augustus and Paulinus, consuls. II. Under Probus Augustus II and Lupus, consuls. III. Under Probus Augustus III and Paternus, consuls. CCLXV OLYMPIAD. IV. Under Messala and Gratus, consuls. V. Under Probus Augustus IV and Tiberianus, consuls. VI. Under Probus Augustus V and Victorinus, consuls. Probus Augustus was killed at Sirmium, being 50 years old. Roman emperor XXXII, Carus, together with his sons Carinus and Numerianus, 3 years.

I. Caro and Carinus, consuls. ^A

CCLXVI OLYMPIAS. II. Diocletian and Bassus, consuls. III. Carinus II and Numerianus, consuls. Carus was struck by lightning in Mesopotamia. Carinus died at the age of 36. Then Numerianus was killed at Perinthus, a city in Thrace, which they now call Heraclea, by Aper the praetorian prefect. Roman Emperor XXXIII, Diocletian, 20 years. I. Diocletian Augustus II and Aristobulus, consuls. II. Maximus and Aquilinus, consuls.

CCLXVII OLYMPIAS. III. Diocletian Augustus III and Maximian Herculeus Augustus, consuls. ^B IV. Maximian Herculeus II and Januarius, consuls. V. Bassus and Quintianus, consuls. VI. Diocletian IV and Maximian Herculeus Augustus III, consuls.

CCLXVIII OLYMPIAS. VII. Tiberianus and Dio, consuls. VIII. Hannibalianus and Asclepiodotus, consuls. IX. Diocletian Augustus V and Maximian Herculeus Augustus IV, consuls. X. Constantinus Caesar and Maximian Jovius Caesar, consuls.

CCLXIX OLYMPIAS. XI. Tuscus and Anullinus, consuls. ^C XII. Diocletian Augustus VI and Constantius Caesar II, consuls. XIII. Maximian Herculeus V and Maximian Jovius Caesar III, consuls. XIV. Anicius Faustus and Severus Gallus, consuls.

CCLXX OLYMPIAS. XV. Diocletian Augustus VII and Maximian Augustus VI, consuls. XVI. Constantius Caesar III and Maximian Jovius III, consuls. XVII. Titianus and Nepotianus, consuls. XVIII. Constantius Caesar IV and Maximian Jovius Caesar IV, consuls.

CCLXXI OLYMPIAS. ^D XIX. Diocletian Augustus VIII and Maximian Herculeus VII, consuls. XX. Diocletian Augustus IX and Maximian Herculeus VIII, consuls. Roman Emperor XXXIV, the most holy and most Christian Constantine the Great, son of Constantius, from the 8th day before the Kalends of August, 31 years and 10 months. I. Constantius Caesar V and Maximian Jovius V, consuls. II. Constantius Caesar VI and Maximian Jovius VI, consuls.

CCLXXII OLYMPIAS. III. Flavius Constantinus Augustus alone, consul.

^A

IV. Rursus decies, and Maximian Galerius VII, consuls. V. Maximian Herculeus VIII and Galerius Maximus, consuls. VI. Constantine Augustus II and Licinius, consuls.

CCLXXIII OLYMPIAS. VII. Constantine Augustus III and Licinius II, consuls. VIII. Constantine Augustus IV and Licinius III, consuls. IX. Volusianus and Anianus, consuls. X. Constantine Augustus V and Licinius IV, consuls.

CCLXXIV OLYMPIAS. XI. Sabinus and Rufinus, consuls. XII. Gallicanus and Symmachus, consuls. XIII. Licinius V and Crispus Caesar, consuls. XIV. Constantine Augustus VI and Licinius V, consuls. ^B

CCLXXV OLYMPIAS. XV. Constantine Augustus VII and Constantius Caesar, consuls. XVI. Crispus II and Constantius II, consuls. XVII. Probianus and Julianus, consuls. XVIII. Severus and Rufinus, consuls.

CCLXXVI OLYMPIAS. XIX. Crispus III and Constantius III, consuls. XX. Paulinus and Julianus, consuls. The most pious Constantine proclaimed his son Constans, who was then Caesar, Augustus on the 8th of November, and celebrated the twentieth anniversary of his reign. ^C

THE FIRST BOOK OF THE CHRONICLE OF EUSEBIUS PAMPHILI ENDS.

EUSEBIUS PAMPHILI CHRONICLE, BOOK II

SAINT JEROME’S PREFACE TO THE SECOND BOOK OF THE CHRONICLE OF EUSEBIUS

1. It was an old custom of the eloquent that, for the sake of exercising their wit, they would translate Greek books into Latin speech, and—what possesses more difficulty—the poems of illustrious men, with the added necessity of meter. Whence our own Tully also translated Plato’s entire books word for word; and after he had already edited Aratus in Roman hexameter verses, he amused himself with Xenophon’s *Oeconomicus*. In this work, that golden river of eloquence is so often retarded by certain jagged and turbulent obstacles that those who do not know the originals might not believe the words were spoken by Cicero. It is indeed difficult, when following in another’s footsteps, not to stray somewhere; it is arduous for those things which have been well said in a foreign tongue to preserve the same decorum in translation. A meaning is signified by the propriety of a single word; I have no word of my own to express it; and while I seek to fulfill the sense, I consume the duration of a short journey with a long circuit. There are added the convolutions of hyperbatons, the dissimilarities of cases, the variety of figures, and, finally, its own, and—if I may say so—the vernacular genus of the language. If I translate word for word, it sounds absurd; if I have changed anything in order or wording out of necessity, I shall seem to have retreated from the office of an interpreter.

2. Therefore, my dearest Vincentius and Gallienus, ^A part of my soul, I beseech you not to relegate this work to the company of friends rather than critics—especially since, as you know, I dictated it most rapidly to a secretary, and the difficulty of the subject matter is attested by the very instruments of the divine volumes, which, though edited by the Seventy interpreters, do not maintain the same flavor in the Greek tongue. Wherefore Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion, being provoked, have produced an almost different work on the same subject: one striving to express word for word, another preferring to follow the sense, a third not differing much from the ancients. ^B The fifth, sixth, and seventh editions, although it is unknown by what authors they are held to be, nevertheless contain such a plausible diversity that they have merited authority without names. Hence it comes about that the Sacred Scriptures appear less elegant and harsh-sounding, because those men, not knowing them translated from the Hebrew, look at the surface and not the marrow; they shudder at the seemingly sordid garment of the speech before they find the beautiful body of the contents within. Finally, what is more tuneful than the Psalter, which, in the manner of our Flaccus and the Greek Pindar, now runs in iambics, ^C now sounds in Alcaics, now swells in Sapphics, now proceeds with a half-foot? What is more beautiful than the canticle of Deuteronomy and Isaiah? What is more weighty than Solomon? What is more perfect than Job? All of which, as Josephus and Origen write, run along composed in hexameter and pentameter verses among their own people. When we read these in Greek, they sound like something else; when in Latin, they do not cohere at all. But if it does not seem to anyone that the grace of a language is changed by translation, let him express Homer word for word into Latin. I will say something more: ^D let him interpret the same in his own tongue in prose words, and he will see the order to be ridiculous, and the most eloquent poet scarcely speaking.

3. To what end is this? Namely, that it may not seem strange to you if we are found wanting, whether the speech is roughened by consonants, or becomes gaping and divided by vowels, or is constrained by the brevity of the things themselves, since most learned men have labored over the same work; and in addition to the common difficulty we have complained of in all translation, this belongs to us: that the history is multiplex, having barbarian names, matters unknown to the Latins, inextricable numbers, and lines intertextual with both matters and numbers, so that it is almost more difficult to learn the order of reading than to arrive at the knowledge of the reading. But that it may be known by a manifest indication to which number any history belongs, let the reader heed these distinctions placed here, so that if the history is to be referred to the first number of the reign originally noted, he may observe the first letter in the explanation of the history; and if indeed he sees it in cinnabar, let him know it is to be applied to that time or year which the number, similarly figured in the same cinnabar, has suggested. But if he perceives that the number is not noted in pure cinnabar, but mixed with black, the history is owed to the number of the second line. If, however, to the third order of numbers...

either not in cinnabar, but a letter has been expressed mixed with black and red, the number shining forth from the red will be able to be noted in the fifth line of the numbers. And thus the sixth line of the number will be designated as the second, the seventh as the third, and the eighth also as the fourth, with the line appearing bicolored. When, however, none of these signs which we have mentioned before is present either in the numbers or in the explanation of the history, the ninth line will claim what has been annotated. Nevertheless, not all things of this sort are to be required necessarily, since the number of lines is smaller. Whence I deem it necessary to premise, that just as each thing is written, the diversities of colors should also be kept, so that no one may deem it a thing sought only for the pleasure of the eyes, and while he avoids the weariness of writing, weave a labyrinth of error. For it has been worked out so that the paths of the kingdoms, which through extreme proximity were almost mixed, might be separated by the distinction of cinnabar, and that the numbers placed opposite might retain the same place of color which the prior membrane had marked, or indeed that the following writing might preserve it.

4. Nor am I unaware that there will be many who, with the habitual lust for disparaging everything (which one cannot avoid unless one writes nothing at all), will fix a twin-tooth upon this volume. They will calumniate the times, they will invert the order, they will argue about the facts, they will sift the syllables: and, as is wont to happen, they will attribute the negligence of copyists to the authors. Since I can repel these people by my own right, as if to say, if it displeases them, let them not read, I prefer to dismiss them briefly appeased, so that they may both assign the trustworthiness of the Greeks to their own author, and recognize that the new things we have inserted have been culled from other most approved men. For it must be known that I have used the office of both interpreter and writer in part, because I have both expressed the Greek most faithfully, and have added some things which seemed to me to have been omitted, especially in Roman history, which Eusebius, the founder of this book, seems to me not so much to have been ignorant of, as a learned man, but as one writing in Greek, to have touched upon [it] as being little necessary for his own [readers]. Therefore, from Ninus and Abraham up to the capture of Troy, it is a pure Greek translation. From Troy up to the twentieth year of Constantine, many things have now been added, now mixed in, which we have most curiously excerpted from Tranquillus and other illustrious historians. But from the aforementioned year of Constantine up to the consulship of the Augusti Valens for the sixth time and Valentinian for the second time, all is my own. Content with this end, I have reserved the remaining time of Gratian and Theodosius for a broader style of history: not that I have feared to write freely and truthfully about the living; for the fear of God repels the fear of men; but because, with the Barbarians still raging in our land, all things are uncertain.

EUSEBIUS PAMPHILUS ON BOOK II OF THE CHRONICLES PROEMIUM BY SAINT JEROME THE INTERPRETER

1. Moses, of the Hebrew race, who was the first of all the prophets before the advent of our Lord the Savior, handed down in writing the vaticinations and divine oracles, and the knowledge of God, which the nations attained through him.

^A Men illustrious in learning—Clemens, Africanus, and Tatian of our own school, and those of the circumcision, Josephus and Justus—have stated that these flourished in the time of Inachus, each providing his own demonstration from ancient history. Now, Inachus precedes the Trojan events by seven hundred years. But of the Greek philosophers, whoever he was that set himself to contrive an attack against us—in the fourth book of the labor he expended in vain against us—asserts that Moses lived before the times of Semiramis; and Semiramis reigned over the Assyrians 150 years before Inachus. According to him, therefore, Moses would be 850 years older than the Trojan events. But I, valuing the true account above all else, purposed to trace out the truth with diligence. Starting from this, in the work preceding this present one, I collected various records, gathering for myself accounts of all the times, of the kingdoms of the Chaldeans, Assyrians, Medes, Persians, Lydians, Hebrews, Egyptians, Athenians, Argives, Sicyonians, Lacedaemonians, Corinthians, Thessalians, Macedonians, and Latins, to whom the name Romans was later given—altogether there are 15. In the present work, however, I have brought the times together, and by setting them side by side—comparing the number of years for each nation—I have constructed a chronological table.

^B Nor has it escaped my notice that in Hebrew codices, the years of the ages are found to be variable, more or less, as it seemed fit to the translators; and thus, one ought rather to follow that which the multitude of copies has confirmed as authentic. But however one wishes to calculate, it will be found that in the times of Inachus, who they say was the first to reign in Argos, Israel, the patriarch of the Hebrews—from whom the twelve tribes of the Jews took the name of Israelites—was contemporary. It is also manifest that Semiramis and Abraham were contemporary. For Moses, although he is later than those mentioned, is nevertheless found to be senior to all whom the Greeks consider most ancient: namely, Homer and Hesiod, and the Trojan War, and he is far earlier than Hercules, Musaeus, Linus, Chiron, Orpheus, Castor, Pollux, Aesculapius, Liber, Mercury, Apollo, and the rest of the gods of the nations, and their sacred rites and prophets; and even the deeds of Jove himself, whom Greece placed on the pinnacle of divinity. These, I say, all whom we have enumerated, we have proved to have existed even after Cecrops, the double-natured, who was the first king of Attica. And the present history shows Cecrops to have been contemporary with Moses.

3. That this may appear certain, the following calculation will prove it. ^A Christ was born in the forty-second year of the reign of Augustus; He began to preach in the fifteenth year of Tiberius. If, therefore, anyone reckoning the number of years backwards seeks the second year of Darius, king of the Persians, under which the temple of Jerusalem, which had been destroyed by the Babylonians, was restored, he will find 548 years from Tiberius down to Darius. For the second year of Darius was the first year of the sixty-fifth Olympiad, and the fifteenth of Tiberius falls in the two-hundred-and-first Olympiad. There are, therefore, 137 Olympiads between Darius and Tiberius, amounting to 548 years, the Olympiad being reckoned as four years. But since in the second year of Darius there was the seventieth year of the desolation of the temple in Jerusalem, and from that point going back again, from the second year of Darius to the first Olympiad, there would be 256 years, [namely] 64 Olympiads. You would find as many years from the last year of the desolation of the said temple, going up to the 50th year of Ozias, king of the Jews—under whom Isaias and Osee prophesied—so that the first Olympiad, according to the Greeks, is contemporary with the prophet Isaias and his contemporaries. Again, from the first Olympiad down to the events remembered by the Greeks, whose entire history they have handed down as having occurred after the age of Cecrops, the present examination of the dates shows Moses to have lived in the time of Cecrops the double-natured, who is called the first king of Attica, about 350 years before the Trojan era.

3. ... Since the chronography of the Roman Emperor Augustus and the beginning of the evangelical teaching of our Savior, who began it in the fifteenth year of Tiberius Caesar, coincide, if anyone should wish to collect from this point the number of years, proceeding to the earlier periods down to Darius, the king of the Persians, and the rebuilding of the temple in Jerusalem which took place in his time—which occurred at the time of the return of the Jewish nation from Babylon—he would find ^B 448 years from Tiberius to the second year of Darius. For the second year of Darius falls in the first year of the 65th Olympiad; and the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius corresponds to the fourth year of the 201st Olympiad. There are, therefore, between Darius the Persian and Tiberius the Roman Emperor, 137 Olympiads, which make a period of 548 years, counting four years to an Olympiad. But since in the second year of Darius it was the seventieth year of the desolation of the temple in Jerusalem, and from there again, tracing back from the second year of Darius to the first Olympiad, the years would amount to 256, [or] 64 Olympiads. You would find such a number from the last year of the desolation of the said temple, going up to the 50th year of Ozias, king of the Jews, under whom the prophets Isaias and Osee were prophesying; so that the first Olympiad, according to the Greeks, is contemporary with the prophet Isaias and his contemporaries. ^C Again, from the first Olympiad down to those things which are recorded by the Greeks: the history of all of them they have handed down as having been after the age of Cecrops. This examination of the dates, however, asserts that Moses was of the age of Cecrops, who is recorded as the first to have reigned in Attica about 350 years before the Trojan times.

He set out in parallel the ruler of each nation. He collected the years of the reign of the Chaldeans, Assyrians, Medes, Persians, Lydians, Hebrews, Egyptians, Athenians, Argives, Sicyonians, Lacedaemonians, Corinthians, Thessalians, Macedonians—of old called Citians—Latins (from Latinus, their king), and Italians (named from a certain leader of theirs), and later called Romans from Romulus and Remus. And having joined the times of these together, he compared the years of the kings of each nation, placing the years of the reign of the Assyrian queen—that is, Semiramis—opposite the years of Abraham; for in the time of Semiramis, Abraham was known; and Jacob in the time of Inachus; and Moses in the time of Cecrops the double-natured, whom the Greeks recorded as the first king of Attica 300 years before the Trojan war; so that Moses is shown to be the most ancient of the ^D ancient wise men among the Greeks—I mean Homer, and Hesiod, and the Trojan [heroes], Heracles, Musaeus, Linus, and even Chiron, Orpheus, the Dioscuri, Asclepius, Dionysus, Hermes, Apollo, and the Greek mysteries and initiations, and the deeds of Zeus himself, and also the flood in the time of Deucalion and the conflagration in the time of Phaethon, and the birth of Erichthonius, and the rape of Core. Whence also some of the leading men among them appear to have appropriated [knowledge] from his [Moses'] writings; for all these were born after Cecrops, to whom Homer and Hesiod are much later in time. This Moses has indeed appeared as the teacher of all the wise, having become the interpreter of the secret things, etc.

^A you shall calculate four hundred and six years. Samson is the one whom the descendants of the Hebrews claim was similar to Hercules in bodily strength; and it seems to me that they are not far apart in time, since both existed around the time of the capture of Troy. After these things, turn again to the earlier periods, and when the three hundred and twenty-nine years have completed your retrogressive count, you will find Cecrops the Diphyes of the Greeks and Moses of the Hebrews. For from the forty-fifth year of Cecrops until the capture of Troy, and from the eightieth year of the life of Moses, in which he led the Israelite people out of Egypt, until the judges Labdon and Samson, three hundred and twenty-nine years are computed. Therefore, without any ambiguity, Moses and Cecrops, who was the first king ^B of the Athenians, were of the same times.

4. Moreover, this native-born Cecrops the Diphyes, on account of whom the olive first sprang up on the acropolis, and the city of the Athenians received its name from the designation of Minerva. He was the first of all to invoke Jupiter, discovered idols, set up an altar, and sacrificed victims, though such things had never been seen in Greece. The other things, too, which are boastfully celebrated among the Greeks, are found to be later than the years of Cecrops. If one follows the years of Cecrops, consequently one follows Moses, who was with Cecrops. For after him are written the flood under Deucalion, the conflagration under Phaethon, Erichthonius the son of Vulcan and the Earth, and Dardanus who founded Dardania, of whom Homer says: *Him first did cloud-gathering Jupiter beget.* ^C

The rape of Cora and Europa, the mysteries of Ceres and Isis, the shrine in Eleusis, the crops of Triptolemus, the kingdom of Tros, whose son: *The gods snatched away to pour wine for Jupiter,* *For the sake of his beauty, that he might dwell among the immortals.* At this time also were Tantalus and Tityus, and Apollo was born. For Latona, the spouse of Jupiter, was of the time of Tityus; and Apollo was the son of Latona and Jupiter. After these, Cadmus came to Thebes, *Who begat Semele, from whom the most beautiful offspring* *Liber, born of her, brought forth worthy fruit.*

Furthermore, Liber and the others whom we shall presently introduce were after the two hundredth year of Cecrops; namely, Linus, Zethus, and Amphion, Musaeus, Orpheus, Minos, Perseus, Aesculapius, the twins Castor and Pollux, Hercules, with whom Apollo served Admetus. After these, the destruction of the city of Troy took place, which Homer follows at a long interval; yet Homer is found to be much earlier than Solon, Thales the Milesian, and the others who were called the Seven Sages. Then Pythagoras appeared, who did not wish to be called a sage, like the former, but a philosopher—that is, a lover of wisdom. Socrates followed him and taught Plato; from whom philosophy was famously divided into sects. We shall insert each of these in their own places according to the order of the following history.

5. Therefore Moses precedes all those whom we have mentioned above; for he has been shown to have been in the age of Cecrops. But from the eightieth year of Moses and the exodus of Israel from Egypt, turning back again to the earlier times until the first year of Abraham, you will find five hundred and five years: which you will calculate similarly from the forty-fifth year of Cecrops up to Ninus and Semiramis, the princes of the Assyrians. For Ninus, the son of Belus, was the first to reign over all Asia, except the Indians. Therefore it is manifest, ^D that he is older than Jupiter, as has been said, for how is it possible that Cecrops could have called Jupiter a god? But in fact, Eusebius reports the opinion of others, not his own: which he will also do at the two hundred and twelfth year of Abraham.

^A Abraham ^B generated in the age of Ninus, yet according to the number which the Hebrew text provides, a more compressed one. But if you diligently unroll the divine Scripture, you will find, reckoning backward from the birth of Abraham to the flood of the whole world, nine hundred and forty-two years. Likewise, from the flood to Adam, two thousand two hundred and forty-two years, in which [*] no history—Greek, barbarian, or to speak commonly, Gentile—is found at all.

6. Therefore, the present work will pursue the lower times from Abraham and Ninus down to our own age; and immediately at the beginning of his account, it will set forth Abraham of the Hebrews, and Ninus and Semiramis of the Assyrians: because neither the city of the Athenians nor the kingdom of the Argives had yet received a name, with only the Sicyonians flourishing in Greece; in whose times they report that Europs, the second king, reigned. Why we also suppose this will be demonstrated from what follows. For if you diligently enumerate from the last age of Ninus down to the capture of Troy, you will find eight hundred and thirty-four years. Likewise, in Sicyon, from the twentieth year of King Europs down to the aforementioned time, you will find those same eight hundred and thirty-four years. Among the Hebrews also, from the birth of Abraham down to Labdon and Samson, the judges of the Hebrews who presided over the people in Trojan times, you will likewise calculate eight hundred and thirty-four years. Likewise, among the Egyptians, from the age of Ninus and Semiramis—at which time the Theban dynasty was already ruling the Egyptians in the sixteenth dynasty—down to the twentieth dynasty and the king of Egypt, Thuoris, who is called Polybus by Homer, under whom Troy was also captured, the aforementioned eight hundred and thirty-four years are gathered. Therefore, we consequently place at the front of our booklet, at one and the same time, Abraham, Ninus, Semiramis, Europs, and the Thebans of the Egyptians. And that these things are so, as we have prefaced, the subsequent text will explain.

7. Now it is our care to divide the years of the Hebrews into four periods: from Abraham down to Moses; from Moses down to the first building of the temple; from the first building of the temple ^B down to its second restoration; from its restoration down to the advent of the Lord. For from the birth of Abraham down to Moses and the departure of Israel from Egypt, five hundred and five years are counted (2). But from Moses down to Solomon and the first building of the temple, four hundred and seventy-nine years (3), according to the smaller number, however, which the third book of Kings contains. For according to the volume of Judges, six hundred years are calculated (4). From Solomon, indeed, down to the restoration of the temple, which was done under Darius, king of the Persians, five hundred and twelve years are gathered (5). Furthermore, from Darius down to the preaching of our Lord Jesus Christ, and down to the fifteenth year of Tiberius, prince of the Romans, five hundred and forty-eight years are completed (6). Thus, there are in total from Abraham down to the fifteenth year of Tiberius, two thousand forty-four years.

8. Similarly, from Ninus and Semiramis down to Moses and Cecrops, five hundred and five years. From Cecrops down to the capture of Troy, three hundred and thirty years (7). From the capture of Troy down to the first Olympiad, four hundred and six years (8). From the first Olympiad down to the second year of Darius and the restoration of the temple, two hundred and fifty-six years. From the second year of Darius and the restoration of the temple down to the fifteenth year of Tiberius Caesar, five hundred and forty-seven years (9). In total, from Ninus and Semiramis down to the fifteenth year of Tiberius, there are two thousand forty-four years, which we also show to have been calculated from Abraham down to Tiberius. From the fifteenth year of Tiberius, however, down to the twentieth anniversary of Constantine the victorious Augustus, three hundred years are counted (10). Thus, all the years of this history amount to two thousand three hundred and forty-four (11). And lest by chance the long order of numbers should bring about some confusion, we have cut the whole collection of years into decades, which, gathering them from the histories of individual nations, we have made to be contrary to one another, so that an easy discovery may be provided as to which Greeks or barbarians were in the age of the prophets, kings, and priests of the Hebrews (12): and likewise, who were falsely believed to be gods of different nations; who were heroes; what city was founded and when; which of the illustrious men were philosophers, poets, princes, and writers.

of the various works that may have existed; and if antiquity deemed anything else worthy ^A of memory. All these things we shall set down in their proper places with the greatest brevity.

OBTESTATION OF EUSEBIUS. I ADJURE YOU, WHOEVER SHALL TRANSCRIBE THESE BOOKS, BY THE LORD JESUS CHRIST, AND HIS GLORIOUS AD- ^B VENT, IN WHICH HE SHALL COME TO JUDGE THE LIVING AND THE DEAD, THAT YOU COMPARE WHAT YOU HAVE WRITTEN, AND DILIGENTLY AMEND IT TO THE EXEMPLARS FROM WHICH YOU HAVE TRANSCRIBED IT: AND THAT YOU LIKEWISE TRANSCRIBE THIS FORM OF ADJURATION, AND TRANSFER IT INTO THE CODEX THAT YOU HAVE TRANSCRIBED.

SERIES OF KINGS

ASSYRIAN KINGS

Ninus, 52 years. Semiramis, 42 years. Ninyas, who is also Zames, 38 years. ^B Arius, 30 years. Aralius, 40 years. Xerxes, 30 years. Armamithres, 38 years. Belochus, 35 years. Balæus, 52 years. Altadas, 32 years. Mamythus, 30 years. Macchaleus, 28 years. Sphærus, 20 years. Mamylus, 30 years. Sparethus, 42 years. Ascatades, 38 years. Amyntas, 45 years. Belochus, 25 years. ^C Ballepares, 30 years. Lamprides, 30 years. Sosares, 20 years. Lampares, 30 years. Panyas, 45 years. Sosarmus, 19 years. Mithræus, 27 years. Tautanes, who is also Tautanes, 39 years. Teutæus, 45 years.

Thinæus, 30 years. ^A Dercylus, 40 years. Eupalmes, 38 years. Laosthenes, 45 years. Pyrtiades, 30 years. Ophratæus, 20 years. Ophratanes, 50 years. Acrazapes, 42 years. Thonos, who is called Concolerus, in Greek Sardanapallus, 20 years.

OF THE HEBREWS. Abraham, 100 years. Isaac, 60 years. Jacob, 121 years. Joseph, governor of Egypt, 80 years. The Hebrews serve the Egyptians, 144 years. ^B Moses, in the desert, 40 years. Jesus (Joshua), 27 years.

OF THE JUDGES. Gothoniel, 40 years. Aod, 80 years. Deborah with Barac, 40 years. Gedeon, 40 years. Abimelech, 3 years. Thola, 23 years. Jair, 22 years. Iephte, 6 years. Under him, Ilium was captured in the 831st year. 9. Esebon, 7 years. ^C 10. Labdon, 8 years. 11. Samson, 20 years. 12. Heli the priest, 40 years. 13. Samuel and Saul, king, 40 years. Sum total of years... After them, kings were established from the tribe of Judah, of whom the first was David.

KINGS OF JUDAH. In the thirtieth year of Dercylus, king of the Assyrians, the kings of Judah begin to rule over the Hebrews. 1. David, 40 years. 2. Salomon, 40 years. The kingdom being divided, he rules over two tribes. 3. Roboam, 17 years. 4. Abias, 3 years. ^D 5. Asa, 41 years. 6. Josaphat, 25 years. 7. Joram, 8 years. 8. Ochozias, 1 year. 9. Gotholia, the mother, 7 years. 10. Joas, 40 years. 11. Amessias, 29 years.

^A 12. Azarias, also called Ozias, 54 years. 13. Joatham, 16 years. 14. Achaz, 16 years. Under him the captivity of Israel occurred. 15. Ezechias, 29 years. 16. Manasses, 55 years. 17. Amos, 12 years. 18. Josias, 31 years. 19. Joachaz, 3 months. 20. Eliakim, who is also Joakim, 12 years. 21. Jechonias, who is also Joakim, 3 months. 22. Sedecias, 11 years. Under him Judah was led into captivity, and the temple was burned by Nabuchodonosor, king of the Assyrians, in the forty-seventh Olympiad. The total is 485 years, 3 months. ^B

ISRAELIS REGES

BABYLONIORUM REGES

8. Baltasar the Chaldean. ^A 4 years. 9. Darius the Mede, 3 years. 10. Darius, son of Ahasuerus, of the seed of the Medes, 13 years. After these, the dominion was transferred to the Parthians in the 55th Olympiad.

KINGS OF THE SICYONIANS

KINGS OF THE EGYPTIANS

8. Orus, 38 years. 9. Achencheres, 12 years. 10. Athoris, 9 years. 11. Chencheres, 16 years. 12. Acherres, 8 years. 13. Cherres, 18 years. 14. Armais, also called Danaus, 5 years. 15. Rameses, also called Aegyptus, 68 years. 16. Menophis, 40 years. The Nineteenth Dynasty, 194 years. ^A 1. Sethos, 55 years. 2. Rampses, 66 years. 3. Amenophthis, 40 years. 4. Amenemmes, 26 years. 5. Thuoris, 7 years. The Twentieth Dynasty, 178 years. The Twenty-first Dynasty reigned: 1. Smendis, 26 years. 2. Psusennes, 41 years. 3. Nephercheres, 4 years. 4. Amenophthis, 9 years. 5. Osochor, 6 years. 6. Psinaches, 9 years. 7. Psusennes, 35 years. ^B The Twenty-second Dynasty: 1. Sesechosis, 21 years. 2. Osorthon, 15 years. 3. Tacellothis, 13 years. The Twenty-third Dynasty: 1. Petubastis, 25 years. 2. Osorthon, 9 years. 3. Psammus, 10 years. ^C The Twenty-fourth Dynasty: 1. Bochoris, 44 years. The Twenty-fifth Dynasty: 1. Sabacon, an Ethiopian, 12 years. 2. Sebichus, 12 years. 3. Taracus, an Ethiopian, 20 years. The Twenty-sixth Dynasty: 1. Ammeres, an Ethiopian, 12 years. 2. Stephinathis, 7 years. 3. Necepsos, 6 years. 4. Nechao, 8 years. 5. Psammitichus, 45 years. ^D 6. Nechao the second, 6 years. 7. Another Psammuthis, also called Psammitichus, 17 years.

8. Vaphres, 25 years. ^A 9. Amasis, 45 years. Dynasty XXVII of the Persians. For Cambyses obtained Egypt in the sixth year of his reign: from which to Darius, the years of Xerxes are 114. Dynasty XXVIII of the Saitae. Amyrtaeus, 6 years. Dynasty XXIX of the Mendesians, of whom the first: [1.] Nepherites, 6 years. 2. Achoris, 12 years. 3. Psammuthis, 1 year. 4. Muthes, 1 year. 5. Nepherites, 4 months. 6. Nectanebus, 18 years. 7. Teus, 14 years. Dynasty XXX of the Sebennytes, 3 kings. ^B The rule of the Egyptians ended in the one hundred and seventh Olympiad, after the Egyptian kingdom had lasted one thousand six hundred and forty-six years. For from the times of Vulcan to Horus, whom they declare to have been the last of the dynasties of the gods, that interval, since it is immense in their antiquities, is defined with the greatest difficulty.

KINGS OF THE ARGIVES

KINGS OF THE MYCENAEANS

^A After whom was the return of the Heraclidae.

ATHENIAN KINGS

In the thirty-second year of Phorbas, king of the Argives, he began to reign at Athens.

1. Cecrops Diphyes, 50 years. 2. Cranaus, 9 years. 3. Amphictyon, 10 years. 4. Erichthonius, 50 years. 5. Pandion, 40 years. 6. Erechtheus, 50 years. 7. Cecrops the second, 40 years. 8. Pandion the second, 25 years. 9. Aegeus, son of Pandion, 48 years. 10. Theseus, 31 years. 11. Menestheus, 33 years. ^B 12. Demophon, 33 years. 13. Oxyntes, 12 years. 14. Aphidas, 1 year. 15. Thymoetes, 8 years. 16. Melanthus, 37 years. 17. Codrus, 21 years.

ARCHONS FOR LIFE

1. Medon, son of Codrus, 20 years. 2. Acastus, 36 years. 3. Archippus, 19 years. 4. Thersippus, 41 years. 5. Phorbas, 31 years. 6. Megacles, 28 years. 7. Diognetus, 28 years. 8. Pherecles, 19 years. ^C 9. Ariphron, 20 years. 10. Thespieus, 27 years. 11. Agamestor, 20 years. 12. Aeschylus, 23 years. 13. Alcmaeon, 2 years.

DECENNIAL ARCHONS

14. Charops, 10 years. 15. Aesimedes, 10 years. 16. Clidicus, 10 years. 17. Hippomenes, 10 years. 18. Leocrates, 10 years. 19. Apsander, 10 years. 20. Eryxias, 10 years.

After these, annual archons were chosen. ^D They began in the four hundred and sixty-first year, in the twenty-fourth Olympiad, and brought [the era of kings] to an end.

KINGS OF THE LATINS

After the capture of Ilium, in the fourth year of Demophon, king of the Athenians, he began to rule the Latins.

1. Aeneas, 3 years. 2. Ascanius, 38 years. 3. Silvius, 29 years. 4. Aeneas Silvius, 31 years. 5. Latinus Silvius, 50 years. 6. Alba Silvius, 30 years. 7. Epistus Silvius, 10 years. 8. Capys Silvius, 20 years.

9. Capetus Silvius, 13 years. 10. Tiberinus Silvius, 8 years. 11. Agrippa Silvius, 41 years. 12. Aremulus Silvius, 19 years. 13. Aventius Silvius, 37 years. 14. Procas Silvius, 21 years. 15. Amulius Silvius, 42 years. 1. Romulus, from whom the Romans are named, 38 years. 2. Numa Pompilius, 41 years. 3. Tullus Hostilius, 32 years. 4. Ancus Marcius, 23 years. 5. Tarquinius Superbus, 25 years. 6. Servius, 34 years. 7. Tarquinius, 35 years. In the sixty-sixth Olympiad ended the kings of the Latins, who began from the eight hundred and thirty-ninth year. Their years: 666. ^A

KINGS OF THE LACEDAEMONIANS

In the eighth year of Aeneas Silvius, king of the Latins, he began to reign over the Lacedaemonians. ^B 1. Eurysthenes, 42 years. 2. Agis, 1 year. 3. Echestratus, 35 years. 4. Labotes, 37 years. 5. Doryssus, 29 years. 6. Agesilaus, 44 years. 7. Archelaus, 60 years. 8. Teleclus, 40 years. 9. Alcamenes, 37 years. There are three hundred and twenty-five years of the Lacedaemonian kings, the beginning of which is in the year 916, and the end at the first Olympiad.

KINGS OF THE CORINTHIANS

In the twelfth year of Eurysthenes, king of the Lacedaemonians, he began to reign at Corinth. ^C 1. Aletes, 38 years. 2. Ixion, 38 years. 3. Agelas, 37 years. 4. Prymnis, 35 years. 5. Bacchis, 35 years. 6. Agelas, 30 years. 7. Eudemus, 25 years. 8. Aristomedes, 35 years. 9. Agemon, 16 years. 10. Alexander, 25 years. 11. Teletes, 12 years. 12. Automenes, 1 year. The years of the kings of the Corinthians are 322, beginning in the nine hundred and sixteenth year, and ending in the one thousand two hundred and thirty-ninth year.

KINGS OF THE MACEDONIANS

In the third year of Alexander reigning among the Corinthians, he began to rule over the Macedonians. ^D 1. Caranus, 30 years. 2. Coenus, 12 years.

^A 5. Tyrimmas, 38 years. 4. Perdiccas, 51 years. 5. Argæus, 38 years. 6. Philippus, 38 years. 7. Æropas, 26 years. 8. Alcetas, 29 years. 9. Amyntas, 50 years. 10. Alexander, 43 years. 11. Perdiccas, 28 years. 12. Archelaus, 23 years. 13. Orestes, 3 years. 14. Archelaus, 6 years. 15. Amyntas, 1 year. 16. Pausanias, 1 year. 17. Amyntas, 6 years. ^B 18. Argæus, 2 years. 19. Amyntas, 18 years. 20. Alexander, 1 year. 21. Ptolemæus Alorites, 3 years. 22. Perdiccas, 6 years. 23. Philippus, 26 years. 24. Alexander Philippi, 12 years with months. 25. Philippus, brother of Alexander, 7 years. 26. Cassander, 19 years. 27. Sons of Cassander, 4 years. 28. Demetrius, 6 years. 29. Pyrrhus, 7 months. 30. Lysimachus, 3 years. 31. Ptolemæus Ceraunus, 1 year. ^C 32. Meleager, 2 months. 33. Antipater, 45 days. 34. Sosthenes, 2 years. 35. Antigonus Gonatas, 36 years. 36. Demetrius, 10 years. 37. Antigonus, 15 years. 38. Philippus, 42 years. 39. Perseus, 10 years. There are 647 years, 11 months, 45 days. These kings began from the 1204th year and ceased in the 150th Olympiad.

KINGS OF THE LYDIANS

KINGS OF THE LYDIANS

KINGS OF THE MEDES

1. Arbaces 28 years. 2. Mandauces 20 years. 3. Sosarmus 30 years. 4. Articas 30 years. 5. Deioces 54 years. 6. Phraortes 24 years. 7. Cyaxares 32 years. 8. Astyages 38 years. Total: 259 years.

KINGS OF THE PERSIANS

KINGS OF THE EGYPTIANS AND ALEXANDRIANS, THE PTOLEMIES

KINGS OF SYRIA, BABYLON, AND ASIA

Antiochus Theos 15 years. ^A Seleucus Callinicus, the same as Seleucus, 20 years. Seleucus, also called Alexander Ceraunus, 3 years. Antiochus, surnamed the Great, 36 years. Seleucus, also called Philopator, 12 years. Antiochus Epiphanes 11 years. Antiochus Eupator 1 year, 6 months. Demetrius Soter 12 years. Alexander 10 years. Demetrius 3 years. Antiochus Sidetes 9 years. Demetrius 4 years. Antiochus Grypus 26 years. Antiochus Cyzicenus 11 years. ^B Philippus 2 years.

This started from the 117th Olympiad and ended in the 161st Olympiad.

HIGH PRIESTS OF THE JEWS WHO HELD ROYAL POWER SIMULTANEOUSLY

In the third year of the reign of Demetrius Soter, he attained the summit of the Jewish priesthood. Judas 3 years. Jonathan 19 years. Simon 8 years. Hyrcanus 26 years. Aristobulus 1 year. Jannaeus, also called Alexander, 27 years. Salina, also called Alexandra, 9 years. Hyrcanus the High Priest 34 years.

Foreign kings. ^C Herod the king 37 years. Archelaus the ethnarch 9 years. Herod the tetrarch 24 years. Agrippa 7 years. Agrippa the king 26 years.

The years are 235. These princes began from the 155th Olympiad, and were finally subjected to the Romans in the time of Vespasian, in the 212th Olympiad. However, the Jews suffered their final destruction under Hadrian in the 228th Olympiad.

EMPERORS OF THE ROMANS

Gaius Julius Caesar 4 years. Caesar Augustus 56 years, 6 months. Tiberius 29 years. Gaius Caligula 3 years, 10 months. Claudius 13 years. Nero 13 years. ^D Vespasian 10 years. Titus Vespasian 2 years. Domitian 15 years. Nerva 1 year. Trajan 19 years. Hadrian 21 years.

15. Antoninus Pius with his sons Aurelius and Lucius for 23 years, 3 months. 14. Marcus Antoninus, who is also Verus, and L. Aurelius Commodus for 19 years, 1 month. 15. Commodus for 13 years. 16. Helvius Pertinax for 6 months. 17. Severus for 18 years. 18. Antoninus, who is called Caracalla, for 7 years. 19. Macrinus for 1 year. 20. M. Aurelius Antoninus for 4 years. 21. Alexander, son of Mammaea, for 13 years. 22. Maximinus for 3 years. 23. Gordian for 6 years. 24. Philippus for 7 years. 25. Decius for 2 years. 26. Gallus and Volusianus for 2 years. 27. Valerianus and Gallienus for 15 years. 28. Claudius for 1 year, 9 months. 29. Aurelianus for 5 years, 6 months. 30. Tacitus for 6 months. 31. Probus for 6 years, 4 months. 32. Carus with his sons Carinus and Numerian for 2 years. 33. Diocletian for 20 years. 34. Galerius for 2 years. 35. Constantine for 30 years, 10 months.

THE DEATHS OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS

Caius Caesar was killed in the palace. Augustus died at Nola. Tiberius died at Misenum. Caius Caligula was killed in the palace. Titus Claudius died in the palace. Nero fled and buried himself alive. Galba was killed at Rome. Otho killed himself. Vitellius was killed in the palace. ^A Vespasian died in the Sallustian Gardens. Titus died in the palace. Domitian was killed. Nerva died in the Sallustian Gardens. Trajan died at Selinus. Hadrian died of dysenteric edema. Antoninus Pius died at Lorium. Verus died at Altinum. Marcus Antoninus died in Pannonia. Commodus was buried in the house of Vitellius. ^B Pertinax was killed in the palace. Julianus was killed in the palace. Severus died at Eboracum. Antoninus Bassianus was killed between Carrhae and Edessa. Macrinus was killed in the fortress of Laida. Antoninus Heliogabalus was killed at Rome. Alexander was killed at Moguntiacum. Maximinus was killed at Aquileia. Gordian suffocated himself in Africa. ^C Pupienus and Balbinus were killed at Rome. Gordian died in the regions of Parthia. The two Philippi: the elder was killed at Verona, the junior at Rome in the Praetorian camp. Decius was killed in the Praetorium of Abryptus. ^D

^A Gallus and Volusianus were killed in the Flaminian Forum. Aemilianus was killed at the Sanguinary Bridge. Valerianus was killed in Syria. Gallienus was killed at Mediolanum. Claudius departed at Sirmium. Quintillus was killed at Aquileia. Aurelianus was killed near Caenophrurium. ^B Tacitus was killed in Pontus. Florianus was killed at Tarsus. Probus was killed at Sirmium. Carus departed at Seleucia of Babylon. Numerianus was killed on a journey by the treachery of his father-in-law Aper. Carinus was killed in the Margian plain. Diocletianus departed at Salonae. Maximianus departed in Gaul. Severus killed himself on the Via Latina, at the third milestone. Maxentius was killed at the Milvian Bridge and drowned in the Tiber. Maximianus was killed at Tarsus. Constantinus died in Britain, at Eboracum. Licinius was killed at Thessalonica.

The death of Licinius, where this ends, is what suggests that it is Eusebian, for it was without doubt the limit of the Eusebian catalog.

EUSEBIUS PAMPHILI, CHRONICLE CANON

^A a The first king of the Assyrians, Ninus, son of Belus, reigned over all Asia, except for the Indians, for 52 years. In the 43rd year of his reign, Abraham was born. In Greece, however, under the second empire, Europs reigned over the Sicyonians for 45 years, in the 22nd year of whose reign Abraham was born. Furthermore, among the Egyptians, there was a 16th power, which they call a dynasty. From this time, the Thebans reigned over them for 190 years.

HEBR. | ASSYR. | SICYON. | EGYPT. Abraham | Ninus | Europs | 16th dynasty, Thebans

^B b Ninus founded the city of Ninus in the region of the Assyrians, which the Hebrews call Nineveh. While Ninus was reigning among the Assyrians, Aegialeus first reigned over the Sicyonians for 52 years, from whom it was called Aegialea, which is now called the Peloponnesus. After him was the second, Europs, who is also mentioned in the title.

^C c Abraham, a Chaldean by nation, spent his first period of life among the Chaldeans. Among the Hebrews, the years are calculated up to the birth of Abraham as 1950. For from Adam up to the flood they have 1656 years, and from then up to Abraham 293 years. And therefore the fortieth jubilee is calculated from the birth of Abraham. For one jubilee is fifty years.

[TABLE]

Zoroastres the magus, king of the Bactrians, is held to be famous, against whom Ninus fought in war and conquered.

SEMIRAMIS for 42 years.

^D d Semiramis, wife of Ninus, reigned over the Assyrians for 42 years: about her, innumerable things are related. She held Asia, and on account of flooding, built embankments; she restored very many cities of Babylonia.

[GREEK FRAGMENTS] (Eusebius apud Sync. p. 61, D) The first, Ninus, ruled over all Asia, except the Indians. In the forty-third year of the reign of Ninus, king of the Assyrians, Abraham is born.

(Sync. p. 97, A) The beginning of the Sicyonians, over whom Aegialeus first presided, from whom also Aegialea, the present-day Peloponnesus, was formerly so called, reigned second as a Sicyonian, Europs, for 45 years. In the 22nd year of his reign, he who is among the Hebrews [is born], Abraham.

(Idem, p. 102, A) Among the Egyptians, the sixteenth dynasty, five Theban kings, who also reigned for 108 years.

(Cedrenus p. 15, C) Ninus built the great Nineveh.

(Chronicon paschale p. 49, C) Abraham, being a Chaldean by race, spent his first life among the Chaldeans.

(Sync. p. 96, D) The second of the Assyrians, Semiramis, reigned for 42 years.

(Idem, p. 64, B) Semiramis, the famous one in many parts of the earth, raised up ramparts, nominally on account of floods.

^A c The beginning of the 41st jubilee, according to the Hebrews. A "jubilee" (*jobel*) among the Hebrews is called a fifty-year period. Therefore, according to their calculation, from Adam down to the present year, there have been two thousand years.

a TELCHINUS, 20 years.

b APIS, 25 years. From this man, Apia, which is now the Peloponnese, was previously called Ægialea.

d ZAMEIS, who is also Ninyas, son of Ninus and Semiramis, 38 years.

^B e In Crete, the first to reign was Cres, a native, from whom Crete was named; they say he was one of the Curetes, by whom Jupiter was hidden and reared. These men founded the city of Cnosus in Crete, and the temple of the mother Cybele.

[a] The third of the Sicyonians to reign was Telchin for 20 years. (Sync., p. 102, B)

[b] The fourth of the Sicyonians to reign was Apis for 25 years. (Ibidem)

[c] The beginning of the 41st jubilee among the Hebrews. A "jubilee" among them is a fifty-year period; so that according to them, from Adam down to the 53rd year of Abraham, there are 2,100 years. (Sync., p. 99, A)

[d] The third of the Assyrians to reign was Ninyas, who is also Zameis, son of Ninus and Semiramis, for 38 years. (Idem, p. 97, A)

[e] Some say that the native Cres was the first to reign over Crete, that he is one of the so-called Curetes, and that Zeus was hidden and reared by him. (Idem, p. 105, A)

Cres, a native, whom they say was one of the Curetes, by whom Zeus was hidden and reared... from this Cres, the island was named Crete. They say that these same Curetes founded the city of Cnosus in Crete, and a temple of the mother Cybele. (Idem, p. 125, D)

[TABLE OMITTED]

[a] THELXION, 52 years.

[b] FIRST YEAR OF THE PROMISE OF GOD TO ABRAHAM. When Abraham was seventy-five years old, he was deemed worthy of a divine utterance and of that promise which was made to him. From the seventy-fifth year of Abraham up to Moses and the exodus of the Jewish nation from Egypt, four hundred and thirty years are reckoned, of which Paul makes mention, saying thus: "The covenant confirmed by God, which came four hundred and thirty years later, does not invalidate the law so as to destroy the promise." Moses himself also speaks in agreement with this in Exodus: "But the sojourn of the sons of Israel, which they sojourned in Egypt and in the land of Canaan, they and their fathers, was four hundred and thirty years."

[c] The tenth year of the promise. Abraham was eighty-six years old when, by the handmaid Hagar, he begot Ishmael, from whom came the race of the Ishmaelites, who were afterwards called Agarenes, and later Saracens.

[d] ARIUS, 30 years.

[e] The twentieth year of the promise.

[a] Fifth king of the Sicyonians, Thelxion, reigned 52 years. (Sync. p. 102, C.) [b] First year of the promise of God to Abraham. From his seventy-fifth year until Moses... and the exodus of the Hebrew race from Egypt, amounts to 430 years, of which Paul makes mention, writing to the Galatians: "The covenant previously announced by God, the law that came four hundred and thirty years later does not invalidate, so as to nullify the promise." And Moses in Exodus likewise agrees, saying: "And the sojourn of the sons of Israel, which they sojourned in Egypt and in the land of Canaan, they and their fathers, was four hundred and thirty years." (Chron. pasch. pp. 51-52; Epist. ad Galat. III, 17; Exod. XII, 40.) [c] Tenth year of the promise. In this year of Abraham, Hagar the handmaid bore him Ishmael, from whom [comes] the race of the Ishmaelites. And these same are the Agarenes, who are also called Saracens. (Chron. pasch. p. 52, B.) [d] Fourth king of the Assyrians, Arius, reigned 30 years. (Sync. p. 103, B.) [e] The 20th year of the promise. (Chron. pasch. p. 54, A.)

^A Sodom and Gomorrah burned.

a When Abraham was a centenarian, he begat of the free woman his son Isaac, whom he outlived by another sixty-four years. To Abraham, the first of the prophets, the Word of God, having appeared in human form, promises the calling of the Gentiles, which in our time the message of Christ has brought to completion through the preaching of the Gospel to all nations.

^B The beginning of the forty-second jubilee, according to the Jews.

^C The thirtieth year of the redemption. The hundred and tenth year of Abraham.

^D The fortieth year of the redemption. The hundred and twentieth year of Abraham. ^D d ARALIUS, 40 years.

e AEGYDRUS, 34 years. The fiftieth year of the redemption. The hundred and thirtieth year of Abraham. ^B f In Crete, the indigenous Cres reigned first, as some maintain; others, however, claim the aforementioned time.

a In the hundredth year of Abraham, there is born to him a legitimate son, Isaac, whom he outlived by 75 years. (Chron. pasch. p. 54, A.) ^B The 40th year of the promise. Ibidem. ^C The 40th year of the promise; the 50th year of the promise; the 70th year of the promise. ^D The year of the promise. (Idem p. 54, C.) Idem p. 57, B. d The fifth king of the Assyrians, Aralius, reigned 40 years. (Sync. p. 103, B.) e The sixth of the Sicyonians, Aegydrus, reigned 34 years. (Idem p. 104, D.) f They say that the indigenous Cres was the first to reign over Crete; but according to the time which we narrated above, others place him at Nineveh. (Idem p. 105, A.)

^A HEBR. | ASSYR. | SICYON. | EGYPT. Abrahamus | Isaacus | Aralius | Ægydrus | XVI dynastia Thebæi Sexagesimus annus repro- | 133 | 33 | 15 | 12 | 133 missionis. | 134 | 34 | 14 | 13 | 134 | 135 | 35 | 15 | 14 | 135 | 136 | 36 | 16 | 15 | 136 | 137 | 37 | 17 | 16 | 137 | 138 | 38 | 18 | 17 | 138 | 139 | 39 | 19 | 18 | 139 Centesimus quadragesimus | 140 | 40 | 20 | 19 | 140 annus Abrahæ. | 141 | 41 | 21 | 20 | 141 | 142 | 42 | 22 | 21 | 142 | 143 | 43 | 23 | 22 | 143 | 144 | 44 | 24 | 23 | 144 Septuagesimus annus repro- | 145 | 45 | 25 | 24 | 145 missionis. | 146 | 46 | 26 | 25 | 146 | 147 | 47 | 27 | 26 | 147 | 148 | 48 | 28 | 27 | 148 | 149 | 49 | 29 | 28 | 149 Centesimus quinquagesimus | 150 | 50 | 30 | 29 | 150 annus Abrahæ. | 151 | 51 | 31 | 30 | 151 | Principium jubelæi quadragesimi tertii. | 152 | 52 | 32 | 31 | 152 | 153 | 53 | 33 | 32 | 153 | 154 | 54 | 34 | 33 | 154 Octogesimus annus repro- | 155 | 55 | 35 | 34 | 155 missionis. | a THURIMACHUS annis XLV. | 156 | 56 | 36 | 1 | 156 | 157 | 57 | 37 | 2 | 157 | 158 | 58 | 38 | 3 | 158 | 159 | 59 | 39 | 4 | 159 Centesimus sexagesimus an- | 160 | 60 | 40 | 5 | 160 nus Abrahæ.

b Sexagenario Isaac nascuntur filii gemini; primus Esau, qui et Edom, a quo gens Idumæorum, secundus Jacob, qui postea Israel, a quo Israelitæ, qui nunc Judæi. Initium etiam regni Argivorum his temporibus.

^C HEBR. | ASSYR. | SICYON. | ARGIV. | EGYPT. Abrahamus | Jacobus 161 (an. cxxI.) | Xerxes 1 (an. xxx.) | Thurimachus 6 | Inachus 1 (an. L.) | XVI dynastia Thebæi 161

c Apud Hebræos Jacob filius Isaac, usque ad principatum filii Joseph, annis cxxI. d Apud Assyrios sextus Xerxes, qui et Baleus, annis xxx. e Apud Argos primus regnavit Inachus annis L. f Inachi filia Io, quam Ægyptii mutato nomine Isidem colunt. A patre Inacho inachus fluvius apud Argos. A filia Ione Bosphorus nuncupatur. Castor chronographus de Argivorum regno ita loquitur: Consequenter persequemur reges Argi ab Inacho usque in Sthenelantum filium Crotopi: quorum invenitur omne tempus anni CCCLXXXIV.

a Of the Sicyonians, the 7th was Thurimachus, who reigned 45 years. b When Isaac was sixty, two twin sons were born to him from Rebecca: the first was Esau, also called Edom, from whom comes the Idumean nation; the second was Jacob, who was renamed Israel, from whom come the Israelites, who are also Jews. c From the Hebrews, Jacob, son of Isaac, until the rule of his son Joseph in Egypt, lived 137 years. d Of the Assyrians, the 4th was Xerxes, who reigned 30 years. e Beginning of the kingdom of the Argives, whose first king was Inachus. f The daughter of Inachus was Io, whom the Egyptians worship under the changed name of Isis, calling her Pharia. From Inachus, the river Inachus in Argos was named, and the Bosphorus is named after Io.

HEBR. | ASSYR. | SICYON. | ARGIV. | ÆGYPT. --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | XVI dynastia Thebæi 162 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 162 163 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 3 | 163 164 | 4 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 164 a Nonagesimus annus repromissionis. | 165 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 5 | 165 166 | 6 | 6 | 11 | 6 | 166 167 | 7 | 7 | 12 | 7 | 167 168 | 8 | 8 | 13 | 8 | 168 169 | 9 | 9 | 14 | 9 | 169 Centesimus septuagesimus annus Abrahæ, Isaac vero septuagesimus. | 170 | 10 | 10 | 15 | 10 | 170 171 | 11 | 11 | 16 | 11 | 171 172 | 12 | 12 | 17 | 12 | 172 173 | 13 | 13 | 18 | 13 | 173 174 | 14 | 14 | 19 | 14 | 174 b Centesimus annus repromissionis; post quem moritur Abraham; omnes annos agens CLXXV. | 175 | 15 | 15 | 20 | 15 | 175 176 | 16 | 16 | 21 | 16 | 176 177 | 17 | 17 | 22 | 17 | 177 178 | 18 | 18 | 23 | 18 | 178 179 | 19 | 19 | 24 | 19 | 179 Octogesimus annus Isaac. | 180 | 20 | 20 | 25 | 20 | 180 181 | 21 | 21 | 26 | 21 | 181 182 | 22 | 22 | 27 | 22 | 182 183 | 23 | 23 | 28 | 23 | 183 184 | 24 | 24 | 29 | 24 | 184 Centesimus decimus annus repromissionis. | 185 | 25 | 25 | 30 | 25 | 185 186 | 26 | 26 | 31 | 26 | 186 187 | 27 | 27 | 32 | 27 | 187 188 | 28 | 28 | 33 | 28 | 188 189 | 29 | 29 | 34 | 29 | 189 Nonagesimus annus Isaac. | 190 | 30 | 30 | 35 | 30 | 190

c Apis in Ægypto deus primus putatus est, quem quidam Serapin vocaverunt.

ÆGYPT. | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | XVII dynastia | | | d ARMAMITHRES an. XXXVIII. | Pastores | | | |

e Ægypti septima decima dynastia, quo tempore regnabant Pastores annis CIII. Reges Ægyptiorum pastores conjicimus nuncupatos propter Joseph et fratres ejus, qui in principio pastorum more descendisse in Ægyptum comprobantur.

191 | 31 | 1 | 36 | 31 | 1 192 | 32 | 2 | 37 | 32 | 2 193 | 33 | 3 | 38 | 33 | 3 194 | 34 | 4 | 39 | 34 | 4 Centesimus vicesimus annus repromissionis. | 195 | 35 | 5 | 40 | 35 | 5 196 | 36 | 6 | 41 | 36 | 6 197 | 37 | 7 | 42 | 37 | 7 198 | 38 | 8 | 43 | 38 | 8 199 | 39 | 9 | 44 | 39 | 9 Centesimus annus Isaac. | 200 | 40 | 10 | 45 | 40 | 10

f LEUCIPPUS annis LIII.

Principium jubelæi quadragesimi quarti, juxta Judæorum traditionem. | 201 | 41 | 11 | 1 | 41 | 11 | 202 | 42 | 12 | 2 | 42 | 12 | 203 | 43 | 13 | 3 | 43 | 13 | 204 | 44 | 14 | 4 | 44 | 14

a 91st year of the promise. 100th year of the promise... Abraham died; he lived in all 175 years. b 100th year of the promise; after which Abraham dies; living in all 175 years. c They say this Apis was the first to be considered a god by the Egyptians, and was called Serapis. d Of the Assyrians, Armamithres reigned 38 years. e The seventeenth dynasty of Egypt, during which time the Shepherds reigned for 103 years. We conclude the kings of the Egyptians were called shepherds on account of Joseph and his brothers, who are proven to have descended into Egypt at the beginning in the manner of shepherds. f In Sicyon, Leucippus reigned 53 years.

^A II. PHORONEUS, 60 years. Phoroneus, son of Inachus and Niobe, was the first to establish laws and judgments. Some think Niobe to be his daughter. Plato mentions these times, as being very ancient, in the *Timaeus*, speaking thus: "And once, wishing to provoke them into talk about ancient times, which had happened to each city among the ancients, [he spoke] of Phoroneus, who was the first called by this name, and of Niobe, and of those who were after the flood."

^B b With Niobe, the first of women, Jupiter lay, as the Greeks claim, from whom is born Apis, whom some call Serapis.

c Thessalus, son of Graecus, reigns in Thessaly.

^C d VIII. BELOCHUS, 35 years.

e The Telchines and Caryatae incite war against Phoroneus and the Parrhasians.

g Ogyges founded Eleusis in Attica, which was anciently called Acte, and very many other cities: in whose times a virgin appeared at Lake Triton, whom the Greeks named Minerva.

***

a The second of the Argives to reign was Phoroneus for 60 years. Phoroneus, the son of Inachus and Niobe, is said to be the first to have established laws and judgments among the Greeks; some say Niobe was the daughter of Phoroneus. *Sync. p. 125, C.*

Wherefore Plato also, in the *Timaeus* dialogue, makes mention of the times of Phoroneus as being very ancient. And once, wishing to draw them into discourse about the things of old, he attempts to speak of the most ancient matters concerning Phoroneus, who was mentioned first, and Niobe, and the things after the cataclysm. *Idem p. 126, B.*

b Jupiter lay with Niobe, the first of women, from whom he had a son, Apis, [called] Serapis. *Ibidem.*

c The first to reign over the Thessalians was Thessalus, son of Graecus. *Ibidem.*

d The eighth of the Assyrians to reign was Belochus for 35 years. *Sync. p. 108, C.*

e The Telchines and Caryatae made war against Phoroneus and the Parrhasians. *Idem p. 126, C.*

f Jacob goes down into Mesopotamia to Laban... and serves him for 7 years. *Chron. pasch. p. 58, D.*

g Minerva was named among the Greeks at the Tritonian lake. *Ibidem.*

Jacob takes Leah and Rachel in Mesopotamia as wives. The one hundred and fortieth year of Isaac. The one hundred and seventieth year of the promise. The one hundred and fiftieth year of Isaac. b Jacob begets Joseph. a Jacob begets Ruben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah, from whom the Jews are named. c IX. MESSAPUS 47 years. The beginning of the forty-fifth jubilee. The one hundred and eightieth year of the promise. The one hundred and sixtieth year of Isaac, but Jacob is one hundred. Messana, which is also Mertina, is founded in Sicily. d The flood which occurred under Ogyges in Achaia. e IX. BALÆUS 52 years. f Joseph is sold by his brothers at the age of seventeen. The one hundred and ninetieth year of the promise. The two hundredth year of the promise. g III. APIS 35 years. They say this Apis was Serapis; for when he had made his brother Ægialeus king of Achaia, he himself sailed with the people to Egypt. h The Telchines, having been defeated and having lost their kingdom, founded Rhodes, which was previously called Ophiussa.

a Jacob begets Ruben... Jacob begets Simeon... Jacob begets Levi. Jacob begets Judah, from whom are the Jews. *Chron. pasch. p. 59, A.* b In the 46th year of his age, Jacob begets Joseph. *Ibidem.* c The ninth king of the Sicyonians, Messapus, reigned 47 years. *Sync. p. 104, D.* d The flood reported under Ogyges. *Idem p. 63, D.* e The ninth king of the Assyrians, Balaeus, reigned 52 years. *Idem p. 108, C.* f Joseph is sold by his brothers at the age of seventeen. *Chron. pasch. p. 60, C.* g The third king of the Argives, Apis, reigned 35 years. Him they call ... and Serapis. He made his brother Ægialeus king of Achaia, as they say; he himself was sent to Egypt with a multitude. *Sync. p. 148-149.* h The Telchines, having been driven out of the Peloponnese, founded Rhodes, which was called Ophiussa. *Idem p. 149, B.*

^A

*Chronicles, Book II*

[Table of Epochs: Hebrew, Assyrian, Sicyonian, Argive, Egyptian]

*a Memphis in Egypt was founded by Apis.*

*b In the hundred and eightieth year, Isaac dies, leaving behind his son Jacob, who is one hundred and twenty years old.*

*c Joseph, one of the Hebrews, was leader of Egypt for eighty years, starting from the thirtieth year of his age.*

*d The hundred and thirtieth year of Jacob. In the second year of the famine, Jacob entered Egypt with his sons. When questioned by Pharaoh as to how old he was, he replied that he was one hundred and thirty years of age. All the kings of the Egyptians were at that time called Pharaohs on account of their dignity; just as we speak of "Emperor Augusti." Therefore, each had his own proper name, as is recognized from the books of Manetho, the priest of the Egyptians.*

^B *e. The XVIII Dynasty of the Diospolitans. I. Amosis, 25 years.*

*f Sparta was founded by Spartus, son of Phoroneus.*

*g X. Eratus, 46 years.*

*h The two hundred and thirtieth year of the promise. The hundred and fortieth year of Jacob.*

*i IV. Argus, 70 years.*

*k In the hundred and forty-seventh year of his age, Jacob died, prophesying concerning Christ and the calling of the nations.*

^{C D}

a Memphis in Egypt was founded during these times. *Sync. p. 149, B.* b In the 120th year of Jacob, Isaac his father died, having lived 180 years. *Idem p. 107, C.* c Joseph is exalted to the rule of Egypt, when he was in the 30th year of his life. *Idem ibidem.* d In the second year of the famine... Jacob went down into Egypt... and Jacob said to Pharaoh: The days of the years of my life in which I dwell are... *Idem p. 109, 110.* e The eighteenth dynasty of Diospolitan kings, the first of whom was Amosis, 25 years. *Idem p. 62, G.* f Sparta was founded by Spartus, son of Phoroneus. *Idem p. 149, B.* g During the Sicyonians [time], Eratus reigned for 46 years. *Idem p. 104, D.* h The 230th year of the promise: 240, etc. *Chron. pasch. p. 62-63.* i During the Argives [time], Argus reigned for 70 years. *Idem p. 149, B.* k Bringing to his 147th year, Jacob prophesies concerning the Lord, and concerning the calling of the nations through Christ... and dies. *Chron. pasch. p. 61-62.*

^A HEBR. ASSYR. SICYON. ARGIV. ÆGYPT. Abraha- Josephus Balæus Eratus Argus XVIII mus dynastia Amosis 308 27 45 8 3 15 309 28 46 9 4 16 310 29 47 10 5 17 Sexagesimus annus Jo- 311 30 48 11 6 18 seph. 312 31 49 12 7 19 313 32 50 13 8 20 314 33 51 14 9 21 Ducentesimus quadra- 315 34 52 15 10 22 gesimus annus repromis- sionis. X. ALTADAS annis XXXII. 316 35 1 16 11 23 317 36 2 17 12 24 318 37 3 18 13 25

a II. CHEBRON annis XIII. 319 38 4 19 14 1 320 39 5 20 15 2 Septuagesimus annus 321 40 6 21 16 3 Joseph. 322 41 7 22 17 4 323 42 8 23 18 5 324 43 9 24 19 6 Ducentesimus quinqua- 325 44 10 25 20 7 gesimus annus repromis- 326 45 11 26 21 8 sionis. 327 46 12 27 22 9 328 47 13 28 23 10 329 48 14 29 24 11 330 49 15 30 25 12 Octogesimus annus Jo- 331 50 16 31 26 13 seph.

b III. AMENOPHIS annis XXI. 332 51 17 32 27 1 333 52 18 33 28 2 c According to the 334 53 19 34 29 3 opinion of some, d Ducentesimus sexa- 335 54 20 35 30 4 Prometheus lived in gesimus annus repromis- 336 55 21 36 31 5 these times, of whom sionis. 337 56 22 37 32 6 they relate that he 338 57 23 38 33 7 fashioned men from 339 58 24 34 8 ignorance; in 340 59 25 35 9 truth, as he was Nonagesimus annus Jo- 341 60 26 36 10 wise, he transformed seph. 342 61 27 37 11 their wildness and 343 62 excessive 344 63 28 39 38 12 inexperience into e CCLXX annus repro- 345 64 29 40 39 13 humanity and missionis. 346 65 30 41 40 14 knowledge. 347 66 31 42 41 15 348 67 32 43 42 16

f XI. MAMYLUS annis xxx. 349 68 1 44 43 17 350 69 2 45 44 18 Centesimus annus Jo- 351 70 3 46 45 19 seph.

a Of the Egyptians, the 2nd was Chebron, who reigned 13 years. Eusebius apud Sync. p. 71, C. b Of the Egyptians, the 3rd was Amenophis, who reigned 21 years. Euseb. apud Sync. p. 71, C. c At these times, as they say, lived Prometheus, who was fabled to fashion men from ignorance to education. Sync. p. 149, C. d The 260th year of the promise. Chron. pasch. p. 62, B. e The 270th year of the promise. Idem p. 62, B. f Of the Assyrians, the 11th was Mamylus, who reigned 30 years. Sync. p. 123, B. * Year 344 begins again after the lacuna in the Armenian codex.

^C 380th year of the promise. ^D d Joseph dies at one hundred and ten years of age; after his death the Hebrews served the Egyptians for 144 years. The total number of all the years which the Hebrews spent in Egypt is 215, which are calculated from the time when Jacob with his children descended into Egypt. After the death of Joseph, the Israelites lived in freedom for some time, but because the duration is uncertain, it is included in their servitude. ^C e The 5th king of the Egyptians was Mispharmuthosis, who reigned 26 years. ^D f In Argos, Callithyia, daughter of Piras, first served as priestess of Hera. Another account says that a woman by this name was the daughter of Piras. ^D g Atlas, brother of Prometheus, was a distinguished astrologer, who for his learning is said to uphold the heavens. Euripides, however, affirms that Atlas is an excessively high mountain. 310th year of the promise.

α The 11th of the Sicyonians was Plemnaeus, who reigned 45 years. Sync. p. 109, C. b The 4th of the Egyptians was Memphres, who reigned 12 years. Chron. pasch. 71, C. c The 380th year of the promise. Idem p. 62, C. d Joseph died at 110 years of age. Sync. p. 111, A. After the death of Joseph, the Hebrews served the Egyptians for another 144 years. The total of the sojourn of the Jews in Egypt amounts to 215 years, calculated from the descent of Jacob and his children into Egypt. Chron. pasch. 62, C. e The 5th of the Egyptians was Misphragmuthosis, who reigned 26 years. Sync. p. 71, D. f Callithyia, daughter of Piras, first served as priestess of Hera in Argos. Idem p. 149, B. g At this time lived Atlas, the brother of Prometheus, a preeminent astrologer, who, because of his knowledge, is fabled to uphold the heavens. Euripides says that Atlas is a cloud-surpassing mountain. Idem p. 149, D.

HEBREWS. ASSYRIANS. SICYONIANS. ARGIVES. EGYPTIANS.

^A 395th year of the promise. ^{B C D}

^A In these times it is recorded that Syrus, an earth-born man—from whose name Syria received its title—came into existence.

^A The Ethiopians, rising up from the Indus river, settled near Egypt in a territory of their own choosing.

^A Three hundred and thirtieth year of the promise. ^{B C D}

^A This is Amenophis, whom some consider to be Memnon, the speaking stone; his statue was said to emit a sound at the rising of the sun until the coming of Christ, but from that time forth it has been silent. He set this statue up for himself.

^A Three hundred and fortieth year of the promise. ^{B C D}

^{A B} Three hundred and fiftieth year of the promise. In the same year, Amram begot Moses when he was seventy years old. And it was the sixty-fourth year of the servitude in Egypt.

^A Epidaurus city was founded. a Some write that Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Atlas the brother of Prometheus, and Argus, who saw all things, and Io the daughter of Prometheus, lived in these times; but others say during the age of Cecrops; some before Cecrops by 60 years, or 90.

^B The beginning of the kingdom of the Athenians. In these times in Acte, which is now called Attica, reigned Cecrops, who is also called *diphyes* (two-natured), for 50 years. During the reign of Cecrops, an olive tree first grew in the citadel: and from the name of Athena, who is called *Athēna* in Greek, it was named Athens. From Cecrops down to the first Olympiad, 16 kings are counted; but the rulers whose terms were ended only by death were 11; under whom many wondrous things were fabulously narrated among the Greeks. Cecrops was called *diphyes* either because of the height of his body, or because, being an Egyptian, he knew both languages. Cecrops was the first to sacrifice an ox to Jupiter, and the region was named Cecropia after him.

^C a Regarding Prometheus and Epimetheus, and Atlas, and Io the daughter of Prometheus, and Argus Panoptes, people tell the history differently; for some say they lived in the time of the two-natured Cecrops, others that it was 60 years earlier, others 80. Sync. p. 150, A. b The 14th of the Assyrians, Mamylus, reigned for 30 years. Idem p. 123, B. c The 6th of the Argives, Phorbas, reigned for 24 years. Idem p. 152, A. d The 8th of the Egyptians, Orus, reigned for 37 years, in another manuscript 38. Euseb. apud Sync. p. 72, D. e Phorbas ruled over Rhodes. Sync. p. 152, A. f The [specified] year of the promise. Chron. pasch. p. 63, D. g The 15th of the Assyrians, Sparæthus, reigned for 39 years. Sync. p. 125, C.

a The 13th of the Sicyonians, Marathonius, reigned for 28 years. ^{A B C D} b Cecrops, the double-natured, of the then Acte, now Attica, ruled for 50 years. He was named so, as Philochorus says, for his height of body, or because, being an Egyptian, he knew two languages. He named the city Athens from Athena. In his time the olive first grew on the acropolis, and from him the land was called Cecropia. He first sacrificed an ox and named it Zeus, as some say. From him until the first Olympiad there were 16 kings; and life-long magistrates for 11 years. e The 7th of the Argives, Triopas, reigned for 38 years. Sync. p. 152, A.

d The 890th year of the promise, 40th of Moses. In this year Moses, having left the studies in Egypt, exercised himself in the desert in the virtue of temperance toward the sharpness of understanding. Chron. pasch. p. 64, C.

e The 9th of the Egyptians, Achencheres, reigned for 14 years. Euseb. apud Sync. p. 72, D.

f The Curetes and Corybantes dwelt in Cnossos, who discovered rhythmic movement in arms. Sync. p. 150, A.

h The musician, son of Euctaeus and a nymph, became known. Sync. p. 155, C.

i Deucalion began to reign over those who dwelt around Mount Parnassus. Ibidem.

k The deluge which occurred under Deucalion in Thessaly, and the conflagration which happened under Phaethon in Ethiopia; and many other local destructions have occurred among the Greeks, as Plato records. Idem p. 157, B.

l In the same times, the Greeks record in myth that Jupiter had intercourse with the daughter of Inachus, whom he also turned into a cow, from whom the Bosporus was named, that is, the traversal of the ox. Sync. p. 126, B.

m The 10th of the Egyptians, Athyris, reigned for 9 years. Euseb. apud Sync. p. 72, D.

CHRONICLE BOOK II

^A *a* Cecrops founded in Euboea the city of Athens, which is also [called] Diada; the Euboeans renamed this city Orchomenus.

^B *b* The Chaldaeans fight against the Phoenicians. *c* From Hellen, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, the Greeks are called Hellenes; and the land which was formerly Acte, under him was called Attica, from the daughter of Cranaus, king of the Athenians: which was called Atthis after this. *d* The judgment of Neptune and Minerva concerning the contention over the land is feigned to have occurred before Cecrops. *e* XIV. MARATHIUS [reigned] xx years. *f* XI. CHENCHERES [reigned] xvi years. *g* This is Pharaoh Chencheres, who contradicted God through Moses, and was overwhelmed in the Red Sea. After him, Acherres Pharaoh reigned over the Egyptians.

^C *h* The cccc and xx year of the promise. *i* Corinth was founded, which was formerly called Ephyra. *k* XVI. ASCATADES [reigned] xl years. *l* According to some, Io set out for Egypt, and was there called Isis; later, having married Telegonus, she bore Epaphus, whom the Egyptians named Orus, the Greeks Epaphus. *m* The temple of Apollo of Delos was first built by Erysichthon.

*n* The four hundred and thirtieth year of the promise, which is also the eightieth year of Moses. Moses enjoys the divine sight on Mount Sinai; he, having reached his eightieth year, becomes the leader of the journey of the Hebrew people out of Egypt, giving them the law in the wilderness for xl years. From this point up to Solomon and the building of the temple are counted ccccxxx years.

^A *a* Cecrops founded Athens—that is, Diada—in Euboea. The Euboeans renamed it Orchomenus. *Sync. p. 153, C.* *b* The Chaldaeans marched against the Phoenicians. *Ibidem.* *c* From Hellen, son of Deucalion, the Greeks are called [Hellenes]. *Sync. p. 157, C.* *d* The judgment of the gods Neptune and Minerva before Cecrops is told as a myth by the Greeks concerning the land. *Ibidem.* *e* Of the Sicyonians, the 15th to reign was Marathius [for] 20 years. *Idem p. 124, B.* *f* Of the Egyptians, the 11th was Chencheres [for] 16 years. *Euseb. apud Sync. p. 72, D.* *g* In his time, Moses led the journey of the Jews out of Egypt. Eusebius alone says that the exodus of Israel through Moses took place under him, with no account bearing witness to it, but rather with all things opposing it, as it testifies. *Sync. p. 72, D.*

^D *h* The 430th year of the promise. *Chron. pasch. p. 64, D.* *i* Corinth, formerly called Ephyra, was founded. *Sync. p. 152, D.* *k* Of the Assyrians, the 17th to reign was Ascatades [for] 38 years. *Idem p. 147, A.* *l* Io, having come to Egypt according to some, was also called Isis. *Idem p. 152, C.* *m* The temple in Delos of Apollo of Delos was founded by Erysichthon, son of Cecrops. *Idem p. 153, C.* *n* Moses was deemed worthy of a theophany on Mount Sinai; the 80th year of the promise. *Chron. pasch. p. 64, D.*

^{A B C} The Hebrew race: Moyses [Moses] ^D 40 years. ^A 12. ACHERRES 8 years. ^B The Areopagus takes its new name as the court of the Athenians. ^C Hercules, by the surname Desanaus, is held famous in Syria of Phoenicia. From that time to our own memory he is still called Desanaus by the Cappadocians and the Elians (otherwise Delians). ^D The tabernacle was completed in seven months. ^A The vine was discovered by Dionysus, but not the son of Semele. ^B 15. ECHYREUS 55 years. ^C 2. CRANAUS 9 years. Cranaus, a native, [was] the seventh from Inachus, from whose daughter Attis the Attic land is said by some to be named in the time of Hellen, son of Deucalion. ^D Aaron, brother of Moses, was established as the first high priest among the Hebrews. ^A In Crete Apteras, who also founded the city. ^B 8. CROTOPUS 21 years. ^C Moses in the desert presides over the people of the Jews. ^D 13. CHERRES 15 years. ^A In the second [dynasty of] Egypt, Telegonus, son of the shepherd Orus and seventh from Inachus, reigned. ^B 3. AMPHICTYON 10 years. This Amphictyon is the son of Deucalion.

^A a In the time of Amphictyon, the son of Deucalion, some say that Dionysius came into Attica and was hospitably received by Semachus, and bestowed a fawn-skin upon his daughter; but this was another [Dionysius], not the son of Semele.

b The temple of the Delian Apollo was built by Erysichthon, son of Cecrops.

c XIV. ARMAIS, who is also DANAUS, 5 years.

d Epaphus, son of Io and Zeus, founded the city of Memphis while reigning in Egypt.

e IV. ERICHTHONIUS 50 years.

^B f The city of the Lacedaemonians was founded by Lacedaemon, the son of Semele.

g Erichthonius, king of the Athenians, is said to be the son of Vulcan and Minerva, and he is called Erechtheus by Homer.

h Arcas, son of Zeus and Callisto, having subdued the Pelasgians, renamed their region Arcadia.

i IX. STHENELUS 11 years.

k XV. RAMESSES, who is also called EGYPTUS, reigned over Egypt for 68 years, renaming the country Egypt after his own name, which was previously called Aeria.

l The Egyptians drove out their king Danaus and delivered the kingdom to his brother Egyptus. Egypt, which was previously called Aeria, then received its name from Egyptus, who was then reigning over it, according to some historiographers.

m XVII. AMYNTAS 45 years.

n Dardanus founded Dardania.

a Regarding Amphictyon, son of Deucalion, some say that Dionysius came into Attica and was entertained by Semachus, and gifted his daughter a fawn-skin; another was he who was born of Semele. [PG 381, C]

b The temple in Delos of the Delian Apollo was established by Erysichthon, the son of Cecrops. Idem p. 153, C.

c The thirteenth king of the Egyptians was Armais, who is also Danaus, [for] 5 years. Euseb. apud Sync. p. 73, A.

d Epaphus, son of Io, the second, reigned over Egypt and built Memphis. Sync. p. 152, C.

e The fourth king of the Athenians was Erichthonius [for] 50 years. Idem p. 157, D.

f Lacedaemonia was founded by Lacedaemon, son of Semele (read: Taygete). Ibidem.

g Erichthonius [son] of Hephaestus, who is Erechtheus in Homer. Ibidem.

h Arcas, the son of Callisto and Zeus, having gained power over the Pelasgians, renamed the land Arcadia. Idem p. 158, A.

i The ninth king of the Argives was Sthenelus [for] 11 years. Idem p. 152, B.

k Ramesses, who is also called Egyptus, reigned over Egypt for 68 years, having renamed the country Egypt after his own name, which was previously called Aeria. Idem p. 155, C.

l Armais, who is also Danaus, fleeing from his brother Ramesses, the Aegyptus, falls from his kingdom in Egypt. Idem p. 155, B.

m The seventeenth king of the Assyrians was Amyntas [for] 45 years. Idem p. 147, A.

n Dardanus founded Dardania. Idem p. 158, A.

^A X. DANAUS forty-five years. After Sthenelus, Gelanor reigned at Argos, whom when the Argives had driven from power, they handed the kingdom over to Danaus. Concerning the leaders of the Argives according to Castor: When Danaus had expelled Sthenelus in the eleventh year of his reign, he held Argos; and his descendants continued until Eurystheus, the son of Sthenelus, the grandson of Perseus. After whom the Pelopidae assumed the empire, with Atreus reigning first. Danaus, having lost his own kingdom, which was of the Egyptians, came to Argos, and expelled Sthenelus, the king of the Argives, from his kingdom, with the consent of the Argives—upon whose expulsion, Gelanor reigned, whom the Argives themselves later expelled, and entrusted their kingdom to Danaus. Danaus claimed Argos for himself, having been expelled from Egypt, and he made it abound with water. The death of Moses. After Moses, Joshua is appointed leader of the Hebrews for twenty-seven years. Thus far the five books of Moses contain the deeds of three thousand seven hundred thirty years, according to the interpretation of the Seventy Elders.

^C JESUS twenty-seven years. [e] Among the Hebrews, Eleazar assumed the chief priesthood after the death of his father Aaron. [d] Erichthonius was the first to harness a chariot in Greece; indeed, it existed among other nations. [f] Danaus, through his fifty daughters, kills the fifty sons of his brother Aegyptus during the very wedding feast, with only Lynceus escaping, who succeeded him as king of the Argives. Nor indeed should the multitude of sons seem incredible among the barbarians, since they have such countless concubines. The beginning of the 1st jubilee according to the Hebrews. In these times, Toth, son of Hermes Trismegistus, is recognized to have lived. [g] Joshua, the successor to Moses, distributed by lot the land of the Palestinians to the nation of the Jews. Phoenix and Cadmus, having departed from Thebes of the Egyptians into Syria, reigned at Tyre and Sidon. [i] Iapis reigned in Crete. [k] Busiris, the son of Neptune and Libya, daughter of Epaphus, exercises tyranny in the regions near the Nile, slaying passing guests with cruel wickedness.

[IX] CORAX thirty years.

^A The tenth of the Argives was Danaus, who reigned 50 years. [Sync. p. 155, D.] [b] Danaus, having taken Argos and expelled Sthenelus the son of Crotopus, reigned over the Argives; and his descendants after him, called the Danaidae, continued until Eurystheus the son of Sthenelus, the son of Perseus; after whom the Pelopidae, having taken the authority from Pelops, began to reign, of whom Atreus was the first. [Ibidem.] [c] Joshua, the son of Nun, 27 years. [Chron. pasch. p. 77, C.] [d] Erichthonius first invented the chariot for the Greeks; for it existed among the barbarians. [Sync. p. 157, C.] [e] Eleazar the son of Aaron succeeded as the second to the high priesthood of the Hebrews. [Chron. pasch. p. 76, C.] [f] Danaus, through the so-called Danaids—these were his fifty daughters—put to death the fifty sons of his brother Aegyptus, except for one, Lynceus, and he reigned after him. But this great number of children is not unbelievable among barbarians, on account of the multitude of concubines. [Sync. p. 152, B-C.] [g] In this year of his own leadership, Joshua son of Nun, having brought [the people] across, distributes the land of the Palestinians to the nation of the Jews as an inheritance by tribe. [Chron. pasch. p. 77, D.] Phoenix and Cadmus, having departed from Thebes in Egypt to Syria, reigned over Tyre and Sidon. [Sync. p. 152, D.] [i] Iapis reigned over Crete. [Ex Sync. p. 157.] [k] Busiris, the son of Poseidon and Libya, daughter of Epaphus, was a tyrant over the regions along the Nile, and used to sacrifice the guests who passed through. [Ibidem.] The sixteenth of the Sicyonians was Corax, who reigned 30 years. [Sync. p. 124, B.]

^A b It is said that the temple at Delphi was burned by Phlegyas. c Asterius reigned in Crete. ^B a It is fabled that Jupiter consorted with Europa, daughter of Phoenix; she was later taken as wife by Asterius, king of the Cretans, from whom he begat Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Sarpedon.

d After the death of Jesus, the Hebræos were held in subjection by foreigners for viii years, which are joined to the times of Gothoniel, according to the traditions of the Jews.

JUDGE GOTHONIEL for xl years. e Among the Hebrews, Phinees undertook the high priesthood. ^C The first judge of the Jews, Gothoniel of the tribe of Judah, for xl years.

V. PANDION year 40.

^D

XVIII. BELOCHUS for xxv years.

h At Argos, Hypermnestra, the daughter of Danaus, who spared Lynceus, performed the priestly office. i Rhadamanthus and Sarpedon were kings of the Lycians. l The abduction of Europa. m Melus and Paphus, and Thasus, and Callista: cities were founded.

a That Jupiter consorted with Europa, daughter of Phoenix; she was the lawfully wedded wife of Asterius the Cretan king, from whom he had three sons, Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Sarpedon. Sync. p. 152-153. b That the temple at Delphi was burned by Phlegyas. Idem p. 152, D. c Asterius reigned over the Cretans. Idem p. 152, B. d After the death of Jesus, the Hebrews were ruled by foreigners for 8 years, and these are conjoined with those of Gothoniel, according to the traditions of the Jews. Chron. pasch. 78, A-B. e Phinees succeeded to the high priesthood for the third time among the Hebrews. Ibidem. f Pandion reigned for 40 years over the Athenians. His daughters were Procne and Philomela. Sync. p. 157, D. g The eighteenth of the Assyrians, Belochus, reigned for 25 years. Idem p. 147, A. h At Argos, Hypermnestra, daughter of Danaus, acted as priestess. Idem p. 157, A. i Rhadamanthus and Sarpedon ruled the Lycians. Idem p. 158, B. k Cadmus reigned over the Thebans, from whose daughter Semele was born Dionysus. Ibidem A. l The abduction of Europa. Ibidem B. m Melus and Thasus, and Alcisthe and Paphus were founded. Ibidem C.

^A

HEBREW ^B Gothoniel judge ^C

ASSYRIAN Belochus ^D

SICYONIAN Epopeus 35 years

ARGIVE Lynceus 41 years

ATHENIAN Pandion

EGYPTIAN XVIII Dynasty Ramesses XVI. Amenophis 40 years

c Bithynia was founded by the Phoenicians, which was previously called Mariandynia. d Linus the Theban and Zethus and Amphion were famous in the art of music. e The Idaean fingers, whom the Greeks call Dactyls, lived in these times and discovered iron. f Amphion and Zethus reigned in Thebes, which is in Achaia. h In Dardania reigned Erichthonius, son of Dardanus. k Minos, son of Europa, reigns in Crete. XIX. Balepares 30 years i The things concerning Demeter, whom some say is Isis, and concerning Danae, from whom Perseus is born, are said to have occurred at these times, along with the myths told about them. n Harmonia abducted by Cadmus. m Ephyra, which is now called Corinth, was founded by Sisyphus. o In Eleusis reigned Celeus, a contemporary of Triptolemus, whom Philochorus says distributed grain while traveling to cities in a long ship; and because of this, he gave rise to the suspicion that his ship was a winged serpent. This is a figure that can be accepted.

After Gothoniel, the Hebrews were subjected to foreigners for 18 years, which are joined to the times of Aod, according to the traditions of the Jews. p AODUS 80 years.

389

HEBREWS. ASSYRIANS. SICYONIANS. ARGIVES. ATHENIANS. EGYPTIANS. Abraham. Aodus Judge. Balepares. Epopeus. Lynceus. Pandion. XVIII Dynasty Amenophis. 615 5 8 22 22 56 14 616 4 9 23 23 57 15 a The city of Cadmea is founded, and Side in Cilicia. 617 5 10 24 24 58 16 618 6 11 25 25 59 17

b The story of Proserpina, whom Ædoneus (that is, Orcus, king of the Molossians) carried off; his dog of immense size, named Cerberus, devoured Pirithous, who had come with Theseus to the abduction of his wife. Hercules, arriving, rescued him [Theseus] just as he was also placed in danger of death, and on account of this he is said to have been received back as if from the underworld, as Philochorus writes in the second book of his *Atthis*.

c Pelops reigned among the Argives for 54 years [al. 61], from whom the Peloponnese is named. 619 7 12 26 26 40 18

d VI. ERECHTHEUS for 50 years. 620 8 13 27 27 1 19 e Achaia founded by Achæus. 621 9 14 28 28 2 20 This man [Erechtheus], son of Pandion, from whom the mysteries began. 622 10 15 29 29 3 21 623 11 16 30 30 4 22 624 12 17 31 31 5 23

f Dionysus, who in Latin is called Father Liber, is born from Semele. 625 13 18 32 32 6 24 626 14 19 33 33 7 25 g Boreas, son of Astræus, a Thracian, carried off Erechtheus's daughter Orithyia; the myth says he was the North Wind 627 15 20 34 34 8 26 628 16 21 35 35 9 27 because, in Greek, the north wind is called *boreas*. h XVIII. LAOMEDON for 40 years. Under this Erechtheus, the mysteries began among the Athenians. 629 17 22 1 36 10 28 630 18 23 2 37 11 29 631 19 24 3 38 12 30 632 20 25 4 39 13 31 633 21 26 5 40 14 32 Ea quae de Perseo / dicuntur, hoc tempo- / re facta fuerunt. 634 22 27 6 41 15 33

i XII. ABAS for 33 years. 635 23 28 7 1 16 34

k According to the opinion of some, at this age Phrixus, while fleeing the snares of his stepmother with his sister Helle, was seen crossing the sea on a ram with a golden fleece. But a ship was prepared for him in his flight, the insignia of which was a ram. Moreover, Palæphatus affirms that the ram was called a tutor, through whom he was rescued.

Historical Canon

^A a The twentieth king of the Assyrians, Lamprides, reigned for 32 years.

^B b Zethus and Amphion, having expelled Cadmus, reigned in Thebes.

The Egyptians, after the eighteenth dynasty, began to use their own ruler, the first of whom was Sethus.

^C d The first king, Sethus, reigned 55 years.

e The events regarding Procne and Philomela, the daughters of Pandion, took place at this time.

f The war which is called the war under Eumolpus took place during this time; hence the Eumolpidae in Athens.

g Melampus is recognized as a seer.

^D h Tros reigned in Dardania, from whom the Trojans were named.

i It is related that at Pythium, the prophetess of Apollo, Phemonoe by name, was the first to utter Apollo's responses in hexameter verse.

k Tantalus ruled over the Phrygians, who were previously called Maeones.

m The thirteenth king of the Argives, Proetus, reigned for 17 years.

l On account of the abduction of Ganymede, the son of Tros, war was stirred up against Tantalus, who had carried him off, as the poet Phanocles writes. In vain, therefore, is the story of Zeus and the eagle as his abductor fabricated.

^A Tityus was contemporary with Tantalus, and in the time of Tityus was Latona, from whom came Apollo, who also served Admetus along with Hercules. The events concerning Phrixus and Melicertes, under whom the Isthmian games were celebrated, took place at this time. ^{B C} Pelops took Hippodamia as his wife. ^D XIX. SICYON: for 44 years, from whom the Sicyonians are named, who were previously called Aegialei.

^A Pegasus, a very swift horse, was the possession of a certain woman, or, as Palaephatus affirms, it was the ship of Bellerophon. Bellerophon, fleeing on his horse Pegasus, crossed a river that was full of serpents and wild beasts very quickly; hence he is said to have slain the Chimera, because *cheimarrhos* is Greek for a river; and because it was full of beasts, the myths of the Greeks say it contained various heads. They depict the horse as winged on account of its speed. ^{B C D A B C} XXI. SOSARES for 20 years. ^D VII. CECROPS for 44 years.

^A Perseus, the brother of Erechtheus, fought against the Persians and cut off the head of the Gorgon, a beautiful courtesan who, because of her outstanding beauty, rendered those who looked upon her so bereft of their senses that she was thought to turn them into stone. Didymus writes of this in his *Peregrine History*, and he cites the author of that account. ^B XIV. ACRISIUS for 31 years. ^C The city of Cyrene was founded in upper Libya.

***

a Tityus was contemporary with Tantalus; and in the time of Tityus was Latona, from whom came Apollo, who also served Admetus along with Hercules. *Sync. p. 161, C.* b That which concerns Phrixus and Melicertes, under whom the Isthmian games. *Ibidem, D.* c Pelops took Hippodamia as his wife. *Idem p. 160, D.* d Sicyon reigned over the Sicyonians for 44 years. *Sync. p. 148, A.* The Sicyonians were called such from the city of Sicyon, the first in the Peloponnese. *Idem p. 97, D.* e Perhaps Pegasus was some swift horse, a woman's possession; but as Palaephatus says, it was the ship of Bellerophon. *Idem p. 162, A.* f XXI. Sosares of the Assyrians reigned for 20 years. *Idem p. 147, B.* g VII. Cecrops, the second of the Athenians, brother of Erechtheus, reigned for 44 years. *Idem p. 161, A.* h Perseus carried out his campaigns and campaigned against the Persians, and beheaded the Gorgon, a beautiful courtesan, who by her beauty rendered the spectators distraught, so that they seemed to turn into stones. Didymus says this in the *Peregrine History* and adduces the author of it. *Idem p. 161-162.* i XIV. Acrisius of the Argives reigned for 31 years. *Idem p. 155, D.* k Cyrene was founded in Libya. *Idem p. 162, A.*

HEBR. ASSYR. SICYON. ARGIV. ATHEN. AEGYPT.

a Ion, a man of strength, being polemarch, named the Athenians after himself. b Dionysus, who is also Liber Pater, fighting against the Indians, founded the city of Nysa near the river Indus.

[c] XXII. LAMPARES for 30 years.

690 78 1 22 16 21 49 691 79 2 25 17 22 50 692 80 5 24 18 23 51

After Aod, aliens reduced the Hebrews to subjection for 20 years, which are joined to the times of Debbora and Barach, according to the traditions of the Jews. Debbora was of the tribe of Ephraim; Barach of the tribe of Nephthalim.

[e] DEBBORA and BARACHUS for 40 years.

f Amphion reigned in Thebes in Achaia, whom the fables of the Greeks claim moved rocks with the song of his lyre. They were, however, of a hard heart, and, so to speak, rock-like listeners.

g Europa was snatched by the Cretans in a ship, the emblem of which was a bull.

II. RAMPSES for 66 years.

i According to some, Cadmus reigned in Thebes in Achaia.

k Pelops, reigning in the Peloponnese, also presided over the Olympic games; he, later taking up arms against Ilium, was defeated by Dardanus who then reigned in Dardania.

AB ADAMO ANNI MMMCCCLXXXIV.

[l] The kings of the Argives, who ruled for 544 years, failed until Pelops, who reigned for 59 years, and with the realm transferred to Mycenae, after Acrisius, who was killed unintentionally, there reigned Perseus, Sthenelus, Eurystheus, Atreus, Thyestes, Agamemnon, Ægisthus, Orestes, and Tisamenus, and Penthilus, and Cometes, until the descent of the Heraclidae.

a Ion having become polemarch, named the Athenians after himself. *Sync. p. 162, B.* b Dionysus campaigned against the Indians and built the city of Nysa by the Indus river. *Ibidem B.* c Of the Assyrians, Lampares reigned 30 years. *Idem p. 151, A.* d After the death of Aod and Semegar, (the sons of Israel) served for 20 years. *Chron. pasch. p. 79, B.* e Debbora and Barach for 40 years. *Ibidem C.* f Amphion reigned in Thebes; he was fabled to have charmed stones by playing the lyre, which should reasonably be understood as certain foolish men. *Sync. p. 156, C-D.* g Europa was snatched by Cretan merchants. The ship’s emblem was a bull. *Idem p. 162, B.* h Of the Egyptians, the 2nd was Rampses, who reigned 66 years. *Euseb. apud Sync. p. 73, B.* i Cadmus reigned over the Thebans. *Sync. p. 158, A.* k Some recount that Pelops reigned over the whole of the Peloponnese; he presided over the Olympians, and having campaigned against Ilium he was defeated by Dardanus. *Idem p. 160, C.* l After Acrisius, as they say, the rule of the Argives having been transferred to Mycenae, these kings subsequently existed: Perseus, who unintentionally slew Acrisius, Sthenelus, Eurystheus, Pelops, Atreus, Thyestes, Agamemnon, Aegisthus, Orestes, Tisamenus, Penthilus, and Cometes. After whom was the descent of the Heraclidae. *Idem p. 155-156.*

HEBREWS. DEBBORA AND BARACHUS. ASSYRIANS. LAMPARES. SICYONIANS. SICYON. ATHENIANS. CECROPS. EGYPT. XIX DYNASTY. RAMPSES.

Perseus reigned in Mycenae for seven years. ^A Ilium was founded and named by Ilus. ^B

a Midas reigned in Phrygia. c VIII. PANDION 25 years.

d Concerning the Sparti, Palæphatus writes that, because they were from the neighboring regions and suddenly appeared against Cadmus, and because they were gathered together as if from the earth from every side, they were called Sparti.

e Some attribute to this time the deeds of Father Liber, and those things which are recounted concerning the Indians, Lycurgus, Actæon, and Pentheus. As to how he stood against Perseus and was killed in battle, Dinarchus the poet—not the rhetorician—speaks of it. Whoever wishes, however, can see the tomb of Father Liber himself at Delphi, near the Golden Apollo. ^C Indeed, Liber is depicted with a womanly and delicate body because of the women serving in his army; for he harnessed the women to arms just as he did the men, as Philochorus says in the second book of his *Atthis*.

f XX. POLYBUS 40 years. Eurystheus reigned in Mycenae for 43 years. ^D

k XXIII. PANYAS 45 years.

g Laius abducted Chrysippus, the father of Oedipus. h The temple at Eleusis was built by the Athenians. i The city of Miletus was founded in Asia. l Europa, the daughter of Agenor, as we read in some accounts, was abducted; this agrees with the things that are said about Minos. m Philammon the Delphian is considered a noble seer who first established a chorus at the Pythian shrine. At Delphi, he established the Pythian games.

^A a After the death of Deborah, the people were subject to the Gentiles for seven years, which are concurrent with the times of Gideon, according to the traditions of the Jews. Gideon of the tribe of Manasseh was judge for 40 years. ^B c Pandion flees, having been attacked by plots from the Metionidae. d The 9th [king] Aegeus, son of Pandion, [reigned] for 47 years. e The tales that are told regarding Daedalus, who is considered to have made images that moved. For he was the first of all to separate the feet of statues from one another, whereas others fabricated them with the feet joined together, as Palaephatus relates. And [he recounts] also how he fled Minos by ship with his son Icarus, and because of his unsearchable flight was supposed to have flown with wings. ^C f Cyzicus was founded at this time. g The voyage of the Argonauts. h Atreus and Thyestes, after Pelop, divided the rule of the Peloponnese. ^D i Tyre was founded 241 years before the Temple of Jerusalem, as Josephus writes in his fourth book. k Orpheus the Thracian is held in high esteem, whose disciple was Musaeus, the son of Eumolpus. l Linus, the teacher of Hercules, became known to all. m Those things which are recounted concerning Hypsipyle in Lemnos. n The 21st [king] Inachus [reigned] for 42 years. o At Mycenae, Atreus and Thyestes [reigned] for 65 years.

a After the death of Deborah, the people served for 7 years. *Chron. pasch. p. 80, A.* b The same. *Ibid.* c Pandion fleeing reigned in Megara. *Anonym. Scalig. ed. 2, p. 27.* d The Athenians’ 9th [king] Aegeus, son of Pandion, [reigned] for 47 years. *Sync. p. 161, B.* e The matters regarding Daedalus, who seemed to make images that moved: for he first separated the feet of the images, as Palaephatus relates, while all before him fashioned them with them joined together. This man is fabled to have escaped with Icarus his son, taking a ship, and having escaped Minos, his flight was impossible to trace by the pursuer. (Something is missing.) *Idem p. 162-163.* f Cyzicus was founded. *Idem p. 213, B.* g The fleet of the Argonauts sailed. *Idem p. 167, D.* h After the death of Pelop, they divided the rule. Atreus and Thyestes. *Idem p. 160, D.* i Tyre was founded before the temple in Jerusalem, by 241 years. *Chron. pasch. p. 80, B.* k Orpheus the Thracian was known; his disciple was Musaeus, the son of Eumolpus. *Sync. p. 156, D.* l Linus, the teacher of Hercules, was known. *Idem p. 162, D.* m The matters regarding Hypsipyle in Lemnos. *Idem p. 156, D.* n The 23rd of the Sicyonians reigned, Inachus, for 42 years. *Idem p. 148, A.* o The 16th of the Mycenaeans and Argives reigned, Atreus and Thyestes, for 33 years, though according to others for 65 years. *Idem p. 160, D.*

^A a Those things concerning the Sphinx and what is said about Oedipus, the Argo, and the Argonauts, among whom were Hercules, Asclepius, Castor, and Pollux. But if Castor and Pollux were among the Argonauts, how can their sister be believed to be Helen, who many years later was abducted as a maiden by Theseus? Palaephatus, however, writes that the Sphinx was the wife of Cadmus, and due to her jealousy of Harmonia, she departed from her husband and stood against Cadmus.

^B

III. AMENOPHIS for 40 years

^D

XXIV. SOSARMUS for 19 years

[f] Thamyris, the son of Philammon, is held to be distinguished.

[g] ABIMELECH son of Gideon for 3 years.

THOLA for 22 years.

[i] The war of the Lapiths and Centaurs, whom, Palæphatus writes in his book *On Incredible Things*, were initially noble horsemen of the Thessalians; seeing them departing, the Lapiths thought them to be one body of a man and horse.

[k] Priamus reigned over Ilium after Laomedon.

HEBR. | ASSYR. | SICYON. | ATHEN. | ÆGYPT. --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Abraham | Thola | Sosarmus | Inachus | Theseus | XIX dynasty Amenophis

[a] X. THESEUS for 30 years. [b] The Seven who fought against Thebes, the Achaean. [c] XXV. MITHRAEUS for 27 years.

[d] Medea the Colchian departs from Aegeus. [e] Androgeus is killed by treachery in Athens.

[f] Those things which are said about the Minotaur are of this time, whom Philochorus in the second book of the Atthis writes was a magistrate of Minos, named Taurus, inhuman and cruel. And because Minos had established a contest upon the death of Androgeus, giving Attic boys as a prize, and he, being very strong, was overcoming everyone in the contest, it finally happened that he was defeated by Theseus in wrestling. Because of which the Athenians were freed from the tributary penalty; just as he testifies that the Gnosians themselves also report.

[g] XXII. PHAESTUS for 8 years. Theseus abducted Helen, whom her brothers took back again, having captured the mother of Theseus, while he was traveling abroad. [i] JAIRUS of the tribe of Manasseh for 22 years.

[k] Theseus, when he had first gathered the Athenians, previously dispersed throughout the region, into one city, was ignominiously ejected by the signs of potsherds, having himself first established that same law.

[a] Of the Athenians, Theseus reigned 10th for 30 years. [b] The Seven marched against Thebes. [c] Of the Assyrians, Mithraeus reigned 25th for 27 years. [d] Medea the Colchian withdrew from Aegeus. [e] Androgeus was treacherously killed in Athens. [f] But the Gnosians themselves say he was a general of Minos, who was named Taurus, but in nature was cruel and savage. And when Minos was setting up a contest for Androgeus, whom the Athenians killed, and was giving Attic boys as a prize, Taurus, being strong, was prevailing over all; but when Theseus was also admitted to the contest, and wrestled down Taurus, it happened that the boys were saved, and the city was relieved of the tribute, as Philochorus recorded in the second book of the Atthis. [g] Of the Sicyonians, Hephaestus reigned 21st for 8 years. Theseus abducted Helen, whom her brothers took back again, having taken captive the mother of Theseus, while Theseus was away. [i] Of the Hebrews, Jair from the tribe of Manasseh for 22 years. [k] Theseus, having gathered the Athenians, who were scattered throughout the country, into one, that is, into one city, was the first to be ostracized, having himself set the law.

νόμον. ^C Minos establishes laws and rights. Philistus writes that Carthage was founded by Azorus and Carchedon the Tyrians at this time; they were, however, Tyrians. ^D Theseus, a fugitive, left Athens. [E] War of the Amazons against Thebes. [F] The tale of the Calydonian Boar and Meleager. [H] Hercules established the Olympic games; from which time to the first Olympiad, four hundred and thirty years are reckoned. [K] XXVI. Teutamus, for thirty-one years, under whom Ilium was captured. [M] Minos, having marched against Sicily on account of Daedalus, is killed by the daughters of Cocalus. [N] Atreus reigns at Argos, and Thyestes at Mycenae. [O] Agamemnon reigns at Mycenae for thirty-five years, in the eighteenth year of whose reign Ilium is captured. [P] Phaedra falls in love with Hippolytus. [Q] After the death of Jair, the Hebrews were given into the subjugation of the Ammonites for eighteen years, which are combined with the times of the later judges, according to the tradition of the Jews. [R] Jephthae for six years. [S] Hercules kills Antaeus in Libya by wrestling. Jephthe, in the book of Judges, says that three hundred years are reckoned from the age of Moses until his own time.

^A The 23rd king of the Sicyonians, Adrastus, reigned for 4 years. ^B The 4th king of the Egyptians, Amendes, reigned for 26 years. ^C Minos determined judgment; he legislated. ^D Theseus fled from Athens. [E] Philistus says that Carthage was founded by Azorus and Carchedon the Tyrians at this time. [F] The 24th king of the Sicyonians, Polyphides, reigned for 31 years. [G] The Amazons made war against the Athenians. [H] Hercules established the contest in Olympia; from which time to the first Olympiad are 430 years, though according to others 406. [I] The hunting of the Calydonian Boar by Meleager. [K] The 26th king of the Assyrians, Teutamus, who is also Tautanes, reigned for 31 years. Under him Ilium fell. [L] The 11th king of the Athenians, Menestheus, son of Peteos, reigned for 23 years. [M] Minos, having made war upon Sicily on account of Daedalus, is killed by the daughters of Cocalus. [N] Atreus and Thyestes reigned over Mycenae and Argos. [O] Agamemnon reigned over Mycenae for 35 years. In the 8th year of Agamemnon, the war against Troy began, and it lasted for 10 years, until the capture of Ilium, which occurred in the 18th year of Agamemnon, as set out here. [P] Phaedra became enamored of Hippolytus. [Q] After Jair, Israel was given over to serve the Ammonites for 18 years. [R] The Hebrew Jephthae reigned for 6 years. [S] Hercules, having wrestled Antaeus in Libya, kills him.

^A Interfectorum posteri, ^B who were called the Epigoni, make war against Thebes. a Menelaus reigns in Lacedaemon. ^C

HESEBON for 7 years.

V. THUORIS for 7 years.

TROJA CAPTA (TROY CAPTURED).

a Menelaus reigned in Lacedaemon. b The Epigoni of the Seven against Thebes went to war. c Of the Hebrews, Hesebon for 6 years. d Alexander, having committed adultery, abducted Helen. The Trojan War was set in motion because of the golden apple, which was the prize of beauty of three women, being offered by one of them, Helen, to the judge; and this shepherd was a Trojan. e Hercules, falling into a pestilential disease of madness, threw himself into the fire, and thus departed from among men, having lived altogether 54 years; others say he lived more years. f Of the Egyptians, Thuoris for 7 years. g Thuoris: this is the Polybus of Alcandra in Homer, mentioned in the Odyssey, with whom he says Menelaus, along with Helen, stayed while wandering after the capture of Troy. h The Amazons fought as allies for Priam. i After Hesebon, Elon, a judge, judged Israel for 10 years. k Of the Hebrews, Labdon for 8 years. l Troy captured. m Menestheus, returning from Troy, dies on the island of Melos. Demophoon reigned over the Athenians.

CHRONICUM LIB. II.

HEBR. ASSYR. SICYON. ATHEN. EGYPT. Abrahamus Labdon Tautamus Polyphides Demophoon XX dynastia Diospolitanorum ^A From the third volume of Manetho the Egyptian. The twentieth dynasty of the Diospolitan kings, 16, who reigned for 178 years. a XII. DEMOPHOON, 33 years. DIOSPOL. 178 years. c XXV. PELASGUS, 20 years. ^B d At Mycenae reigned Aegisthus.

HEBR. ASSYR. SICYON. ATHEN. LATIN. EGYPT. Abrahamus Labdon Tautamus Pelasgus Demophoon Aeneas XX dynastia Diosp. e I. AENEAS, 3 years. f Among the Latins, who were later called Romans, after the third year of the captivity of Troy, or, as some prefer, after eight years, Aeneas reigned for 3 years. Before Aeneas, Janus, Saturn, Picus, Faunus, and Latinus reigned for about 150 years. ^C

SAMSON, 20 years

n Ascanius, son of Aeneas, having left the kingdom to his stepmother Lavinia, founded the city of Alba [alternatively: Alba Longa], and brought up with the greatest devotion Silvius Posthumus, his brother, the son of Aeneas by Lavinia.

o The stories told about Ulysses, and how he escaped the Scylla of the Tyrrhenians, which used to plunder travelers. Palaephatus, in the first book of his "Incredibilia," writes that the Sirens were also harlots, who used to deceive those who were sailing.

a Of the Athenians, the 16th to reign was Demophoon, 33 years. Sync. p. 173, A. b Of the third volume of Manetho. The 20th dynasty of Diospolitan kings, 16, who reigned 178 years. Euseb. apud Sync. p. 74, C. c Of the Sicyonians, the 23rd to reign was Pelasgus, 20 years. Sync. p. 148, B. d Of Mycenae, Aegisthus reigned. Idem p. 170. e Of the Latins, Aeneas reigned, 3 years. Idem p. 171, C. f Some say Aeneas reigned over the Latins 8 years after the fall of Troy, others only three. Ibidem. Before Aeneas were Albanus, Cronus, Picus, Faunus, Latinus. Ibidem B. g Of Mycenae, Orestes reigned. Idem p. 171. h Samson judged Israel 20 years. Idem p. 173, B. i After the death of Labdon, (the Hebrews) were slaves to the Philistines 40 years. Ibidem A. k That Samson was famous for his strength, and by some his deeds are compared to those of Hercules. Chron. pasch. p. 82, C. l Of the Assyrians, the 27th to reign was Tautamus, 40 years. Idem p. 141, B. m Of the Latins, 2nd was Ascanius reigned, 38 years. Idem p. 177, C. n Ascanius built the city of Alba. Ibidem. o The matters concerning Ulysses, and Scylla, and Charybdis, and the Sirens. Idem p. 173, A.

[Chronological table begins]

^A The Lydians, who are also called Maeonians, held the sea. ^B Pyrrhus is slain by Orestes in the temple of Apollo at Delphi, having been betrayed by Machaereus the priest: at this time also some say Homer lived. ^C XXVI. ZEUXIPPUS, 31 years. ^D ELI the priest, 40 years. Mycenis reigned Tisamenus, son of Orestes. Some think that for the sake of preserving the memory of this Zeuxippus, the baths of the Byzantines were so called much later.

^A In the Hebrew book 40 years are found. In the Septuagint translation, however, 20. The Hebrews hand down that this man was Phinehas.

^B The sons of Hector recovered Ilium, having expelled the descendants of Antenor, with Helenus offering them assistance.

Ascanius begat a son, Julius, from whom the family of the Julii arose. And on account of the age of the child, because he was not yet fit for governing citizens, he left his brother Silvius Posthumus heir to the kingdom.

^C XIII. OXYNTES, 12 years. ^D According to some, the descent of the Heraclidae. Others say the grandsons of Hercules returned.

Amazons burned the temple in Ephesus.

^A III. SILVIUS AENEAS, 29 years. Silvius Posthumus, because he was born after the death of his father and had been reared in the country, received both the name Silvius and Posthumus: from him all the kings of the Albans were called Silvii.

a The Lydians, who are also called Maeonians, held the sea. *Sync. p. 172, B.* b Orestes slays Pyrrhus at Delphi in the temple of Apollo, he having been betrayed by Machaereus the priest. *Idem p. 171, A.* c Sicyonians' 26th king, Zeuxippus, reigned 31 years. *Idem p. 151, D.* d Eli governed Israel 20 years, according to the Septuagint; but according to the Hebrew 40 years. *Chron. pasch. p. 83, B.* e *Sync. p. 176, B.* f The sons of Hector recovered Ilium, having expelled the descendants of Antenor, by the counsel of Helenus. *Idem p. 171, A.* g Of the Athenians, the 13th was Oxyntes, who reigned 12 years. *Ibidem p. 173, A.* h The descent of the Heraclidae. *Idem p. 177, D.* i The Amazons burned the temple in Ephesus. *Idem p. 178, A.* k Of the Latins, the 3rd was Silvius Aeneas, who reigned 29 years. *Idem p. 177, C.*

^A HEBR. 881; ASSYR. 21; SICYON. 40; ATHEN. 24; LATIN. 1; EGYPT. 2; 46. a XIV APHIDAS, year 1. The first celebration of the Agon of the Lycians.

c XXVIII THINÆUS, years 30; d XV THYMOETES, years 8.

e The Sicyonian kings ceased, having reigned for 962 years. After them, the Carnian priests were established. f From Castor the chronographer concerning the kingdom of the Sicyonians: We shall also set forth the kings of the Sicyonians from Aegialeus down to Zeuxippus; all of whom reigned for nine hundred sixty-two years [al. 942; Arm. 967; Gr. 957]. And after the kings, six Carnian priests who presided for 33 years. After whom, Charidemus was established as priest, who, not being able to bear the expenses, fled.

HEBR. 889; ASSYR. 29; ATHEN. 8; LATIN. 8; EGYPT. 10; 54.

From Castor concerning the kingdom of the Athenians: We shall also set forth the kings of the Athenians, by name the Erechthidae, from Cecrops Diphyes down to Thymoetes: the entire time of whom is found to be 429 years [Arm. 449]. After whom, Melanthus [al. Melampus] the Pylian, son of Andropompus, assumed the kingdom, and his son Codrus; who reigned together for 58 years.

g The empire of the Erechthidae having been destroyed, the kingdom of the Attic princes was transferred to another line, for when Xanthus the Boeotian had challenged Thymoetes, and Thymoetes not responding, Melanthus the Pylian, son of Andropompus, undertook the single combat, and having been victorious, he reigned, the Athenians handing over the kingdom to him. Hence the solemnity of the Apaturia, that is, of deceits, is celebrated: because the victory proceeded by means of fraud. This was a feast day among the Athenians.

h XXVI MELANTHUS, years 37.

^B a The 14th of the Athenians, Aphidas, reigned one year. *Sync. p. 173, A.* b The first Agon of the Lycians was established. *Idem p. 177, D.* c The 28th of the Assyrians, Thinaeus, reigned 30 years. *Idem p. 155, A.* d The 15th of the Athenians, Thymoetes, reigned 8 years. *Idem p. 178, A.*

e The kingdom of the Sicyonians ceased. After the kings, the Carnian priests. *Idem p. 151, 152.* f On the kingdom of the Sicyonians by Castor: We also set forth those who reigned over Sicyon, beginning from Aegialeus, who was the first to reign, and ending at Zeuxippus. Now these kings held [power] for a period of 962 years. After the kings, six priests of the Carnian [god] were appointed; these presided for 33 years. After whom, Charidemus was appointed priest, who, not sustaining the expense, fled. *Idem p. 97, C.*

g The kingdom of the Erechthidae was dissolved, and passed over to the other lineage. For when Xanthus the Boeotian had challenged Thymoetes, and Thymoetes did not answer, Melanthus the Pylian, son of Andropompus, having undertaken the single combat, and having been victorious, reigned. Hence the feast of the Apaturia is celebrated in Athens, because the victory occurred with deceit. *Idem p. 178, B.* h The 16th of the Athenians, Melanthus of Pylos, son of Andropompus, reigned 37 years. *Ibidem.*

HEBR. | ASSYR. | ATHEN. | LATIN. | ÆGYPT. --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Abra-hamus | Heli | Thinæus | Melanthus | Silvius | XX dynastia Diospol. 897 | 37 | 16 | 8 | 18 | 62 898 | 33 | 17 | 9 | 19 | 63 899 | 39 | 18 | 10 | 20 | 64 900 | 40 | 19 | 11 | 21 | 65 | ^A a Upon the death of the priest Heli, the ark of the testament is taken by the aliens, and then it remains for 20 years in the house of Aminadab.

b SAMUEL and SAUL for 40 years.

901 | 1 | 20 | 12 | 23 | 66 | ^B c The first king of the Hebrews, Saul, from the tribe of Benjamin. 902 | 2 | 21 | 13 | 23 | 67 903 | 3 | 22 | 14 | 24 | 68 904 | 4 | 23 | 15 | 25 | 69 905 | 5 | 24 | 16 | 26 | 70 906 | 6 | 25 | 17 | 27 | 71 907 | 7 | 26 | 18 | 28 | 72 908 | 8 | 27 | 19 | 29 | 73 909 | 9 | 28 | 20 | ^C d IV. ÆNEAS SILVIUS for 31 years. | 74

The fourth of the Latins, Æneas Silvius, [reigned] 31 years. In another history, we find that Latinus Silvius, son of Lavinia and Melampus and uterine brother of Posthumus, reigned fourth; and that the one who is now placed here as fourth, Silvius Æneas, was the son of Posthumus.

Samuel was prophesying.

910 | 10 | 29 | 21 | 2 | 75 911 | 11 | 30 | 22 | 3 | 76 | ^D e XXIX. DERCYLUS for 40 years.

912 | 12 | 23 | 4 | 77 913 | 13 | 24 | 5 | 78 914 | 14 | 25 | 6 | 79 915 | 15 | 26 | 7 | 80

f According to the opinion of some, Homer is vindicated as having lived at this time. How much disagreement there was among the ancients regarding him will be manifest from what follows. Some, among whom is Crates, place him before the descent of the Heraclidae. Eratosthenes [places him] after the 100th year of the Trojan captivity. Aristarchus [places him] at the time of the Ionian migration, or after the 100th year. Philochorus [places him] at the time of the Ionian migration, when Archippus was magistrate of the Athenians, 180 years after the capture of Troy. Apollodorus the Athenian [places him] 240 years after the destruction of Ilium. There have been others who think he lived a little before the Olympiads began, that is, 400 years back from the Trojan captivity, although Archilochus calculates the 23rd Olympiad and the 500th year from the destruction of Troy.

HEBR. | ASSYR. | LACED. | ATHEN. | LATIN. | ÆGYPT. --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Abrahamus | Samuel et Saul | Dercylus | Eurystheus | Melanthus | Æneas Silvius | XX dynastia Diospol.

b The first king of the Lacedaemonians in Lacedaemon, Eurystheus, reigned 42 years.

g I. EURYSTHEUS for 42 years.

916 | 16 | 5 | 1 | 27 | 8 | 81

a Upon the death of the priest Heli, the ark is taken by the aliens; thereafter it is brought to the house of Aminadab. *Sync. p. 176, C.* b Samuel, who was also a prophet, judged Israel for 20 years. *Ibidem.* c Saul was the first to rule over Israel from the tribe of Benjamin for 40 years. *Ibidem.* d The 4th of the Latins, Æneas Silvius, reigned 31 years. *Idem p. 177, C.* e The 29th of the Assyrians, Dercylus, reigned 40 years. *Sync. p. 155, B.* f The great poet among the Greeks, Homer, is said by those around Crates to have lived before the descent of the Heraclidae; but those around Eratosthenes [say] 100 years after the Trojan [war]; those around Aristarchus [say] at the time of the Ionian migration, after 100 years; those around Philochorus [say] at the time of the Ionian migration, when Archippus was the magistrate for life at Athens, 180 years after the Trojan [war]; those around Apollodorus the Athenian [say] 240 years after the destruction of Ilium; others [say] a little before the Olympiads, about 400 years after the destruction of Ilium; and others, according to Archilochus, [place him] around the 23rd Olympiad, about 500 years after the destruction of Troy. *Idem p. 180, 181.* g The 1st of the Lacedaemonians, Eurystheus, reigned 42 years. *Idem p. 178, D.*

^A 1. Aletes, 35 years. 917–926. b The descent of the Heraclidae into the Peloponnese. c Eurystheus and Procles took possession of Sparta. The first king of the Corinthians, Aletes, reigned over Corinth for 35 years.

^B d 17. Codrus, 20 years. 927–939. e The second Pelasgi held the sea for 85 years. f The Ionians, having lost their kingdom, fled as refugees to Athens. Peloponnesians fight against the Athenians. g Incursion into Asia by the Amazons together with the Cimmerians.

^C h 5. Latinus Silvius, 50 years. 940. 1. David, 40 years. 941–947. i David, the first from the tribe of Judah, reigned over the Hebrews for forty years. k The Peloponnesians fight against the Athenians again.

Codrus, according to the response of Apollo, surrendering himself to death, is killed in the Peloponnesian war, in which the kingdom of the Erechthidae, which had endured for 487 years, was destroyed. After Codrus, there were princes whom death brought to an end: of whom the first, Medon, son of Codrus, held power in Athens until the end of his life; and after him, the other kings.

a The 1st of the Corinthians, Aletes, reigned 35 years. *Sync. p. 180, B.* b The descent of the Heraclidae into the Peloponnese took place. *Idem p. 178, C.* c Eurystheus and Procles took possession of Sparta. *Ibidem, D.* d The 17th of the Athenians, Codrus, reigned 21 years. *Ibidem, C.* e The 2nd of the Pelasgi held command of the sea for 85 years. *Idem p. 180, D.* f The Ionians fled to Athens after having been cast out of Achaea. *Idem p. 178, C.* g The Amazons came upon Asia together with the Cimmerians. *Ibidem, A.* h The 5th of the Latins, Silvius (Latinus), reigned 50 years. *Idem p. 177, D.* i David, from the tribe of Judah, reigned 40 years. *Idem p. 176, D.* k The Peloponnesians marched against Athens, to whom Codrus, son of Melanthus, gave himself up because of an oracle; and they no longer had kings, but rulers for life were established for the Athenians, (of whom the first was) Medon, son of Codrus, for 20 years. *Idem p. 178, C.*

^A The high priest of the Hebrews, Abiathar, is recognized. Gad, Nathan, and Asaph prophesied. ^B The 30th of the Assyrians, Eupales, 38 years. ^C The 2nd of the Corinthians, Ixion, reigned 37 years. ^D The 2nd of the Lacedaemonians reigned, Agis, for 1 year. [E] The 3rd, Echestratus, for 35 years. [F] Myrina, which some call Smyrna, was founded in Asia. [G] Cyme was founded in Italy. [H] The 19th ruler of the Athenians, Acastus, for 36 years. [I] Ephesus was founded in Asia by Andronicus. [K] Carthage was founded by Carchedon the Tyrian, as some maintain; but others claim by Dido his daughter, one hundred and forty-three years after the fall of Troy.

HEBR. [ASSYR. CORINT. LACED. ATHEN. LATIN. ÆGYPT. Abraham | David | Eupales | Ixion | Echestratus | Acastus | Latinus | XX dynast. Diospol.

Samian city 980 | 40 | 29 | 29 | 22 | 13 | 41 | 145 | [a] Ionian emigration, in which some write that Homer lived. founded. [b] II. SALOMON, son of David, 40 years. Salomon began 984 | 4 | 33 | 33 | 26 | 17 | 45 | 149 to build the 985 | 5 | 34 | 34 | 27 | 18 | 46 | 150 temple in 986 | 6 | 35 | 35 | 28 | 19 | 47 | 151 Jerusalem, and 987 | 7 | 36 | 36 | 29 | 20 | 48 | 152 finished it in 988 | 8 | 37 | 37 | 30 | 21 | 49 | 153 the eighth year. The entire time [d] III. AGELAUS, 37 years. from Moses 989 | 9 | 38 | 1 | 31 | 22 | 50 | 154 and the exodus of Israel from Egypt, to the [e] XXXI. LAOSTHENES, 45 years. | VI. ALBA, 39 years. present, is 480 years, as 990 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 32 | 23 | 1 | 155 the third book 991 | 11 | 2 | 3 | 33 | 24 | 2 | 156 of Kings bears 992 | 12 | 3 | 4 | 34 | 25 | 3 | 157 witness. From 993 | 13 | 4 | 5 | 35 | 26 | 4 | 158 the Deluge to Moses, 1447 years. From [f] IV. LABOTES, 37 years. Adam to the 994 | 14 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 27 | 5 | 159 Deluge, 2242 995 | 15 | 6 | 7 | 2 | 28 | 6 | 160 years. In all 996 | 16 | 7 | 8 | 3 | 29 | 7 | 161 6269 years. 997 | 17 | 8 | 9 | 4 | 30 | 8 | 162 [g] Hebrew 998 | 18 | 9 | 10 | 5 | 31 | 9 | 163 priest Sadoc 999 | 19 | 10 | 11 | 6 | 32 | 10 | 164 is noted as 1000 | 20 | 11 | 12 | 7 | 33 | 11 | 165 the eighth 1001 | 21 | 12 | 13 | 8 | 34 | 12 | 166 from Aaron. 1002 | 22 | 13 | 14 | 9 | 35 | 13 | 167 1003 | 23 | 14 | 15 | 10 | 36 | 14 | 168 Sadoc, Achias the Silonite, and Samaeas were prophesying. [k] XX. ARCHIPPUS, 19 years. 1004 | 24 | 15 | 16 | 11 | 1 | 15 | 169 [i] Some assert that 1005 | 25 | 16 | 17 | 12 | 2 | 16 | 170 Homer and Hesiod 1006 | 26 | 17 | 18 | 13 | 3 | 17 | 171 were of these 1007 | 27 | 18 | 19 | 14 | 4 | 18 | 172 times; others, 1008 | 28 | 19 | 20 | 15 | 5 | 19 | 173 much earlier. 1009 | 29 | 20 | 21 | 16 | 6 | 20 | 174 1010 | 30 | 21 | 22 | 17 | 7 | 21 | 175 1011 | 31 | 22 | 23 | 18 | 8 | 22 | 176 1012 | 32 | 23 | 24 | 19 | 9 | 23 | 177 1013 | 33 | 24 | 25 | 20 | 10 | 24 | 178 Carthage was founded by Dido, according to some. Others defend the aforementioned time; which Virgil shows not to be true, for he says Dido killed herself.

Notes

^{A B C}

XXI. Dynasty of the Tanite kings, seven in number. Smendis, 26 years.

[b] The Thracians held the sea for the third time, for 79 years.

[c] After the death of Solomon, a sedition having arisen in Judaea and the kingdom having been divided into two parts, Hieroboam reigned in Samaria over the ten tribes. Roboam, however, the son of Solomon, reigned in Jerusalem over the two tribes subject to him, which were called Judah, because of the kings of the nation who were descended from the line of Judah. Whence also the whole nation obtained the name of Judaea.

^D

The Twenty-first Dynasty of Egyptian kings, seven in number. Smendis, 26 years

The Thracians held the sea for the third time, for 79 years.

[d] Roboam reigns as the third of Judah for 17 years. [e] Hieroboam reigns first over Israel for 22 years. [f] Of the Athenians, Thersippus reigned 40 years. [g] Susakim, king of Egypt, having come up against Jerusalem, plundered the temple. Of the Corinthians, Prymnes reigned 35 years. [i] Of the Latins, the seventh, Anchises Silvius, reigned 23 years.

(*) Lacuna in the Armenian codex after this year up to the year 1100.

[a] V. DORYSTHUS reigned 29 years. 1031 Samus founded, and Smyrna enlarged into the manner of a city. 1032 1033 1034 Also the city of the Samians was renovated. Smyrna, an Asian city, was inhabited. 1035 1036 1037 [b] XXXII. PERITIADES reigned 30 years. 1038 [c] The Thracians, crossing over from the Strymon, occupied Bebrycia, which is now called Bithynia. 1039 [d] IV. ABIA reigned 3 years. [e] II. PSEUSENNES reigned 41 years. 1040 [f] V. ASA reigned 41 years. 1041 1042 Abimelech is held to be the high priest of the Hebrews. Ahijah, Shemaiah, and he who was at the altar of Samaria, Jehu, Joel, Azariah, who is also Addo, and Hanani prophesied. 1043 1044 [g] II. NADAB reigned 2 years. [i] III. BAASA reigned 24 years. 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 Beginning of the 61st Jubilee according to the Hebrews. 1052 [k] In the fourth year the Thracians occupied the sea. 1053 1054 [l] VIII. CAPYS, son of the previous king, reigned 28 years. 1055 1056

[a] The fifth of the Lacedaemonians, Dorysthus, reigned 29 years. *Chron. pasch.* p. 94, 95. [b] The thirty-eighth of the Assyrians, Pertiades, reigned 30 years. *Idem* p. 159, D. [c] The Thracians, crossing over from the Strymon, occupied what is now Bithynia, but was then called Bebrycia. *Idem* p. 181, B. [d] The fourth of Judah, Abijah, reigned 3 years. *Chron. pasch.* p. 94, B. [e] The second of the Egyptians, Pseusennes, reigned 41 years. *Euseb. apud Sync.* p. 74, D. [f] The fifth of Judah, Asa, reigned 41 years. *Chron. pasch.* p. 94, 95. [g] The second of Israel, Nadab, reigned 2 years. *Idem* p. 94, A. Abimelech was recognized as high priest of the Hebrews. Now Ahijah, Shemaiah, and he who was at the altar in Samaria, Jehu, Joel, Azariah—who is also Addo—and Hanani prophesied. *Sync.* p. 186, D. [i] The third of Israel, Baasa, reigned 24 years. *Chron. pasch.* p. 94, C. [k] The Thracians exercised dominion over the sea. *Sync.* p. 181, B. [l] The eighth of the Latins, Capys Silvius, reigned 28 years. *Idem* p. 184, D.

^A a VI. AGESILAUS reigned 44 years. b V. BACCHIS reigned 35 years, from whom the kings were named Bacchiadae. c XXII. PHORBAS reigned 31 years. d XXXIII. OPHRATAEUS reigned 20 years. e IV. ELA reigned 2 years. f V. AMRI reigned 12 years.

^B g III. NECHERCHERES reigned 4 years. h VI. JOSAPHAT reigned 25 years. i VI. ACHAB reigned 22 years. IX. CARPENTUS SILVIUS, son of the previous king Capys, reigned 13 years.

^C a The sixth of the Lacedaemonians, Agesilaus, reigned 44 years. *Chron. pasch.* p. 95, D. b The fifth of the Corinthians, Bacchis, reigned 35 years, from whom the kings after him were called Bacchiadae. *Idem* p. 180, C. c The twenty-fourth of the Athenians, Phorbas, reigned 31 years. *Idem* p. 185, A. d The thirty-third of the Assyrians, Ophrataeus, reigned 20 years. *Idem* p. 159, D. e The fourth of Israel, Ela, reigned 2 years. *Chron. pasch.* p. 95, D.

^D f The fifth of the Hebrews of Israel, Amri, reigned 12 years. *Idem* p. 96, D. g The third of the Egyptians, Nephercheres, reigned 4 years. *Euseb. apud Sync.* p. 74, C. h The sixth of Judah, Josaphat, reigned 25 years. *Chron. pasch.* p. 96, A. i The sixth of Israel, Achab, reigned 22 years. *Idem* p. 97, B.

CHRONICON BOOK II

[Table of Synchronisms]

^A XXXIV. OPHRATANES reigned 50 years. a IV. AMENOPHIS reigned 9 years. (For the Hebrews, at 1087, the prophets Abdias, Jeu, Ozias, and Micheas prophesied; the false prophets were Sedechias and Eliezer.)

^B c V. OSOCHOR reigned 6 years. d XXIII. MEGACLES reigned 30 years. e X. TIBERINUS SILVIUS reigned 8 years. f VI. AGELAS reigned 30 years.

(The tenth of the Latins, Tiberinus Silvius, son of Capentus, reigned 8 years. From him the river was called the Tiber, which was previously called Albula.)

^C g The Rhodians held the sea for 23 years. h VI. PSINACHES reigned 9 years. (Elias and Eliseus were prophesying.) k VII. ARCHELAUS reigned 60 years. XI. AGRIPPA SILVIUS reigned 41 years.

The eleventh of the Latins, Agrippa Silvius, son of Tiberinus, reigned 40 years. In Latin history we find these things written word for word: "While Agrippa was reigning among the Latins, the poet Homer flourished in Greece, as the grammarian Apollodorus and the historian Euphorbius attest, 124 years before the city of Rome was founded, and, as Cornelius Nepos says, 100 years before the first Olympiad."

a The fourth of the Egyptians, Amenophis, 9 years. *Euseb. apud Sync.* p. 74, C. b The prophets were Abdias, Jehu, Ozias, Micheas; the false prophets were Sedechias and Eliezer. *Chron. pasch.* p. 96, A–B. c The fifth of the Egyptians, Osochor, 6 years. *Euseb. apud Sync.* p. 74, D. d The twenty-third of the Athenians, Megacles reigned 28 years. *Sync.* p. 185, B. e The fifth of the Latins, Tiberius, reigned 8 years, from whom the river was named Tiber, being before called Albula. *Idem* p. 184, 185. f The sixth of the Corinthians, Agelas reigned 30 years. *Idem* p. 179, C. g The fourth to hold the sea were the Rhodians for 23 years. *Idem* p. 181, B. h The sixth of the Egyptians, Psinaches, 9 years. *Euseb. apud Sync.* p. 74, D. i Eliseus was known as a prophet after Elias. *Idem* p. 191, B. k The seventh of the Lacedaemonians, Archelaus reigned 60 years. *Idem* p. 185, C.

^A a The seventh, Ochozias, reigned over Israel 2 years. *Chron. pasch.* p. 98, C. b The seventh of Juda, Joram, reigned 8 years. *Idem* p. 96, D. c The eighth, Joram, reigned over Israel 12 years. *Idem* p. 99, C. d The seventh of the Egyptians, Psusennes, reigned 35 years. *Euseb. apud Sync.* p. 74, D. e Elias is taken up. *Sync.* p. 187, D. f The Phrygians were the fifth to hold dominion of the sea for 25 years. *Idem* p. 181, B. g The eighth, Ochozias, [reigned] one year. *Chron. pasch.* p. 93, C. h The mother, Gotholia, [reigned] 7 years. *Idem* p. 99, A.

^B i Jonadab, son of Rechab, was known. *Ibidem* B. k The ninth of Israel, Jehu, reigned 28 years. *Sync.* p. 191, B. l He slew Ochozias and the sons of Achab and Jezabel the Sidonian. *Ibidem*. m After Gotholia, Joas reigned 40 years. *Chron. pasch.* p. 100, C. n The 24th of the Athenians, Diognetus, reigned 28 years. *Sync.* p. 185, B. o Joiadas was known among the Hebrews as the high priest who alone after Moses lived 130 years. *Chron. pasch.* p. 100, D.

[a] VII. EUDEMUS, 25 years. 1126, 4, 8, 42, 1, 23, 2, 23, 18 1127, 5, 9, 43, 2, 24, 3, 24, 19 1128, 6, 10, 44, 3, 25, 4, 25, 20 1129, 7, 11, 45, 4, 26, 5, 26, 21 b The prophet Zechariah is slain by king Joas. 1131, 9, 43, 47, 6, 28, 7, 28, 23 1132, 10, 44, 48, 7, 29, 8, 29, 24 1133, 11, 45, 49, 8, 30, 9, 30, 25 Lycurgus is famous. 1134, 12, 46, 50, 9, 31, 10, 31, 26. This Zechariah was the son of Joiada; who because he resisted the king for the sake of truth, is slain between the temple and the altar, as the Gospels bear witness. c XXXV. ACRAZAPES, 42 years. 1135, 13, 17, 1, 10, 32, 11, 32, 27 1136, 14, 18, 2, 11, 33, 12, 33, 28 1137, 15, 19, 3, 12, 34, 13, 34, 29 1138, 16, 20, 4, 13, 35, 14, 35, 30 1139, 17, 21, 5, 14, 36, 15, 36, 31 1140, 18, 22, 6, 15, 37, 16, 37, 32 1141, 19, 23, 7, 16, 38, 17, 38, 33. He is also called the son of Barachiah, because he attained the name of a "Blessed one," derived from the sanctity of the life of his father Barachiah (which is interpreted as blessed). 1142, 20, 24, 8, 17, 39, 18, 39, 34 1143, 21, 25, 9, 18, 40, 19, 40, 35

d XXII dynasty of the Bubastites, of whom the first is I. SESONCHOSIS, 21 years. 1144, 22, 26, 10, 19, 41, 20, 41, 1. Another Sesonchosis, whose father was Serapis (*Sync.* p. 91, B). After his death the Egyptians call him the god Serapis, whom they also say was the god of the underworld. You will find this in the Egyptian parchments of Ptolemy, which are called the Sacred Scriptures. 1145, 23, 27, 11, 20, 42, 21, 1, 2 1146, 24, 28, 12, 21, 43, 22, 2, 3. e XII. AREMULUS SILVIUS, 19 years. Aremulus Silvius, son of king Agrippa, placed a garrison for the Albans among the mountains where Rome now exists: who, on account of his impiety, later perished by a lightning bolt. His son was Julius, ancestor of the Julii Proculi, who, migrating to Rome with Romulus, founded the Julian family. 1147, 25, 1, 13, 22, 44, 23, 3, 4 1148, 26, 2, 14, 23, 45, 24, 4, 5 1149, 27, 3, 15, 24, 46, 25, 5, 6 1150, 28, 4, 16, 25, 47, 26, 6, 7. The Cypriots held the sea for 24 years. f X. JOACHAZUS, 17 years. 1151, 29, 5, 17, 1, 48, 27, 7, 8 1152, 30, 6, 18, 2, 49, 28, 8, 9

g VIII. ARISTOMEDES, 35 years.

h XXV. PHERECLES, 19 years. 1153, 31, 7, 19, 3, 50, 1, 9, 10 1154, 32, 8, 20, 4, 51, 2, 0, 11 1155, 33, 9, 21, 5, 52, 3, 1, 12 1156, 34, 10, 22, 6, 53, 4, 2, 13 1157, 35, 11, 23, 7, 54, 5, 3, 14

a The seventh of the Corinthians, Eudemus, reigned 25 years. *Sync.* p. 185, D. b Among the Hebrews, the prophet Zechariah is slain by Joas. *Idem* p. 187, D. c The thirty-fifth of the Assyrians, Acrazapes, reigned 42 years. *Idem* p. 160, A. d The twenty-second dynasty of the Bubastite kings, three (of whom) the first is Sesonchosis, 21 years. *Euseb. apud Sync.* p. 74, D. e The sixteenth of the Latins, Aremulus Silvius, reigned 19 years. He was struck by lightning on account of his great impiety. *Sync.* p. 185, A. f The tenth of the Hebrews, Joachas of Israel, reigned 17 years. *Chron. pasch.* p. 103, A. g The Corinthians, Aristomedes reigned 35 years. *Sync.* p. 180, A. h The twenty-fifth of the Athenians, Pherecles, reigned 19 years. *Idem* p. 185, B. (1) Variant codices, namely xxxiv, xxxii, xxii. But it must be noted as xxiv, as is evident from the year of Abraham 1174.

^A HEBR. | ASSYR. | CORIN. | LACED. | ATH. | LATIN. | ÆG. --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Abra- | Jud. | Isr. | Acra- | Aristo- | Arche- | Phere- | Are- | XXII hamus | Joasus | Joachaz | zapes | medes | laus | cles | mulus | dyn. Seson-chosis 1158 | 36 | 12 | 24 | 8 | 55 | 6 | 14 | 15 | *a* Eliseus propheta moritur. 1159 | 37 | 13 | 25 | 9 | 56 | 7 | 15 | 16 1160 | 38 | 14 | 26 | 10 | 57 | 8 | 16 | 17 1161 | 39 | 15 | 27 | 11 | 58 | 9 | 17 | 18 1162 | 40 | 16 | 28 | 12 | 59 | 10 | 18 | 19

*b* XI. AMASIAS annis xxix. 1163 | 1 | 17 | 29 | 13 | 60 | 11 | 19 | 20

*c* XI. JOASUS annis xvi. | XIII. AVENTINUS Silvius an. xxxvii. *d* VIII. TELECLUS annis xl. 1164 | 2 | 1 | 30 | 14 | 1 | 12 | 1 | 21

*e* II. OSORTHON annis xv. 1165 | 3 | 2 | 31 | 15 | 2 | 13 | 2 | 1 1166 | 4 | 3 | 32 | 16 | 3 | 14 | 3 | 2 (1)1167 | 5 | 4 | 33 | 17 | 4 | 15 | 4 | 3 | Carthaginem hac 1168 | 6 | 5 | 34 | 18 | 5 | 16 | 5 | 4 | ætate quidam condi- 1169 | 7 | 6 | 35 | 19 | 6 | 17 | 6 | 5 | tam putant. Alii mul- 1170 | 8 | 7 | 36 | 20 | 7 | 18 | 7 | 6 | to ante, ut supra me- 1171 | 9 | 8 | 37 | 21 | 8 | 19 | 8 | 7 | moravimus.

*f* XXVI. ARIPHRON annis xx. Septimi Phœnices | 1172 | 10 | 9 | 38 | 22 | 9 | 1 | 9 | 8 | Sub Ariphrone As- mare obtinuerunt. | 1173 | 11 | 10 | 39 | 23 | 10 | 2 | 10 | 9 | syriorum regnum de- | 1174 | 12 | 11 | 40 | 24 | 11 | 3 | 11 | 10 | structum, et Sardana- | 1175 | 13 | 12 | 41 | 25 | 12 | 4 | 12 | 11 | pallus, ut nonnulli | 1176 | 14 | 13 | 42 | 26 | 13 | 5 | 13 | 12 | scriptitant.

*g* XXXVI. THONUS CONCOLERUS, qui vocatur Græce Sardanapallus, annis xx. 1177 | 15 | 14 | 1 | 27 | 14 | 6 | 14 | 13 1178 | 16 | 15 | 2 | 28 | 15 | 7 | 15 | 14 1179 | 17 | 16 | 3 | 29 | 16 | 8 | 16 | 15

*h* XII. HIEROBOAMUS annis xli. | *i* III. TACELOTHIS an. xiii. 1180 | 18 | 1 | 4 | 30 | 17 | 9 | 17 | 1 1181 | 19 | 2 | 5 | 31 | 18 | 10 | 18 | 2 1182 | 20 | 3 | 6 | 32 | 19 | 11 | 19 | 3 1183 | 21 | 4 | 7 | 33 | 20 | 12 | 20 | 4 1184 | 22 | 5 | 8 | 34 | 21 | 13 | 21 | 5

*k* Sardanapallus eodem tempore Tarsum atque Anchialem condidit, et habitari fecit; et in prælio victus ab Arbace Medorum rege, semet incendio concremavit.

*a* Eliseus propheta mortuus est anno 37 Joas. Sync. p. 187, D. *b* Amasias regnavit in Judaea 29 annos. Chron. pasch. p. 101, D. *c* Joas regnavit in Israele 16 annos. Idem p. 104, D. *d* Ex Lacedaemoniis octavus regnavit Teleclus 40 annos. Sync. p. 185, C. *e* Ex Aegyptiis secundus regnavit Osorthon 15 annos. Euseb. apud Sync. p. 74, D. *f* Ex Atheniensibus vicesimus sextus regnavit Ariphron 20 annos. ^C Secundum hunc Ariphronem Assyriorum imperium eversum est, ut omnes consentiunt. Sync. p. 185, B. *g* Ex Assyriis trigesimus sextus regnavit Thonus qui vocatur Concolerus, Graece Sardanapallus, 20 annos. Idem p. 165, B. *h* Ex Aegyptiis tertius regnavit Takellothis 13 annos. Eusebius apud Sync. p. 74, D. *i* Ex Israele quartus decimus regnavit Jeroboam 41 annos. Chron. pasch. p. 105, D. *k* Sardanapallus Tarsum et Anchialem urbes una die condidit. Sync. p. 165, C.

^A When Thespieus, son of Ariphron, was reigning in Athens, the Assyrian empire was destroyed. History reports that kings of the Assyrians existed up to that time, and they amount in total to 197 years. However, all the years of the Assyrian kingdom, from the first year of Ninus, are calculated as 1240. Arbaces the Mede, having destroyed the Assyrian empire, transferred the kingdom to the Medes; and in the interim, affairs were conducted without rulers, until Dejoces, who also reigned over the Assyrians, as king of the Medes. In the middle time, however, the Chaldeans were preeminent in their own sphere: of whom certain separate successions of kings are reported. Yet the remaining peoples used their own kings.

Another account: During these times the Assyrians were without a leader [ruler], because Arbaces the Mede, having deposed their kingdom, returned to his own. But afterward Dejoces united the kingdom of the Medes to them; or rather, he brought the Assyrians into his own kingdom. But in the interim, the deeds of the Assyrians are reported specifically, and what the kings accomplished in the interim.

^B Aventinus, the elder son of the superior king Aremulus, died on that mountain which is now a part of the City, and having been buried there, gave the place its name. ^C Phidon among the Argives first discovered measures and weights [alt. instituted].

*a* Agemon reigned over the Corinthians for 16 years. Sync. p. 180, A. *b* Azarias reigned over Judah for 52 years. Chron. pasch. p. 103, B. *c* Thespieus reigned as the 27th of the Athenians for 27 years. Sync. p. 195, C. *d* The twenty-third dynasty of three Tanites; the first, Petubas, for 26 years. Euseb. apud Sync. p. 75, A. *e* Procas Silvius reigned as the 14th of the Latins for 21 years. Sync. p. 192, A. *f* Phidon, ruling Argos, first discovered measures and weights. Idem, p. 198, C. *g* Alexander reigned over the Corinthians for 25 years. Idem, p. 180, B.

[a] 1. CARANUS, 28 years. [b] 9. ALCAMENES, 28 years. [XXVIII. AGAMESTOR, 20 years. [g] 2. OSORTHON, 9 years.]

c Temple of Juno burned. d Hesiod is famously known, as Porphyry maintains. Trireme first sailed from Corinth. The Egyptians named their king Osorthon "Hercules."

Numitor, the eldest son of the previous king Proca, was driven from the kingdom by his brother Amulius and lived on his own land. His daughter, for the purpose of removing any offspring, was chosen as a Vestal Virgin; when she had brought forth twin infants in the seventh year of her uncle, she was buried alive in the earth, according to the law. However, the little ones, having been exposed near the bank of the Tiber, were carried by Faustulus, the overseer of the royal herds, to his wife Acca Larentia, who, because of her beauty and the greediness of her body, was called a "lupa" (prostitute) by her neighbors. Hence, even to our memory, the cells of prostitutes are called brothels. But the boys, when they had grown up, gathered a band of brigands and shepherds, killed Amulius at Alba, and restored their grandfather Numitor to the kingdom. Jews' Israel 13. Zacharias for six months. After him 14. Shallum for one month. This year is consumed by various [events]. [i] 15. MENAHEM, 10 years. [XV. AMULIUS SILVIUS, 43 years.

k] The laws of Lycurgus were adopted in Lacedaemon in this age, according to the opinion of Apollodorus. Others, however, [place them] earlier.

a The first of the Macedonians, Caranus, reigned 28 years. Sync. p. 198, C. b The ninth of the Lacedaemonians, Alcamenes, reigned 28 years. Idem p. 185, C. c The temple of Hera was burned. Idem p. 247, D. d Hesiod was known. Idem p. 173, B. e Osee, Amos, and Jonas prophesied. Chron. pasch. p. 102, D. f The second of the Egyptians, Osorthon, [reigned] 9 years, whom the Egyptians called Hercules. Euseb. apud Sync. p. 75, A. g The 28th of the Athenians, Agamestor, reigned 20 years. Sync. p. 195, C. h The 13th of Israel, Zacharias, reigned 6 months. After him Shallum 30 days. Idem p. 202, C. i The 15th of Israel, Menahem, reigned 11 years. But many of the copies have 10 years. Ibidem. k Apollodorus [places] the laws of Lycurgus in the 18th [year of] Alcamenes. Idem p. 185, D. l The 15th of the Latins, Amulius Silvius, reigned 43 years. Idem p. 192, A.

[a] XI. TELESTES, 12 years. 1227 | 36 | 7 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 9 | 6 1228 | 37 | 8 | 25 | 2 | 25 | 10 | 7 1229 | 38 | 9 | 26 | 3 | 26 | 11 | 8 1230 | 39 | 10 | 27 | 4 | 27 | 12 | 9 1231 | 40 | 11 | 28 | 5 | 28 | 13 | 10

[c] Phua, king of the Assyrians, ascended against Samaria; and having received from Manaem, king of Israel, one thousand talents of silver, he departed.

[b] III. PSAMMES, 10 years.

[d] XVI. PHACEE, 10 years. [e] II. COENUS, 12 years. 1232 | 41 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 29 | 14 | 5 1233 | 42 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 30 | 15 | 6 1234 | 43 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 31 | 16 | 7 1235 | 44 | 4 | 4 | 9 | 32 | 17 | 8 1236 | 45 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 33 | 18 | 9 1237 | 46 | 6 | 6 | 11 | 34 | 19 | 10

The Egyptians held the rule of the sea for thirty years.

[f] XXIV. dynastia I. BOCCHORIS, 44 years, under whom also a lamb spoke.

1238 | 47 | 7 | 7 | 12 | 35 | 20 | 17 | 1 [g] XII. AUTOMENES, 1 year.

XXIX. AESCHYLUS, son of Agamestor, the former king, 23 years.

1239 | 48 | 8 | 8 | 1 | 36 | 1 | 18 | 2

[i] The kings of the Lacedaemonians ended. The kings of the Corinthians ended. After these, annual prytanes of the Corinthians were established.

1. OLYMPIAS [k] The first king of the Lydians, Ardysus, son of Alyattes.

1240 | 49 | 9 | 1 | 9 | 37 | 2 | 19 | 3

[l] From the captivity of Troy until the first Olympiad, there are 406 years. In the second year of Aeschylus, judge of the Athenians, the first Olympiad was enacted, which was a gymnastic contest, in which Coroebus the Elean proved the victor. The Eleans conduct a quinquennial contest after four years have been completed in the middle, in which four annual princes are appointed: which Olympiad Iphitus, son of Praxonides, or Emon, first established.

^A From this time forth, Greek history concerning the times is believed true: for before this, as it seemed to each, they brought forward diverse opinions. ^B Africanus wrote that the first Olympiad occurred during the times of Joatham, king of the Hebrews. Our calculation also exhibits it in the same times. But Africanus writes, to put his words in this manner: "Aeschylus, son of Agamestor, held the principate at Athens for 23 years, at which age Joatham was reigning in Jerusalem." Furthermore, we too have placed Joatham in the first Olympiad.

^C Arctinus the Milesian is held to be a most flourishing poet. ^D XVII. PHACEAS 20 years. In Italy, Pantosia and Metapontus are founded. [G] XIII. JOATHAMUS 16 years. [H] III. TYRIMMAS 38 years.

[K] Micah the Morasthite, Osee, Joel, Isaiah, and Oded were prophesying. [L] Hesiod according to some is held to be illustrious. [M] At Athens a trireme ship was first sailed, Aminocles directing the course. [N] The Therians founded Cyrene, according to the response of Phoebus. The founder of the city was Battus by surname, whose proper name was Aristotle [al. Aristaeus]. [O] In Lacedaemon the first Ephor, which is the name of the magistracy, is constituted. He was, however, under the kings of the Lacedaemonians for 300 years.

[F] At this time Theglath Phalassar, king of the Assyrians, carried off a great part of the people of the Jews into Assyria, King Phacee [reigning]: at which time Arctinus the Milesian, a versifier, is held to be illustrious in almost every meter and work. [I] Remus and Romulus are generated by Mars and Ilia. Cinaethon the Lacedaemonian, a poet who wrote the Telegonia, is recognized. Eumelus the poet is distinguished, who [wrote] the Bugonia and Europia; and Arctinus, who composed the Aethiopis and the Sack of Ilium, is recognized.

[Greek text included below, representing the same content as above]

^A From this point the [records] of the Greeks’ chronology appear to have attained accurate registration; whatever [was written] before them was asserted as each pleased. ^B Africanus compiles the first Olympiad according to Joatham, king of the Jews of the Hebrews; and our canon also [agrees] according to the same. Africanus writes thus to the letter: "Aeschylus, the son of Agamestor, ruled over the Athenians for 23 years, during which Joatham reigned in Jerusalem." And our canon, he says, has included Joatham the king of Judah in the first Olympiad. ^C Arctinus the Milesian, an epic poet, flourished. ^D Pekah, son of Remaliah, reigned over Israel for 20 years. [E] In Italy the cities of Pandosia and Metapontus were founded. [F] In the days of Pekah, Theglath-Phalassar, king of the Assyrians, went up and carried off the greatest part of the people into Assyria. [G] Joatham reigned in Jerusalem. [H] Tyrimmas of the Macedonians reigned for 45 years. [I] Remus and Romulus were born to Ares and Ilia. [K] Isaiah, Hosea, Joel, Micah the Morasthite were prophesying. [L] Hesiod was noted. [M] At Athens a trireme was first built by Aminocles. [N] The Therians settled Cyrene according to an oracle; the founder of it was Battus, who is also Aristotle. [O] In Lacedaemon the first Ephor was established.

^A In Pontus Trapezus was founded. In Italy Callicum and Lyconia were founded. ^{B C} Some Roman writers maintain that Rome was founded at this time. At Athens, the princes who used to hold the administration of the republic until their death ceased, and the custom of decennial magistracies was introduced; and Charops, son of Aeschylus, reigned first for ten years. YEAR I OF THE FOUNDING OF ROME. Rome was founded on the Palilia, which is now a festive day. Remus was killed by a shepherd's mattock by Fabius, a leader under Romulus (some say by Romulus himself), for leaping over the rampart. Because of the impunity of the asylum, a great multitude joined Romulus. ^D With the Consual games adorned with circensian contests, the Sabine women were seized in the third year from the founding of the City; and one of the maidens, the most beautiful of all, was awarded to the leader Romulus by the acclimation of those who were seizing them; whence in the solemnities of weddings they commonly shout "Thalassus," meaning that such a bride is one who deserves to have Thalassus. The Milesians obtained the sea, and built the city of Naucratis in Egypt. The island of Aradus was founded. e The first captivity of Israel. The ten tribes of the Jewish nation, which were called Israel and were in the region of Samaria, were conquered by Sennacherib—who is also Salmanassar—king of the Chaldeans, and were translated into the mountains of the Medes; and they reigned in Samaria for CCL [al. CCXL, Gr. CCLXIII] years. Sennacherib, king of the Chaldeans, sent Assyrian colonists to guard the Judean region: whence they were called Samaritans in the Syriac tongue, which in the Latin tongue signifies "guardians," and they became emulators of the Law of Judea. Eumelus the Corinthian is recognized as a poet. The Ceninenses, Antemnates, Crustumini, Fidenates, and Veientes, who had waged war because of the rape of the Sabines, are conquered by Romulus. Tarpeia was overwhelmed by the shields of the Sabines; whence the Tarpeian mount, on which the Capitol now stands. The Romans, with Tatius the king of the Sabines reigning together with Romulus, were called Quirites from Cures.

a In Judah, Achaz reigned 16 years. Chron. pasch. p. 109, A. b Oseas reigned 9 years. Idem p. 107, D. c In Athens, Alcmaeon reigned 2 years. In his time the lifelong authority at Athens was abolished, and decennial magistrates were established, the first of whom was Charops. Sync. p. 211, D. d The first of the Romans, Romulus, reigned 38 years. Idem p. 195, A. e In this ninth year of the reign of Oseas, the first captivity of Israel of the ten tribes took place, they who were reigned over in Samaria, but were now transplanted to the mountains of the Medes and Chaldeans, when Salmanassar, the king of the Chaldeans, marched against Samaria and besieged it. They had reigned in Samaria for two hundred and sixty-three years. Chron. pasch. p. 108, A.

^A a The 34th king of the Athenians, Aisimides, reigned for 10 years. The 2nd king of the Lydians, Alyattes, reigned for 14 years. In this year, the Erythraean Sibyl was acknowledged in Egypt. d The 19th king of Judah, Hezekiah, reigned for 29 years. e Midas reigned in Phrygia. f Naxos was founded in Sicily. g Among the Hebrews, Isaiah, Hosea, and Nahum were prophesying. h The 4th king of the Macedonians, Perdiccas, reigned for 51 years. i The 25th dynasty of three Ethiopian kings. The first was Sabacon, who took Bocchoris captive, burned him alive, and reigned for 12 years. k Romulus was the first to draft soldiers from the people; he created 100 honorable elders as senators on account of their age, and called them "fathers" because of their similarity in care; he also built temples and the walls of the city of Rome.

^B The 33rd [year/period]: Clidicus reigned 10 years. The Lydians' 3rd king, Meles, reigned 14 years. n In the 14th year of the reign of Hezekiah, Sennacherib, king of the Assyrians, marched against the fortified cities of Judea and took them. Then the angel of the Lord by night miraculously destroyed 185,000 men of the Assyrian camp. And Sennacherib, with the remainder, retreated ingloriously to Assyria, having heard that Tharacus, the king of the Ethiopians, was coming to wage war against him.

^A Messena is captured by the Lacedaemonians. Catana in Sicily is founded. The war which took place in Thyrea between the Lacedaemonians and the Argives was at this time. ^D In Sicily Chersonesus is founded.

Romulus disappeared at the Swamp of the Goat, and at the persuasion of Julius [or Lucius] Proculus, he was consecrated among his own people under the name of Quirinus. Upon the death of Romulus, the senators governed the republic for five days each; and thus one year was completed, which period was called the interregnum.

Numa Pompilius waged no war with his neighbors. He added two months to the year, January and February, whereas before this there had been only ten months among the Romans—so much so that the last was called December. He also built the Capitol from its foundations, and gave a *congiarium* of wooden, leather, and earthen coins.

^B Manasses the impious killed Isaiah, and placed his own statue—or, according to the Greek, that of Jupiter—having five faces.

He led an army from Ethiopia and killed Sebicon, and he himself reigned over the Egyptians [or, Taracus, having killed Sebicon, reigned over the Egyptians].

Croton, and Parion, and Sybaris were founded as cities.

34th of the Athenians: Hippomenes reigned for 10 years. 2nd of the Egyptians: Sebichus reigned for 12 years. 4th of the Lydians: Candaules reigned for 17 years. Chersonesus in Sicily was founded. Numa, having reigned over Rome after Romulus, built the Capitol from the foundations; he added two months to the year, January and February, whereas before this the year had consisted of ten months. He also gave a *congiarium* of wooden, leather, and earthen coins. 35th of the Athenians: Leocrates reigned for 10 years. He set up a four-faced statue in the house of the lord Zeus. 3rd of the Egyptians: Taracus reigned for 20 years.

^A a I. DEJOCES first rules the Medes for 54 years. Dejoces founded the city of Ecbatana.

Those who were called Parthenii founded Tarentum. At that time the Corinthians also founded Corcyra.

Nicomedia founded, which was formerly called Astacus. ^{B C}

b XXXVI. APSANDER for 10 years.

c V. GYGES for 36 years.

Midas, while he was reigning over the Phrygians, died by drinking bull's blood.

d XXXVII. ERYXIAS for 10 years.

Glaucus of Chios first invented the welding of iron. ^D

e 26th dynasty. I. AMERES the Ethiopian for 12 years.

In Sicily the city of Gela was founded; in Pamphylia the city of Phaselis was founded.

Hipponax becomes a most famous philosopher.

f V. ARGÆUS for 38 years.

g Annual rulers were established at Athens, the kings ceasing; and nine rulers chosen from the nobles of the city governed the Athenians [or, administering the republic].

a Of the Medes, Dejoces reigned for 54 years. Sync. p. 198, A. b 36th of the Athenians, Apsander reigned for 10 years. Idem p. 212, A. c Of the Lydians, Gyges reigned for 36 years. Idem p. 239, D. d 37th of the Athenians, Eryxias reigned for 10 years. Idem p. 212, A. e 26th dynasty of the Saite kings, 9. Ameres the Ethiopian for 12 years. Euseb. apud Sync. p. 76, B. f 5th of the Macedonians, Argaeus reigned for 38 years. Sync. p. 213, A. g The kings of the Athenians ceased. After them, annual magistrates were found among the nobles; and a rule of nine archons was established at Athens. Idem p. 212, A, B. (1) Specifically, he founded Astacus, which was afterwards called Nicomedia. For so Chron. pasch. p. 174 A. He renamed Astacia, having newly founded Nicomedia.

^{A B C}

*Chronicles, Book II*

[Table of Epochs: OLYMP., HEBR., LYD., MACED., MED., ROM., ÆGYPT. (Abr., Jud., Manasses, Gyges, Argaeus, Dejoces, Numa Pompilius, xxvi. dyn. Ameres)]

R. LXX. [1334–1343] [a] II. STEPHINATIS, 7 years. [b] The city of Cyzicus founded. Chalcedon, a city in Bithynia, founded. Locri, a city in Italy, founded.

R. LXXX. [1344] [c] III. TULLUS SILVIUS, 32 years. Tullus Hostilius, the first of the Roman kings, used purple, fasces, and a golden scepter; and afterwards he was consumed by lightning along with his house. After a long peace, he renewed wars: he defeated the Albans, Veientes, and Fidenates; and by adding Mount Caelius, he enlarged the City with a circuit of walls.

[1345–1350] [d] IV. NECHEPSUS, 6 years. Nechepsus, skilled in the art of magic, whose medicinal writings are current. Post (the Carians) the Lesbians obtained the sea for 68 [al. 69] years.

[1351–1353] [e] Nudorum exercitatio, first performed in Lacedaemon. Al.: A festival day, which is called gymnopaedia. [g] Archilochus, and Simonides, and Aristoxenus the musician, are held in high regard. The Sibyl who is also Hero-phila is considered famous in Samos.

R. XC. [1354–1358] [k] Zaleucus, the lawgiver among the Locrians, is mentioned in frequent conversation. Byzantium founded. [i] VI. ARDYS, 38 years.

[l] Alcmaeon is considered famous, and Lesches the Lesbian, who wrote the Little Iliad. [m] Cypselus exercised tyranny in Corinth for 28 years.

^A α. The second of the Egyptians, Stephinatis reigned 7 years. *Euseb. apud Sync. p. 76, B.* [b] Cyzicus was founded. *Sync. p. 213.* [c] The third, Tullus Hostilius, reigned 32 years. This man is also called Silvius by some. They say he was the first among the kings of the Romans to be clothed in purple and to hold a rod; this man, his house having been set on fire by a thunderbolt, was burned up with it and died. *Idem p. 211, B.* [d] The third of the Egyptians, Nechepsus reigned 6 years. *Euseb. apud Sync. p. 76, B.* [e] The naked exercise was first introduced in Lacedaemon. *Sync. p. 113, A.*

^C [f] The fourth of the Egyptians, Nechao reigned 8 years. *Ibidem.* [g] Archilochus and Simonides were known. *Ibidem.* The Samian Sibyl, who is also Herophila, was known. *Idem p. 213, A.* [i] The sixth of the Lydians, Ardys reigned 38 years. *Idem p. 239, D.* [k] Zaleucus the lawgiver of the Locrians flourished. *Idem p. 213, B.* [l] Lesches the Lesbian, who wrote the Little Iliad, and Alcmaeon flourished. *Idem p. 213, B.* [m] Cypselus of Corinth acted as tyrant for 28 years. *Idem p. 213, B.*

[a] The fifth king of the Egyptians, Psammetichus, reigned for 44 years. Of Judah, the 21st, Amosus [or Amon], reigned for 2 years; Eusebius says he reigned for 14 years according to the Seventy. But Syncellus is in error. [b] The city of Istrus was founded in Pontus. Acanthus and Stagira were founded in Greece. [e] The second king of the Medes, Phraortes, reigned for 24 years. [f] The cities of Lampsacus and Abdera were founded. [g] Phalaris became tyrant of the Agrigentines. Terpander the musician was renowned. [i] The sixth king of the Macedonians, Philippus, reigned for 38 years. [k] The 22nd king of Judah, Josias, reigned (for 31 years). Helcias the high priest served. [m] The fourth king of the Romans, Ancus Marcius, reigned for 23 years. Ancus Marcius, grandson of Numa through his daughter, added the Aventine Hill and the Janiculum to the City; and sixteen miles from the City, above the sea, he founded the city of Ostia. In the end, he died of an illness. [n] Thales of Miletus, son of Examias, is recognized as the first natural philosopher; they say he lived until the 58th Olympiad.

[a] Euseb. apud Sync. p. 76, B. [b] Sync. p. 214, B-C. [c] Ibidem. [d] Idem p. 213, B. [e] Idem p. 212, D. [f] Ibidem. [g] Idem p. 215, B. Ibidem. [i] Idem p. 238, D. [k] Idem p. 214, C. [l] Idem p. 214, C. [m] Idem p. 237, B. [n] Idem p. 213, C, et Chron. pasch. p. 143, C.

^A a Greece first used the oracle at Dodona. [Alternatively: The Greeks then first sent to the Dodonaeans, seeking oracles from them.]

^B Messene withdrew from the power of the Lacedaemonians. [Alternatively: revolted.]

^C b The Scythians penetrated as far as Palestine. c Myrtaeus the Athenian is known as a poet. d Battus founded Cyrene. e Jeremiah begins to prophesy. f III. CYAXARES, year xxxii. Sinope, a city in the province of Pontus, is founded. g Periander is tyrant at Corinth. h Huldah the woman prophesied among the Hebrews. i The city of Lipara is founded. j The city of Epidaurus, which was later called Dyrrhachium, is founded. k Prusias, a city in the province of Bithynia, is founded. l The city of Mesembria is founded. m VII. SADYATTES for xv years. n Zephaniah and Jeremiah prophesy. o The tyranny of Phalaris over the Agrigentines is destroyed. p Draco is recognized as a lawgiver, as it seems to some. q V. TARQUINIUS PRISCUS for xxxvii years.

Tarquinius Priscus constructed the Capitol and dedicated it to Jupiter. He also built the Circus in Rome, increased the number of senators, established Roman games, and built walls and sewers. Finally, he was killed by the sons of Ancus, the king to whom he himself had succeeded. ^D

a The Greeks used the oracle of Dodona during these times. Sync. p. 213, B. b The Scythians overran Palestine. Idem p. 214, C. c Myrtaeus the Athenian poet was recognized. Idem p. 215, C. d Battus founded Cyrene. Ibidem. e Jeremiah began to prophesy. Idem p. 214, D. f Cyaxares, the third of the Medes, reigned for 36 years. Idem p. 212, D. g Periander was tyrant of the Corinthians. Idem p. 215, C. h Huldah the woman prophesied among the Hebrews. Idem p. 214, C. i Lipara was founded. Idem p. 213, C. j Epidamnus, now called Dyrrhachium, was founded. Ibidem. k Prusias was founded. Ibidem. l Sadyattes, the seventh of the Lydians, reigned for 15 years. Idem p. 239, D. m Zephaniah and Jeremiah prophesy. Chron. pasch. p. 120, D. n Phalaris was overthrown from his tyranny. Idem p. 213, D. o Draco, according to some, gave laws. Ibidem. p Tarquinius reigned over the Romans for 37 years. Idem p. 237, B.

^A Josias, king of Judah, having engaged with Necho, who is also called Nechepsos, is slain by him. And it occurs to me to wonder how the times coincide, according to the proposed table, making the Egyptian king Necho the counterpart of Josias, whom even the divine Scripture calls Pharaoh.

^B XXIII. JOACHASUS, 3 months. ^C VI. NECHAO the Second, who is also Nechepsos, 6 years. [d] XXIV. ELIACHIMUS, who is also Joachimus, 12 years.

[e] Arion of Methymna is held to be renowned, who is said to have been carried to the port of Taenarum by a dolphin. Panetius was the first to seize the tyranny in Sicily.

[f] VII. ALYATTES, 49 years. [g] VII. AEROPUS, 26 years. Stesichorus the poet is held to be renowned. VII. PSAMMUTHES the second, who is also Psammetichus, 17 years.

Pittacus of Mitylene, who was one of the seven wise men, engaged with Phrynon the Athenian, the Olympic victor, and slew him.

In the third [Armenian, tenth] year of Joachimus, Nabuchodonosor, king of Babylon, takes Judaea; and having brought many of the Jews under his dominion, and having also seized a portion of the vessels of the temple, and having made Joachimus a tributary, he returns home a victor. [i] Alcman [or Alcmaeon], as it seems to some, is recognized.

[k] XXV. JOACHIMUS, the same also [Jechonias], 3 months. The king of Babylon, coming a second time to Judaea, drags this Joachimus away with him as a captive. This year is fulfilled by different reckonings.

[l] In the third month of the reign of Jechonias, Nabuchodonosor, king of the Babylonians, arriving, reduced him and a great part of his people into slavery.

[m] XXVI. ZEDECIAS, 11 years. And the king of Babylon took him away captive, and put out his eyes.

^A In Babylon, Daniel, Ananias, Azarias, and Misael are held in high regard. ^B The city of Camarina is founded. Perinthus is founded. ^C IV. ASTYAGES 38 years. ^D Jeremiah and Baruch were prophesying. Massilia is founded. R. CLX. The Jewish nation is captured. Sappho the woman philosopher, and Alcaeus the poet, are held in high regard. Epimenides cleanses Athens [or subverts it]. e Solon abolishes the laws of Draco and constitutes new laws for the nation over which he presided, pertaining to matters of blood, as well as others. [f] OF CAPTIVITY, and of the temple [g] VIII. VAPH- RES consumed by fire, LXX years. The captivity of the Hebrews and the extermination of the temple, which was in Jerusalem, lasted seventy years, which are reckoned up to the second year of Darius. Nabuchodonosor, king of the Chaldaeans, having captured Jerusalem, burns the temple, which had remained from the beginning of its construction for 442 years. Furthermore, Clement agrees with our opinion in the first Stromateis, witnessing that the captivity of the Jewish people occurred in the 47th Olympiad, while Vaphres was reigning among the Egyptians, and Philippus [in Greek and Armenian: Philippus] at Athens; and that the seventy years of the desolation of the temple are reckoned up to the second year of Darius. When Jerusalem had been captured by the Assyrians, the remnants of the Jews fled to Vaphres, the king of Egypt. The prophet Jeremiah also makes mention of this Vaphres. Nabuchodonosor blinded Zedeciah and carried him away captive; but Nabuzardanes burned the temple in the fifth month. [i] In these times, to those competing in the contest, a *tragos*, that is, a goat, was given as a prize. Whence they were called tragedians, because in Greek a goat is called *tragos*. [k] The monarchy of the Corinthians is destroyed.

OLYMP. | HEBR. | LYD. | MACED. | MED. | ROM. | ÆGYPT. --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Abra- | Capt | Alyat- | Aero- | Asty- | Tarqui- | xxvi | | bamus | vitas | tes | pus | ages | nius | dyn. | | | | | | | | Vaph- | | | | | | | | res 49 | 1431 | 6 | 25 | 25 | 13 | 53 | 6 | 1432 | 7 | 26 | 24 | 14 | 54 | 7 | 1433 | 8 | 27 | 25 | 15 | 55 | 8 | 1434 | 9 | 28 | 26 | 16 | 56 | 9

^A c VIII. ALCETAS years XXIX. a A solar eclipse occurred, Thales having predicted it beforehand. b In Babylon, Daniel and Ezekiel prophesied. 1435 | 10 | 29 | 1 | 17 | 37 | 10 Alyattes and Astyages fought.

h In the twelfth place, the Phocaeans held command of the sea for 44 years.

50 | 1436 | 11 | 30 | 2 | 18 | 1 | 11 51 | 1437 | 12 | 31 | 3 | 19 | 2 | 12 | 1438 | 13 | 52 | 4 | 20 | 3 | 13 | 1439 | 14 | 33 | 5 | 21 | 4 | 14 | 1440 | 15 | 34 | 6 | 22 | 5 | 15 | 1441 | 16 | 35 | 7 | 23 | 6 | 16 | 1442 | 17 | 36 | 8 | 24 | 7 | 17 | 1443 | 18 | 37 | 9 | 25 | 8 | 18

d VI. SERVIUS TULLIUS years XXXIV. e The Isthmian and Pythian games, first celebrated after Melicertes. f In this time the seven wise men were named. g Alyattes and Astyages fought a first battle.

Servius, the son of a noble but captive maidservant, added three hills to the City—the Quirinal, the Esquiline, and the Viminal—and dug ditches around the walls; he first instituted the census of Roman citizens; and at the end was slain by the crime of Tarquinius Superbus, the son of his predecessor and his own son-in-law, who succeeded him. i Anaximander the Milesian is acknowledged as a natural philosopher. k The Nemean games were held for the first time by the Argives after the one that had been held under Archemorus.

R. CLXXX. | 52 | 1444 | 19 | 38 | 10 | 26 | 9 | 19 | 1445 | 20 | 39 | 11 | 27 | 10 | 20

l After Nebuchadnezzar, king of the Babylonians, died, his son Evil-merodach took the empire; he was succeeded by his brother Belshazzar, to whom Daniel interpreted that writing which had appeared on the wall, signifying that the empire of the Chaldeans was to be transferred to the Medes and Persians. At this time the book of Daniel was written. 53 | 1446 | 21 | 40 | 12 | 28 | 11 | 21 m Phalaris exercises tyranny for 16 years. | 1447 | 22 | 41 | 13 | 29 | 12 | 22 | 1448 | 23 | 42 | 14 | 30 | 13 | 23 n Abaris came from Scythia to Greece. | 1449 | 24 | 43 | 15 | 31 | 14 | 24 | 1450 | 25 | 44 | 16 | 32 | 15 | 25 o Eugamon the Cyrenaean, who wrote the Telegonia, is known; p IX. AMOSIS is acknowledged, year XLII.

This Amosis was one of the seven Magi whom the noble Egyptians say there were. 54 | 1451 | 26 | 45 | 17 | 33 | 16 | 1 | 1452 | 27 | 46 | 18 | 34 | 17 | 2

q The gymnastic contest, which they call the Panathenaea, was held among the Athenians for the first time. ^{B C D}

^A 1453 | 28 | 47 | 19 | 35 | 18 | 3 a Aesop, the composer of fables, is put to death by the Delphians. ^B 1454 | 29 | 48 | 20 | 36 | 19 | 4 1455 | 30 | 49 | 21 | 37 | 20 | 5 1456 | 31 | 1 | 22 | 38 | 21 | 6 b Pisistratus, tyrant of the Athenians, goes into Italy. 1457 | 32 | 2 | 23 | 1 | 22 | 7 c IX. CROESUS fifteen years. d I. CYRUS thirty years.

e Cyrus destroyed the empire of the Medes, and reigned over the Persians after overthrowing Astyages, king of the Medes. The Medes reigned over the Assyrians for three hundred and fifty-four years.

f The same Cyrus, having released the captivity of the Hebrews, caused nearly fifty thousand men to return to Judea: they, having built an altar, laid the foundations of the temple. But since the construction was hindered by neighboring peoples, the work remained unfinished until Darius, with only the altar standing.

At that time, Jesus the son of Josedech and Zorobabel of royal lineage, son of Salathiel, were held in high regard; they were the leaders of those who returned to Judea.

The entire time of the captivity of the Jews is reckoned as seventy years, which according to some are counted from the third year of Joachim to the twentieth year of Cyrus, king of the Persians; furthermore, according to others, from the thirteenth year of Josiah, king of the Jews, under whom Jeremiah began to prophesy, to the first year of the aforementioned Cyrus, king of the Persians. Indeed, the seventy years of the desolation of the temple are completed under King Darius.

^C 1458 | 33 | 3 | 24 | 2 | 23 | 8 h Simonides is noted as famous. g Stesichorus the poet dies. 1459 | 34 | 4 | 25 | 3 | 24 | 9 1460 | 35 | 5 | 26 | 4 | 25 | 10 i Xenophanes of Colophon is noted as famous. 1461 | 36 | 6 | 27 | 5 | 26 | 11 1462 | 37 | 7 | 28 | 6 | 27 | 12 1463 | 38 | 8 | 29 | 7 | 28 | 13 k Chilo, who was one of the seven wise men, is appointed as ephor in Lacedaemon, that is, overseer, for the arrangement of the common people.

^D 1464 | 39 | 9 | 1 | 8 | 29 | 14 IX. AMYNTAS fifty years. m Haggai and Zechariah were prophesying. 1465 | 40 | 10 | 2 | 9 | 30 | 15 1466 | 41 | 11 | 3 | 10 | 31 | 16 n Anaximenes the physical philosopher is recognized.

Those things which are mentioned concerning Croesus, how he tested the oracles, occurred during these times. 1467 | 42 | 12 | 4 | 11 | 32 | 17 o Croesus waged war against Cyrus, trusting in the responses of Apollo, and was defeated.

^A a Thales dies. Tarquinius Superbus, having killed his father-in-law Servius, seized the Roman empire; he conquered the Volscians, Gabii, Veii, and Suessa Pometia; and while he was besieging Ardea, he was expelled from the kingdom on account of his younger son, Tarquinius, who had corrupted Lucretia. The same Tarquinius Superbus devised shackles, thongs, cudgels, quarries, prisons, exiles, mines, foot-fetters, and chains. ^B b VII. TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS—35 years. The temple of the Delphic Apollo is burned for the second time. c Cyrus captures Sardis. Croesus is captured by Cyrus, and the Lydian kingdom, which had stood for 232 years, is destroyed.

^C d Theognis the poet is held to be renowned. Harpagus, who held the first rank under Cyrus, fights against Ionia. e Pisistratus reigns at Athens for the second time. f Pherecydes the historian is held to be renowned. g Simonides the lyric poet and Phocylides, and Xenophanes [al. Theophanes] the physical philosopher and writer of tragedies are considered renowned.

^D h At Samos, three brothers—Polycrates, Sylus, and Pantagnostus—exercise tyranny. The Samians have held the sea for the thirteenth position. The Samians founded the city of Dicaearchia, which they now call Puteoli. i Pythagoras the physical philosopher is famous. k Tomyris, queen of the Massagetae, kills Cyrus. II. CAMBYSES—8 years. Hipparchus and Hippias practice tyranny at Athens. They say that Cambyses was called the second Nebuchadnezzar by the Hebrews, under whom the history of Judith, who killed Holofernes, is recorded. XXVII dynasty of the Persians.

^A The XXVII dynasty of Persian kings (the eighth): In the fifth year of his reign, Cambyses reigned over Egypt for three years. (Euseb. apud Sync. p. 76, C, D).

^B Jesus, son of Josedech, served as priest, together with Zorobabel. At the same time, Haggai and Zechariah, and one of the Twelve, who is called the Angel (Malachi), prophesy. (Chron. pasch. p. 144, 145).

^C The third to rule over the Persians were two brothers, Merdis and Patizithes, for seven months. (Idem p. 144, C).

^D The fourth to rule over the Persians was Darius, son of Hystaspes, for thirty-six years. (Ibidem, D).

At the present point in the chronological table: ^A The XXVII dynasty of the Persians (for Cambyses obtained Egypt in the sixth year [al. v, al. vii] of his reign) until Darius, son of Xerxes, 141 years.

^B Among the Hebrews, the high priest Jesus, son of Josedech, and the prince of the nation, Zorobabel, are held in high esteem. The most recent to prophesy among the Hebrews were Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi.

^C After Cambyses, two brothers, the Magi, reigned for seven months: after whom Darius son of Hystaspes [reigned] for XXXVI years.

^D IV. Darius, XXXVI years.

From David until the LXX year, the captivity of the Jews was 555 years. From the LXX year of the captivity, the years of Darius, king of the Persians, are reckoned as 74; in the tenth year of his reign, the end of the royal rule of the Romans occurred.

Olympias LXV, in which was the second year of Darius, king of the Persians, son of Hystaspes. Therefore, the second year is written twice, because the year in which the Magi brothers reigned is calculated at seven months.

[E] Harmodius and Aristogiton killed Hipparchus, the tyrant of the Athenians; and Leana, their friend and a courtesan, when forced by torture to betray her associates, bit off her own tongue. (Sync. p. 238, B).

[F] While under Cyrus the liberation of the Jewish nation from captivity occurs, as does the permission to build the sanctuary; yet the work proceeds and the temple is completed in the second year of Darius, son of Hystaspes, because the neighboring nations had hindered the building in the intervening time. Clement also agrees with this in his first *Stromata*, writing as follows: "And the captivity continued for seventy years, ending in the second year of Darius, son of Hystaspes, who became king of the Persians, Assyrians, and Egyptians, under whom Haggai and Zechariah, and one of the Twelve who is called the Angel, prophesied." This, then, from the aforementioned man. Moreover, that the seventieth year of the desolation of the temple extended until the second year of Darius, the prophet Zechariah is a reliable witness, saying in the second year of Darius: "O Lord Almighty, how long wilt Thou not be merciful to Jerusalem and to the cities of Judah, which Thou hast despised? This is the seventieth year." (Idem p. 144, 145).

^A [a] The Lacedaemonians held the empire of the sea for fourteen years in the fourteenth place. The kings of the Romans from Romulus, seven in number, up to Tarquinius Superbus, reigned for 240 years, or, as some prefer, 243 [or 244]. Thenceforth, the royal rule among them ended. After the kings were driven out, first consuls began under Brutus: then tribunes of the plebs and dictators; and again consuls held the republic for almost 464 years, down to Julius Caesar, who first seized singular rule in the 183rd Olympiad. After the kings were driven from the City, the Romans held empire scarcely as far as the fifteenth milestone.

^B Valerius, the colleague of Brutus, died so poor that he was buried at public expense. [c] The Naxians held the sea in the fifteenth place for 10 years. A census being taken, there were found at Rome 120,000 [or 115,000] men. [d] In the ninth year after the kings were driven out, a new dignity was created at Rome, namely the dictatorship, and a master of the horse [or of the infantry], to be subordinate to the dictator. The first dictator was Largius, the master of the horse was Spurius Cassius.

^C [g] The Eretrians held the empire of the sea in the sixteenth place for 15 years. Pythagoras the philosopher dies. The Volsci lost Corioli. The Piraeus is surrounded with walls by Themistocles.

^D [f] Hellanicus the historiographer, and Democritus the philosopher, and Heraclitus, by surname (that is, the Dark), and Anaxagoras the natural philosopher, are held to be famous. [i] The Latins rebel against the Romans. [k] The people at Rome withdraw from the fathers, a sedition having occurred. Marcius, who had captured Corioli, removed his army from the siege of the City upon the intervention of his mother Veturia and his wife Volumnia. The war which was fought at Marathon, and those things which are written regarding Miltiades, and Aristides, who was surnamed the Just.

a Egypt withdrew from Darius. [b] The poet Panyasis is held to be illustrious. Three hundred noble men of the Fabian family were slain by the Veientes. When Roman soldiers were besieged on Mount Algidus, they were liberated by the dictator Quintius Cincinnatus. [c] Pindar and Simonides are held to be distinguished lyric poets. Gelo reigns in Syracuse in Sicily. [d] The Aeginetans held the sea for twenty years [al. twenty-five], up to the crossing of Xerxes. [e] V. Xerxes, son of Darius, [reigns] for xxi years. [f] Xerxes captures Egypt. Aristides is cast out with ignominy. [g] At Rome, the Vestal virgin Pompilia, caught in indecency, was buried alive. Choerilus and Phrynichus are held to be distinguished. R. CCLXX. Xerxes made a bridge in the Hellespontine sea. [i] Xerxes, when he had come to Athens, burned the city under the chief magistrate Calliades. [j] Diagoras is recognized, and his followers, the physical philosophers. The war which was waged at Thermopylae, and the naval contest at Salamis. The Athenians again fortify the Piraeus with a wall. [l] The battle which took place at Plataea, and the fight at Mycale. [m] Aeschylus, writer of tragedies, is recognized. [n] Hiero exercises tyranny in Syracuse after Gelo. R. CCLXXX. [o] Pindar is held to be a famous musician. [p] Sophocles, writer of tragedies, first published the works of his genius. [q] Themistocles flees to the Persians. [r] At Rome under this time, the Vestal virgin Sunia, caught in indecency, was buried alive. [s] Sophocles and Euripides are held to be famous tragic poets. [t] Herodotus, writer of histories, is recognized.

Zeuxis is recognized as a famous painter, from whose images—which, being invited, he had made in very great number for various people—some suppose the bath of the Byzantines to be named.

^A Themistocles, an exile received by the Persian king Xerxes, when he saw him bringing war against his fellow Athenian citizens, so as neither to betray one who had deserved well of him nor to fight against his own fatherland, died at Magnesia by drinking bull's blood. The beginning of the LXX jubilee according to the Hebrews. ^C Socrates is born. R. CCXC. [E] Some affirm that those things which are written about Mordecai and Esther were done under King Artaxerxes: a thing which I do not believe. For Ezra, who writes at this time of both Nehemiah and Ezra having returned from Babylon, and of the things that followed in succession which are recorded as done by them, would never have remained silent about these matters. The kings of various nations held the sea in the eighteenth place.

^B Bacchylides and Diagoras the atheist are celebrated in very many discourses. A stone fell from the sky into the river Aegos. ^D VI. ARTABANUS, 7 months. After him, VII. ARTAXERXES LONGIMANUS, 40 years. Artabanus's seven months are reckoned in the order of the year.

[F] Sicily was ruled by the people, a sedition having been made. [G] An eclipse of the sun occurred. Anaxagoras dies. [H] Cimon defeats the Persians in a naval and land battle by the Eurymedon: and the Median war finds rest.

[I] XI. PERDICCA, 28 years.

[K] Evenus the versifier was recognized. [L] Heraclitus is held to be renowned.

[M] Ezra the priest is recognized as eminent among the Hebrews: in whose time Eliasib was considered the high priest, the son of Joachim, son of Jesus, son of Josedec. Now Ezra was most learned in the divine law, and a renowned teacher of all the Jews who had returned from captivity into Judea; and it is affirmed that he compiled the divine Scriptures by memory, and that he changed the Judean letters so that they would not mingle with the Samaritans.

[N] Empedocles and Parmenides the natural philosophers are held to be most notable. [O] Zeno and Heraclitus the "Dark One" were recognized.

[P] Pherecydes the second is recognized as a historian. Aristarchus the tragedian is recognized. R. CCC.

[Q] Cratinus and Plato are held to be writers of comedies.

a. Themistocles dies having drunk bull's blood. *Chron. pasch.* p. 162, C. b. Bacchylides flourished. *Ibidem*, B. c. Socrates was born. *Ibidem*. d. Artabanus reigned over the Persians 7 months; after whom Artaxerxes, surnamed Longimanus, [reigned] 41 years. *Ibidem*, C. e. Some say that the things concerning Esther and Mordecai happened in these times; but I am not persuaded: for the writing of Ezra would not have been silent about the deeds concerning them, which records that both Ezra and Nehemiah returned from Babylon according to Artaxerxes, and that their recorded deeds happened. *Ibidem*, D, and *Sync.* p. 249, A. f. Democracy of Sicily. *Sync.* p. 254, C. g. Eclipse of the sun. Anaxagoras dies. *Ibidem*. h. Cimon defeats the Persians in a naval battle at the Eurymedon, and a land battle. *Ibidem*. i. Perdiccas reigned 11th over the Macedonians for 28 years. *Sync.* p. 247, B. k. Evenus the elegiac poet was recognized. *Idem* p. 254, C. l. Heraclitus was recognized. *Ibidem*, A. m. Ezra the priest was recognized among the Jews, under whom the high priest was Eliasib son of Joachim, of the son of Jesus, son of Josedec; and Ezra was a scribe of the holy laws, an eminent teacher of those who returned from Babylon to Judea. *Idem* p. 248, 249. n. Empedocles and Parmenides the natural philosophers were recognized. *Idem* p. 254, C. o. Zeno and Heraclitus the "Dark One" flourished. *Ibidem*. p. Pherecydes the second was recognized as a historian. *Chron. pasch.* p. 163, B. q. Cratinus and Plato the comedians flourished. *Sync.* p. 247, D.

At the three hundred and second year from the founding of the City, the decemvirs were created, and in the following year they were expelled on account of Appius Claudius, who wished to abduct the daughter of a certain Virginius, while he was fighting against the Latins on Mount Algidus. ^A The Romans sent legates to the Athenians to request their laws, from which the Twelve Tables were written. ^B Nehemiah, the Hebrew cupbearer to Artaxerxes, king of the Persians, with his master granting permission, came from Babylon to Judea in his twentieth year; and in the thirty-second year he restored the walls and the city. Ezra writes that the work was completed under the high priest Joiada son of Joasib, whom his son John succeeded, and then Jaddus, who was present in the time of Alexander the Macedonian. Up to this point the divine Scriptures of the Hebrews contain the annals of time. As for those things which happened among them after this, we shall present them from the book of the Maccabees, and the writings of Josephus, and Africanus, who subsequently followed the entire history down to Roman times. ^C Thales the Milesian died. ^D Herodotus the historian was honored by the Athenian council after he read his books to them.

1565

1567

1568

1569

1573

1574

1575

1576

1578

1579

1580

^A a Socrates the philosopher is celebrated with much discourse. 1581 25 29 77 1582 26 30 78 b Democritus of Abdera, and Empedocles, and Hippocrates the physician, Gorgias, and Hippias, and Prodicus, and Zeno, and Parmenides are held to be distinguished philosophers. 1583 27 31 79 R. CCCXX. 87 1584 28 32 80

c The beginning of the Peloponnesian War, which persisted for twenty-seven years. Ezra records that Nehemiah, who had built the walls of Jerusalem, completed the work in the thirty-second [al. first] year of Artaxerxes, king of the Persians. d If one were to count from this time the seventy weeks written by Daniel, which make four hundred and ninety years, he will find them completed in the reign of Nero; under whom Jerusalem began to be besieged, and was taken two years later in the reign of Vespasian.

e XII. ARCHELAUS twenty-four years.

1585 1 33 81 1586 2 34 82 f Bacchylides the writer of poems is recognized. g The Athenians suffer from the plague. 1587 3 35 83 Pericles dies. 88 1588 4 36 84 h Fire erupted from Mount Etna. i Thucydides is recognized. 1589 5 37 85 k Eupolis and Aristophanes, writers of comedies, are known. 1590 6 38 86 l Through an earthquake, the land near Locris was rent asunder, and the city of Atalante became an island. 1591 7 39 87 m Plato is born at Athens. 89 1592 8 40 88 n VIII. XERXES the second, two months; after whom, IX. SOGDIANUS, seven months; to whom succeeds X. DARIUS NOTHUS nineteen years.

R. CCCXXX.

1593 9 1 89 1594 10 2 90 o The Lacedaemonians and Athenians strike a treaty. 1595 11 3 91 p Eudoxus of Cnidus is held in renown. 90 1596 12 4 92 q The Lacedaemonians, planning a sacred spring, found the city of Heraclea. 1597 13 5 93 1598 14 6 94 r The disaster which befell the Athenians in Sicily occurred at this time. 1599 15 7 95 91 1600 16 8 96 Alcibiades, having fled, went to Tissaphernes. 1601 17 9 97 1602 18 10 98 1603 19 11 99 R. CCCXL. 92 1604 20 12 100

Euboea withdraws from the Athenian alliance. 1603 21 13 1 101 1606 22 14 2 102 1607 23 15 3 103 93 1608 24 16 4 104 ^A a AMYRTAEUS the Saite, 6 years. Egypt withdraws from the Persians, and the 28th dynasty of the Egyptians is reborn, and Amyrtaeus the Saite reigned 7 years. b Euripides dies at the court of Archelaus; Sophocles dies in Athens. c XIII. ORESTES, 3 years. 1609 1 17 5 105 1610 2 18 6 106 ^B d Dionysius exercises tyranny in Sicily. e 29th dynasty of the Mendesians. I. NEPHERITES, 6 years. 1611 3 19 1 107 f XIV. ARCHELAUS, 4 years. g XI. ARTAXERXES who is surnamed Mnemon, son of Darius and Parysatis, 40 years. ^C Under this king, it seems to me, the history which is contained in the book of Esther is completed. For he is surely the one who is called Ahasuerus by the Hebrews, and Artaxerxes by the Septuagint Interpreters. 94 1612 1 1 2 108 1613 2 2 3 109 Dionysius exercises tyranny in Syracuse. R. CCCL. 1614 3 3 4 110 1615 4 5 111 i Democritus dies. k Pharnabazus kills Alcibiades. l The expedition of Cyrus the Persian, about which Xenophon writes. m XV. AMYNTAS, 1 year. n Athenians endure tyranny. 95 1616 1 5 6 112 ^D o XVI. PAUSANIAS, 1 year. p ACHORIS, 11 years. 1617 1 6 1 113 q Socrates [alias Isocrates] the orator is recognized.

^A c. The Athenians began to use the twenty-four letters, whereas before they had only sixteen. g. The Socratics are considered famous. Speusippus is considered distinguished. Dionysius continues in his tyranny. ^A 96 R. CCCLX. 97 l. Eudoxus the astronomer is recognized. n. In the fifteenth year of Artaxerxes, the Gallic Senones burned Rome, except for the Capitol. ^A 98 p. Plato the philosopher is recognized. ^A 99 Military tribunes began to serve in place of the consuls. ^A 100 R. CCCLXX. t. By a great earthquake, the cities of Elice and Bura in the Peloponnese were swallowed up. ^A 101

a. Amyntas of the Macedonians reigned for six years. ^B b. The tyrants in Athens were overthrown. c. The Athenians began to use twenty-four letters, having previously used only sixteen. d. Xenophon, son of Gryllus, Diodorus, and Ctesias are held in esteem. e. Socrates dies, having been condemned to drink hemlock. f. The temple in Ephesus was burned again. g. The Socratic philosophers flourished. h. Diogenes the Cynic philosopher is recognized. ^B i. Argaeus of the Macedonians reigned for two years. k. The sacred war of the Carthaginians. l. Eudoxus the astronomer is recognized. m. Amyntas of the Macedonians reigned again for eighteen years. ^C n. The Gauls, who are also called Celts, seized Rome, except for the Capitol. o. Psammuthes reigned over the Egyptians for one year. p. Plato the philosopher flourished. q. The Thirtieth Dynasty of Sebennyte kings, three in number. Nectanebus reigned for eighteen years. r. Evagoras, while reigning over Cyprus, fell into a rage. s. The Romans defeated the Praenestians at the river Allia through Quintius Cincinnatus. t. The cities of Elice and Bura in the Peloponnese were swallowed up by a great earthquake. u. Isocrates the rhetorician is recognized. ^D

CHRONICLES BOOK II

^A The Athenians become the leaders of Greece. a. Plato and Xenophon, as well as others of the Socratic school, are held to be famous. R. CCCLXXX.

102 1644 1645 1646 1647

[b] XX. ALEXANDER reigned 1 year.

[c] XXI. PTOLEMY Alorites reigned 4 years.

[d] Dionysius, king of Sicily, died in his eighteenth year; after him, Dionysius the Younger invades the kingdom.

[e] II. TEOS reigned 2 years.

103 1648 1649

XXII. PERDICCAS reigned 6 years. Teos, king of Egypt, flees into Arabia.

1650 1651

[g] III. NECTANEBUS reigned for 19 years.

XII. ARTAXERXES, who is also OCHUS, reigned 26 years.

104 1652 1653 1654

[i] Aristotle, in his eighteenth year, is a student of Plato. Jaddus, high priest of the Jews. [k] Camillus defeated the Gauls, who had brought war upon the Romans. Alexander R. CCCXC.

XXIII. PHILIP reigned 26 years. Pheraeus is recognized.

105 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659

[m] Demosthenes the orator is recognized. [n] Ochus, taking a certain portion of the Jews captive, transferred them and settled them near the Caspian Sea.

a. Plato and Xenophon and other Socratics flourished. Sync. p. 258, C, and Chron. pasch. p. 168, B. b. Of the Macedonians, the 20th to reign was Alexander, 1 year. Sync. p. 260, C. c. Of the Macedonians, the 21st to reign was Ptolemy, 3 years. Sync. p. 260, C. d. Dionysius, tyrant of Sicily, died having held power for 38 years; after whom, his second son, Dionysius the Younger. Idem p. 258, C. e. Of the Egyptians, the 2nd to reign was Teos, 2 years. Idem, ibid. f. Of the Macedonians, the 22nd to reign was Perdiccas, 6 years. Sync. p. 260, C. g. Of the Egyptians, the 3rd to reign was Nectanebus, 18 years. Euseb. apud Sync. p. 77, D. h. Of the Persians, the 14th to reign was Ochus, 26 years. Sync. p. 255, D. i. Aristotle became a student of Plato from the 18th year of his life. Idem p. 258, D. k. Camillus liberated Rome, which was being besieged by the Gauls, having destroyed the enemy. Idem p. 253, C. l. Of the Macedonians, the 23rd to reign was Philip, 23 years. Idem p. 260, C. m. Demosthenes the orator was recognized. Chron. pasch. p. 169, C. n. Ochus took a partial captivity of the Jews, whom he settled in Hyrcania near the Caspian Sea. Sync. p. 256, A.

a Alexander, son of Philip and Olympias, is born. b Dionysius of Sicily is driven into exile. c Dio of Syracuse is killed. ^A d The poetess Herinna is recognized. e The orator Demosthenes is celebrated by the rumor of all.

f Ochus occupied Egypt, Nectanebo having been driven into Ethiopia: in which the kingdom of the Egyptians was destroyed. g Hitherto Manethos. Following this, Nectanebo fled into Ethiopia, and the Persians of the Egyptians reigned, of whom Ochus was king.

^B Dionysius sailed to Corinth under a treaty. R. CDX. After a census was taken at Rome, one hundred and sixty-five thousand citizens were found.

h Ochus overturned Sidon and joined Egypt to his own empire. Hitherto the kingdom of the Egyptians remained. i Plato dies. After him, Speusippus held the academy. The Romans, when they had defeated the Samnites in two battles, reduced all their neighbors who had departed from their alliance into their own power. Dionysius expelled to Corinth.

k XIII. ARSES, son of Ochus, [reigned] for 3 years. l Jaddus, high priest of the Jews, is held to be renowned. m Speusippus, successor of Plato, dies; Xenocrates succeeds him. n XXIV. ALEXANDER, son of Philip, [reigned] for 11 years. o XIV. DARIUS, son of Arsanes, [reigned] for 6 years. p Manasses, brother of Jaddus, high priest of the Jews, built a temple on Mount Garizim.

^C a Alexander, son of Philip by Olympias, was born. Sync. p. 155, C. b Dionysius the tyrant was expelled from Sicily. Idem p. 260, A. c Dio is killed. Idem p. 259, D. d The poetess Herinna. Idem p. 260, A. e The orator Demosthenes was recognized. Ibidem, and Chron. pasch. p. 169, L. f Ochus took Egypt, Nectanebo having fled into Ethiopia. Sync. p. 256, B. g Hitherto Manethos. Sync. p. 77, C. h Ochus razed Sidon. Idem p. 256, A. i Plato, at his death, established Speusippus as his successor in the academy. Idem p. 259, D. k Arses, son of ^D Ochus, reigned 3 years. Sync. p. 256, B. l Jaddus, high priest of the Jews. Sync. p. 254, D. m Xenocrates, successor of Speusippus, flourished. Idem p. 260, A. n Alexander, son of Philip, reigned 16 years. Idem p. 260, D. o Darius, son of Arsanes, reigned 6 years. Idem p. 256, C. p Manasses, brother of Jaddus the high priest, built the temple of Samaria on Garizim. Idem p. 254, D.

(1) Thus the Vatican codex; not "to Corinth." Reapse: Dionysius was expelled to Corinth, according to Diodorus. However, there are repetitions of histories in this canon not once, due to the diversity of authors and opinions.

^A Alexander fights successfully against the Illyrians and Thracians, and having overthrown Thebes in Achaia, he turns his arms against the Persians; and having crushed the royal commanders at the Granicus River, he takes the city of Sardis.

| OLYMP. | ABRAHA- | MACED. | PERS. | ROM. | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | MUS | | | | | | Philippus | Darius | | Consules | | | 1682 | 2 | 2 | 178 | | | 1683 | 3 | 3 | 179 | | R. CDXX. | 112 | 1684 | 4 | 4 | 180 |

Alexander, having taken Tyre, invades Judea, by which he is favorably received; he offers sacrifices to God and treats Jaddua, the priest of the temple, with many honors. He leaves Andromachus behind as guardian of those regions, whom the Samaritans later kill; on account of this, Alexander, returning from Egypt, inflicts great punishments upon them, and, having captured their city, gives it to the Macedonians to inhabit in the fourth year of his reign.

^B Alexander obtains Babylon after Darius has been killed: wherein the kingdom of the Persians is destroyed in the seventh year of his reign. ^C A Roman consul, Manlius Torquatus, had his own son beaten with rods and struck with an axe, because he had fought against orders and defeated an enemy.

^D Alexander captures the Hyrcanians and the Mardians; and returning, when he had ascended to the temple of Ammon, he founded a city in lower Libya, which they call Parætonium.

| OLYMP. | ABRAHA- | MACED. | ROM. | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | MUS | Alexander | | | | 1687 | 7 | 183 | Romani subdue the Samnites, and plant colonies. |

[E] Alexandria in Egypt is founded in the seventh [some say, sixth] year of Alexander’s reign: at which time the Latins were also subdued by the Romans. Alexander reigns over Asia in the seventh [some say, sixth] year of his reign and holds all things for twelve years.

| 113 | 1688 | 8 | 184 | Harpalus flees into Asia | | | 1689 | 9 | 185 | | | | 1690 | 10 | 186 | Bellum Alexandri in India adversum Porum et Taxilem. | | | 1691 | 11 | 187 | | | 114 | 1692 | 12 | 188 | Anaximenes and Epicurus are held in renown. |

[H] Alexander dies in Babylon in the thirty-second [some say, xxx, others xxxiii] year of his age: after whom, the empire being transferred to many, various men reigned. Hence the kingdom of the Alexandrians is born, which [is] of Egypt: and throughout the diverse nations which Alexander had held, diverse men reigned.

^A Appius Claudius Caecus is held as famous in Rome, who brought in the Claudian water and paved the Appian Way.

^{B D} [E] Agathocles of Syracuse exercises tyranny in Sicily.

[F] The Lamian War was set in motion.

[G] [H] [I] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] Ptolemy, son of Lagus, in the third year of his reign, having captured Jerusalem and Judea by treachery, carried many of the captives into Egypt.

Menander, by teaching his first play, known by the name of *The Anger*, prevails.

Theophrastus the philosopher is recognized, who, as Cicero says, received the name [of Theophrastus] from the divinity of his speech.

Onias, the high priest of the Jews, son of Jaddua, is held in renown.

The Romans finally subject to servitude the Samnite marauders who had fought against them for the longest time.

From here the kingdom of Asia is born, and soon that of Syria: and Antigonus reigns first in Asia.

The Hebrew history of the Maccabees dates the kingdom of the Greeks from this point. But these two books are not received among the divine Scriptures.

^A Ptolemy, son of Lagus, was the first after Alexander to rule over Alexandria and Egypt for 40 years. ^B Aridaeus, son of Philip, was the first of the Macedonians to rule after Alexander for 7 years. ^C The Macedonian leaders fell into sedition. ^D Lysimachus rules over Thrace and the Chersonese, and the remaining neighboring territory. [E] Agathocles played the tyrant in Syracuse. [F] The Lamian War was set in motion. [G] Perdiccas campaigned against Egypt. [H] Ptolemy, son of Lagus, having taken Jerusalem by treachery and deceit, migrated many from Judea into Egypt. [I] Menander the comic poet, having presented his first play, *The Anger*, was victorious. [K] Demetrius of Phalerum was recognized. [L] Theophrastus the philosopher was recognized. [M] Onias, high priest of the Jews, son of Jaddua, was recognized. [N] The Romans completely defeated the Samnite marauders. [O] Antigonus was the first to rule over Asia after Alexander for 18 years. [P] Antigonus founded Antigonia at the River Orontes, which Seleucus reconstructed and named Antioch. [Q] The historical writing of the Maccabees numbers the kings of the Greeks from Antigonus; this is not among the divinely inspired books. [R] Cassander ruled over the Macedonians for 19 years.

^A

OLYMPIAD 117. ABRAHAM 1701–1704. a Menedemus and Speusippus, the philosophers, are distinguished.

OLYMPIAD 118. ABRAHAM 1705–1708. b I. SELEUCUS NICANOR, 32 years. The kingdom of Syria and Babylon and the upper regions arises; and the first to rule is Seleucus Nicanor. c From this year the people of Edessa calculate the eras of their city. d The Romans overcome the Marsi, the Umbri, and the Pelignians.

OLYMPIAD 119. ABRAHAM 1709–1712. e Lysimachia, a city founded in Thrace. f The Romans send out colonies. g Demetrius of Phalerum, coming to Ptolemy, obtained the restoration of democracy for the Athenians. h Ptolemy invaded the island of Cyprus.

OLYMPIAD 120. ABRAHAM 1713–1716. i The atheist Theodorus is recognized as a philosopher, who was called impious. k Seleucus founded the cities of Antioch, Laodicea, Seleucia, Apamea, Edessa, Beroea, and Pella; of these, he built Antioch in the 14th year of his reign. l Simon, son of Onias, chief priest of the Jews, is considered illustrious, to whom was given the surname The Just, on account of his piety toward God and his benevolence toward his own people. ^B

m II. DEMETRIUS, 17 years. n Seleucus secured Babylon. o III. THE SONS OF CASSANDER, Antigonus and Alexander, 4 years.

a Menedemus and Speusippus, the philosophers, were recognized. Sync. p. 274, D. b Seleucus Nicanor was the first to rule over Syria and Babylon and the upper regions for 32 years. Ibidem, C. c The people of Edessa count their eras from this time. Idem p. 274, A. d The Romans overcame the Marsi, the Umbri, and the Pelignians. Idem p. 275, A. e Lysimachia was founded in Thrace. Idem p. 274, D. f The Romans sent out colonies. Idem p. 275, A. g Demetrius of Phalerum, having restored the democracy to the Athenians, went to Egypt. Idem p. 274, D. h Ptolemy took possession of Cyprus. Idem p. 275, A. ^C i The atheist Theodorus was recognized. Ibidem. k Seleucus founded Laodicea, Seleucia, Apamea, Edessa, Beroea, and Pella. The same built Antioch in the 14th year of his reign. Idem p. 274, A. l Simon served as high priest of the Jews. Idem p. 276, C. He was also called the Just, on account of both his piety toward God and his benevolence toward his fellow countrymen. Josephus, Antiq. XII, 2. m Demetrius the Besieger, son of Antigonus, 17 years. Sync. p. 273, C. n Seleucus secured Babylon. Idem p. 274, A. o The sons of Cassander ruled over the Macedonians for 4 years. Idem p. 270, A. ^D

[121] 1720, 28, 2, 4, 16, 216. 1721, 29, 3, 5, 17, 217. 1722, 30, 4, 6, 18, 218. a Demetrius, king of Asia, surnamed Poliorcetes, ravages the city of the Samaritans, which Perdiccas had formerly built.

^B IV. DEMETRIUS, 5 years. 1723, 31, 1, 7, 19, 219. A census of Rome being taken, there were found 270,000 Roman citizens. [Arm. 220,000.] Alexandrian legates sent for the first time by Ptolemy to Rome obtained friendship. [Al. They sought the friendship of the Romans.]

d Menander the comic poet dies. 1724, 32, 2, 8, 20, 220. [122] 1725, 33, 3, 9, 21, 221. 1726, 34, 4, 10, 22, 222. 1727, 35, 5, 11, 23, 223. e The Romans defeat the Gauls and Tyrrhenians and divide the land of the Sabines by lot. Seleucus transfers the Jews to the cities he had built, granting them the rights of citizens and municipal status with equal honor to the Greeks.

^C V. PYRRHUS, 7 months. [123] 1728, 36, 1, 12, 24, 224. VI. LYSIMACHUS, 5 years. 1729, 37, 1, 13, 25, 225. 1730, 38, 2, 14, 26, 226. i Eleazar, brother of Simon, high priest of the Jews, took up the ministry of the temple, for Simon’s son, Onias, had been left behind as a mere child. 1731, 39, 3, 15, 27, 227. Ariminum and Beneventum founded by the Romans. Antigonus, a leader of the Macedonians, surnamed Gonatas—that is, "knee-cap"—occupied Lacedaemon.

Demetrius surrendered himself to Seleucus, who, having destroyed the kingdom of Asia and captured Demetrius, made one empire out of both kingdoms, and ruled over Syria and Asia alike.

[124] 1732, 40, 4, 16, 28, 228. k The Romans capture the city of Croton.

III. PTOLEMY PHILADELPHUS, 38 years. 1733, 1, 5, 17, 29, 229.

VII. PTOLEMY, surnamed Ceraunus, 2 years. 1734, 2, 1, 30, 230. 1735, 3, 2, 31, 231. m Sostratus of Cnidus built the great lighthouse in Alexandria.

a Demetrius Poliorcetes razed the city of the Samaritans. Sync. p. 273, D. b Demetrius reigned over the Macedonians for 5 years. Idem p. 270, A. c Upon a census taking place in Rome, 270,000 were found. Idem p. 276, C. d The comic poet Menander died. Idem p. 275, A. e The Romans defeated the Celts and Tyrrhenians and received the land of the Sabines by lot. Idem p. 274, D. f Seleucus settled Jews among the new cities alongside the Greeks. Ibidem. g Pyrrhus reigned over the Macedonians for 7 months. Idem p. 270, A. h Lysimachus reigned over the Macedonians for 5 years. Idem p. 270, B. i Eleazar, brother of Simon, was high priest of the Jews in place of the child Onias, son of Simon, who had been left behind. Idem p. 269, C. k The Romans took Croton. Idem p. 275, B. l Ptolemy Philadelphus reigned as the second king of Alexandria and Egypt for 38 years. Idem p. 271, C. m Sostratus of Cnidus built the lighthouse of Alexandria with great magnificence. Ibidem, D.

^A a VIII. MELEAGER for 2 months. IX. ANTIPATER for 45 days. X. SOSTHENES for 2 years. b Ptolemy Philadelphus permitted the Jews who were in Egypt to be free, and transmitting votive offerings to Eleazar, the high priest of the Jerusalemites, he took care that the divine Scriptures be translated into the Greek tongue from the Hebrew language: these he kept in the Alexandrian library, which he had gathered for himself from all kinds of literature.

^B c II. ANTIOCHUS SOTER for 19 years. d Milo surrendered the city of Tarentum to the Romans.

^C e XI. ANTIGONUS GONATAS for 36 years. f Serapis (who is also Sorapis or even Serapis according to some) entered Alexandria and remained there. [Alt. An image of Serapis came to Alexandria.] g One of the virgins in Rome, caught in corruption, is put to death (R. CDLXXX). h Polemo the philosopher dies: after whom Arcesilas and Crates are held to be famous. i The Romans led out colonies, and many cities in Sicily were joined to them. In the 14th year of the reign of Philadelphus, the Romans capture the Sicilian city of Syracuse.

k Aratus the poet becomes known. l A silver coin is struck for the first time in the City. [Alt. Gracchus was the first to make silver coins in the City.] m The Romans held Calabria and Messana. n Zeno the Stoic dies: after whom Cleanthes the philosopher becomes known. o A Vestal virgin in Rome, caught in vice, ended her life by the noose (R. CDXC). p Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, enlarging the city of Astacus, named it Nicomedia.

[Greek text rendering:] a The Macedonians: Meleager reigned for 2 months, Antipater for 45 days, Sosthenes for 2 years. Sync(ellus) p. 270, B-D. b Ptolemy Philadelphus released the captive Jews in Egypt, and sending royal offerings to Jerusalem, he exerted himself to have the Jews' Scriptures translated into Greek, and deposited them in the libraries constructed for him in Alexandria. Chron(icon) pasch(ale) p. 172, 173. c Antiochus Soter reigned over Asia, Syria, and Babylon for 19 years. Sync(ellus) p. 274, C. d Milo surrendered Tarentum to the Romans. Idem p. 271, A. e Antigonus Gonatas reigned over the Macedonians for 36 years. Idem p. 270, D. f Sarapis, or Sorapis, or Seiopis, was established in Alexandria according to some. Idem p. 275, B. g One of the virgins in Rome was put to death for being corrupted. Ibidem. h Polemo the philosopher dies, after whom Arcesilas and Crates became known. Idem p. 276, B. i The Romans sent out colonies. Ibidem, C. k Aratus the poet became known. Idem p. 273, B. l A silver coin was first struck in Rome. Ibidem. m The Romans took and subdued Calabria, and Messana. Ibidem. n Cleanthes, a pupil of Zeno the Stoic, succeeded him after his death. Ibidem. o A virgin in Rome, convicted regarding the sacred temple of Vesta, took her own life. Ibidem, C. p King Nicomedes of Bithynia built Nicomedia in his own name. Ibidem, D.

^A a III. ANTIOCHUS, who was called God, 15 years. b The Romans, having defeated the Carthaginians in a naval battle, captured one hundred cities of Libya. c Erasistratus the physician ^B is recognized. d After Eleazar, his uncle Manasses received the high priesthood of the Jews. e Antigonus restored liberty to the Athenians. Carthaginians captured 300 Roman ships in Sicily, and put the consul Metellus to flight. g With the Parthians withdrawing from the Macedonian empire, Arsaces first reigned, from whom they are also called the Arsacids. h Onias, son of Simon the Just, is held in renown as high priest of the Jews; by not paying the customary tribute to King Ptolemy, he provoked him to anger. But Josephus, a man noble among his own people, having been sent as an envoy by the Jews to Ptolemy, because he had earned the king's friendship through many services, was appointed leader of Judea and the neighboring regions. R. DX. ^C i III. PTOLEMY EVERGETES 26 years. k IV. SELEUCUS CALLINICUS 20 years. [l] XII. DEMETRIUS 10 years. m By a census taken in Rome, 260,000 men were found. n The temple of Vesta in Rome was burned. Fire having seized everything higher around the forum, the pontiff Metellus, half-burned, snatched away the sacred relics of Vesta. Quintus Ennius the poet is born at Tarentum; he, having been brought to Rome by Cato the quaestor, lived on the Aventine Hill, content with very frugal expense and the service of one maidservant. o A Vestal virgin in Rome, having been corrupted by a slave, slew herself with her own hand. ^D p XIII. ANTIGONUS 15 years.

a Antiochus, called God, ruled over Syria and Asia for 15 years. Sync. p. 274, C. b The Romans, having defeated the Carthaginians in a naval battle, took one hundred cities of Libya. Idem p. 275, D. c Erasistratus the famous physician became known. Idem p. 274, B. d Upon the death of Eleazar, his uncle Manasses received the high priesthood. Josephus, Antiquities, XII, 4. e Antigonus gave liberty back to the Athenians. Sync. p. 276, A. f The Carthaginians took 300 Roman ships in Sicily, having routed the consul Metellus. Idem p. 275, C. g The Persians departed from the rule of the Macedonians, and Arsaces reigns over the Persians, from whom come the Arsacids. Idem p. 284, B, C. h Onias, being the son of Simon called the Just, received the honor; he, by not paying tribute for the people, moved King Ptolemy to anger. Josephus, Antiquities, XII, 4. i Ptolemy Euergetes reigned over Alexandria and Egypt for 26 years. Sync. p. 273, B. k Seleucus, called Callinicus, reigned over Syria and Asia for 20 years. Idem p. 284, B. l Demetrius reigned over the Macedonians for 10 years. Idem p. 271, B. m Upon an assessment being made in Rome, 260 myriads were found. Ibidem, C. n In Rome, the temple of Vesta was burned. Idem p. 276, A. o In Rome, a virgin corrupted by a slave did away with herself. Ibidem, A. p Antigonus reigned over the Macedonians for 15 years. Idem p. 282, A.

[a] Simon, son of Onias, was high priest of the Jews. It is held that under him lived Jesus, son of Sirach, who composed the Book of Wisdom, which they call Panareton, and also made mention of Simon in it. [b] About forty thousand Gauls were slain by the Romans. [c] V. Seleucus Ceraunus [reigned] 3 years. [d] Caria and Rhodes were so shaken by an earthquake that the great colossus fell. [e] VI. Antiochus the Great [reigned] 36 years. XIV. Philippus [reigned] 42 years. [f] IV. Ptolemaeus Philopator [reigned] 17 years. [g] The events which are written in the third book of Maccabees are related as having occurred under this Prince Ptolemy. [i] The Jews were defeated, and seventy [some say forty] thousand of their armed men were slain. [k] At Rome, Vestal virgins, having been caught in corruption, were buried alive in the earth. Romani, with Marcellus as consul, take Syracuse. [l] Eratosthenes the philosopher is recognized. Romans subdue Capua and Sicily. Laevinus the consul makes a pact of friendship with Attalus, King of Asia. [m] Antiochus, King of Syria, having conquered Ptolemy Philopator, binds Judea to himself as an ally. [n] The high priest of the Jews, Onias, son of Simon, is held to be renowned: to whom Arius, King of the Lacedaemonians, sends an embassy for the sake of friendship. [o] Scipio captures many cities of Iberia for the Romans.

[Greek column interpretation below] 16 Simon, son of Onias, was high priest of the Jews. 15 Philip reigned over the Macedonians 45 years. In his time, Jesus, son of Sirach, having composed the Wisdom called Panareton, made mention of Simon himself. 4 The Romans slew forty thousand Gauls. 5 Seleucus Ceraunus reigned over the Syrians for 3 years. Caria and Rhodes were shaken, so that the great colossus fell. 6 Antiochus, surnamed the Great, reigned over the Syrians for 36 years. 4 The fourth to reign over Egypt and Alexandria was Ptolemy Philopator [for] 17 years. The third book of the Maccabees tells of this Ptolemy Philopator. 70 The Jews, having been taken, lost forty thousand armed men. In Rome, virgins, having been caught in corruption, were buried alive while still living. Antiochus the Great, while Ptolemy Philopator held Judea, having conquered him in war, took away the country. 8 Onias, son of Simon, was high priest of the Jews, to whom Arius, king of the Lacedaemonians, also sent an embassy and letters. [Scipio subdued many cities of Iberia for the Romans.]

^A Ptolemy Epiphanes, that is, "the Noble," having sent Scopa, the leader of the army, captured Judea and very many cities of Syria.

^B V. PTOLEMY EPIPHANES, 24 years. Naevius the comic poet dies at Utica, driven from Rome by the faction of the nobles, and especially by the Metelli.

^C Carthage is reduced to the dominion of the Romans through Scipio. Plautus, born in Umbria at Sarsina, dies at Rome; having hired himself out to a baker at the hand-mills because of the scarcity of grain; there, as often as he was free from work, he was accustomed to write plays and sell them.

Antiochus, having discovered the goodwill of the Jews toward him, endows them with great gifts and pursues them with frequent praises through letters ^D DLX.

^D After the battle in which Antiochus was defeated at Thermopylae, it was agreed between him and the Romans that he should pay them one thousand talents every year under the name of tribute.

Antiochus, having overcome Scopa, recovers the cities of Syria and joins himself voluntarily to the Jews. The Romans ordered the Greeks to be free: and made all Iberia subject.

Antiochus, having returned to the friendship of Ptolemy, makes peace with him; and having given his daughter Cleopatra to him as a wife, he concedes Syria, Phoenicia, Samaria, and Judea in the name of a dowry.

Eumenes, brother of King Attalus, who founded Eumenia in Phrygia, is held in high regard.

[f] The Romans established many colonies.

The Second Book of Maccabees contains the deeds of this time among the Jews.

Titus Livius, the writer of tragedies, is held to be famous; he, on account of the merit of his genius, was granted his freedom by Livius Salinator, whose children he had educated.

VII. SELEUCUS, who is also Philopater, 12 years.

[i] Simon, the prefect of the temple at Jerusalem, fleeing to Apollonius, the governor of Syria and Phoenicia under Seleucus, began to claim the priesthood for himself, having promised him many gifts. When Seleucus heard this, he sent Heliodorus to examine the matter. When he had come into Judea, and judged iniquitously, doing many things wrongly, he was deterred by divine signs against him, and returned to Seleucus. Onias, however, the priest, had seen to it that Simon became a fugitive, as is narrated in the books of the Maccabees.

^A When Hannibal was demanded by the Romans through legates from Antiochus, to whom he had fled after being defeated by Scipio, he moved on to King Prusias of Bithynia; but when the senate once again sought him from that king through Flaminius, and he was about to be betrayed, he drank poison and was buried at Libyssa in Bithynia.

149 1832 19 34 3 328 1833 20 35 4 329 A Troja capta R. DLXX. 1834 21 36 5 330 anni mille. 1835 22 37 6 331 [b] Hyrcanus, son of Joseph, a leader of the 150 1836 23 38 7 332 Jews, having traveled to Ptolemy, was honorably received by him. But his brothers, after he had returned, stirred up sedition against him, and became the cause of great calamities for the Jewish people. 1837 24 39 8 333

[c] PTOLEMY PHILOMETOR for 35 years. 1838 1 40 9 334 1839 2 41 10 335 1840 3 42 11 336 151 Statius Caecilius, a celebrated writer of comedies, is held to be of Insubrian nationality, a Gaul, and at first a companion of Ennius. Some claim he was from Mediolanum. He died [al. Some say he died at the forum of Mediolanum] a year after the death of Ennius, and was buried near the Janiculum.

[d] PERSEUS for 10 years. 1841 4 1 12 337 [e] Aristobulus, a Jew by nationality, is recognized as a Peripatetic philosopher, who wrote commentaries explaining the Mosaic scriptures for Ptolemy Philometor. 1842 5 2 1 338

[f] ANTIOCHUS EPIPHANES for 11 years. [g] Antiochus Epiphanes, when he had withdrawn from the territory of the Ptolemies, which he had suddenly invaded, in accordance with the command of the senate, came into Judea, and there handed over the high priesthood to Jesus, who is also called Jason, the brother of Onias. After he was expelled, he gave it to his successor, Onias, nicknamed Menelaus. And thus, because of the sedition that arose among the princes over the dignity of the priesthood, the seeds of enormous miseries sprouted.

R. DLXXX. 152 1843 6 3 2 339 1844 7 4 3 340 1845 8 5 4 341 1846 9 6 5 342 1847 10 7 6 343 153 1848 11 8 7 344 1849 12 9 8 345 The Macedonian kingdom 1850 13 10 9 346 failed. The Romans, after Perseus, king of the Macedonians, was slain and his kingdom destroyed, ordered that the Macedonians, Illyrians, and Galatians be free.

[i] Antiochus attacks the law of the Jews: and at first, by compelling their entire province to idolatry, he puts to death those who would not obey. But afterwards, ascending to Jerusalem, he steals the temple and the vessels of God.

^C He lays waste to those things that were consecrated for divine service; he places an image in the temple of Jupiter Olympius; and in Samaria, upon the summit of Mount Garizim, he builds a shrine to Jupiter the Wanderer, at the request of the Samaritans themselves who asked him to do it. But at this time, a certain Mattathias, one of the priests, son of Asamoneus, from the village of Modim, taking up arms against the leaders of Antiochus and supported also by the help of his sons, vindicated the ancestral laws in the 151st Olympiad. ^D Ennius the poet dies of the gout at the age of seventy; he is buried in the monument of Scipio, on the Via Appia, within the first milestone from the City. Some affirm that his bones were translated from the Janiculum to Rudiae.

154

a IX. ANTIOCHUS EUPATOR, 2 YEARS

b X. DEMETRIUS SOTER, 12 YEARS

[c] Menelaus, the high priest of the Jews, having been killed by the younger Eupator Antiochus—he who had previously betrayed Judea to Epiphanes Antiochus—Alcimus, a man alien to the priestly lineage, invades the pontificate out of ambition. On account of this, Onias, son of the high priest Onias, migrating into Egypt, founds in the Heliopolitan district a city which is called Onuphis [after his own name], with a temple constructed in the likeness of the ancestral temple. But Alcimus, harboring hostilities against Judas Machabaeus, perishes not long after, struck by the wrath of God. And thus, by the favor of all the Jews, the priesthood is decreed to Judas Machabaeus: who, having assumed the dignity, sends legates to Rome. The Senate decreed that the Jews should be held as friends and allies of the Romans.

155

Publius Terentius, the Carthaginian, writer of comedies, freed on account of his talent and appearance, dies in Arcadia; he, before he sold his first play, the *Andria*, to the aediles, read it to Caecilius, who admired him greatly.

[a] Antiochus Eupator reigned over Syria for one year and six months. [b] Demetrius, the one surnamed Soter, reigned over Syria for 14 years. On as, who was also Menelaus, the high priest of the Jews—he who had betrayed the nation to Antiochus Epiphanes—having been killed by Antiochus Eupator, Alcimus, not being of the priestly race, succeeded to the priesthood by circumvention; because of him, Onias, son of the high priest Onias, having gone into Egypt, founds a city which was called the City of Onias, in which he also builds a temple, similar to the temple in Jerusalem. But Alcimus the high priest, having engaged in factional strife against Judas Machabaeus, after not much time, having fallen into the stroke of God, dies. The whole people of the Jews give the priesthood to Judas the Machabaean; and he, receiving it, sends an embassy to the Romans, and the senate votes to record the Jews as friends and allies of the Romans, just as the history of the Machabees declares. Judas, who is also Machabaeus, leads the Jews. Aristarchus the grammarian flourished. The Samaritans and Jews in Alexandria, before Ptolemy Philometor, are judged regarding the shrines honored by either side, and the Jews win.

[a] II. JONATHAS for XIX years. The leader of the Jews, Jonathas, brother of Judas, after the general of Demetrius was expelled from Judea, assumes the high priesthood.

[b] XI. ALEXANDER for IX years, X months. Alexander, son of Antiochus, who is surnamed Epiphanes, ruling over Syria and Asia, honors Jonathas with a crown and many distinguished gifts.

The poet Lucilius is born. [c] Oppius captures the Gauls; and Carthage is brought under Roman dominion by Scipio, having six hundred and seventy-three years from its founding, or, as others say, seven hundred and forty-seven. Upon a census of Rome being made, three hundred and thirty-four thousand men were found. [d] Pseudo-Philippus reigns in Macedonia for one year. The Romans, having killed Pseudo-Philippus, make the Macedonians tributary.

Jonathas, leader of the Jews and likewise high priest, makes friendships with the Romans and the Spartans. [f] Alexander To King Alexander of Syria, Ptolemy gives his own daughter as a wife.

[e] VII. PTOLEMY EVERGETES for XXIX years. Scipio subverts the Numantines. Brutus subjects Iberia as far as the Ocean.

[g] XII. DEMETRIUS for III years. Ptolemy gives his daughter to Demetrios as a wife together with the kingdom of her husband Alexander, which he takes from his generals, after killing Trypho, who was laying claim to the kingdom of Syria for himself. [i] Trypho, general of King Alexander of Syria, kills Jonathas, the high priest of the Jews, and Simon, brother of Jonathas, assumes the priesthood.

Lucius Attius, the celebrated writer of tragedies, is held to be famous; he was born when Mancinus and Serranus were consuls, of freedman parents; and he already recited his own writings to the aged Pacuvius at Tarentum; from whom also the Attian estate near Pisaurum is so called, because he had been led there from the City among the colonists.

* After Judas, Johannes (sic), his brother, leads. Chron. pasch. p. 180, A. a Syria and Asia, 11th, Alexander, son of Antiochus Epiphanes, whom Eusebius says reigned for 10 years. Sync. p. 291, A. c Oppius conquered the Celts. In these times, Carthage was captured at last by Scipio Africanus the younger, having 643 years from its founding, but according to others 748. Idem p. 293, B. d Of the Macedonians, 16th, Pseudo-Philippus reigned 1 year. Idem p. 282, C. e Of Egypt and Alexandria, 7th, Ptolemy Euergetes II reigned 28 years. Idem p. 190, A. f To Alexander, King of Syria, Ptolemy gives his own daughter in marriage. Chron. pasch. p. 180, C. g Of Syria and Asia, 14th, Demetrius reigned 3 years. Sync. p. 291, C. h Ptolemy gives his own daughter to Demetrius in marriage, who had previously been the wife of Alexander. Chron. pasch. p. 180, 181. i Johannes (sic) is killed by Trypho by treachery, and Simon his son holds power after him for 8 years. Sync. p. 293, A.

^B b Trypho, having attempted to invade the kingdom of Syria, having killed Antiochus the son of Alexander, in the end also dies himself. After Demetrius, his brother Antiochus, who was surnamed Sidetes, reigned over all of Syria. 161 d A servile war arose in Sicily. R 620. e Antiochus Sidetes, King of Syria, taking up arms against Judea and surrounding Jerusalem with a rampart, when he had compelled the high priest Simon to conditions (or, as others say, to surrender), he withdraws in the 162nd Olympiad. h Arsaces, King of the Parthians, kills Antiochus, to whom Demetrius succeeds again. 163 k Ptolemy is expelled from Egypt. Arverni, a noble city of Gaul, taken, and King Vituitus. l The slaves who were rebelling in Sicily, compelled by the necessity of a siege, turned to devouring their own corpses. 164 n John, leader and high priest of the Jews. R 630. Making war against Hyrcanus, he conquered, whence he received the name Hyrcanus: and seeking the right of friendship from the Romans, by a decree of the senate he was enrolled among the friends.

a High priest Simon, 8 years. Chron. pasch. 182, B. b Trypho, having killed the boy Antiochus, declared himself king, and dies. Sync. p. 291, B, C. c Antiochus Sidetes reigned over Syria and Asia for 13 years, 9 years. Ibidem, D. d In Sicily, the servile war. Idem, p. 292, B. e Demetrius Sidetes, having come to Jerusalem and having engaged in a siege, withdraws on the terms [with Simon]. Chron. pasch. p. 171, C. f The first book of the Maccabees contains history up to this point. Sync. p. 293, D. g High priest in Jerusalem, John (sic), 26 years. Chron. pasch. p. 182, D. h Arsaces the Parthian killed Antiochus. Sync. p. 293, B. i Demetrius reigned over Syria and Asia for 14 years, 4 years. Idem, p. 292, A. k Ptolemy was cast out of the kingdom. Chron. pasch. p. 183, B. l The slaves in Sicily turned to cannibalism. Sync. p. 291, B. m Antiochus Grypus reigned over Syria and Asia for 15 years, 12 years. Ibidem, A. n John (Johannes), priest and at the same time general, having campaigned against the Hyrcanians, was renamed Hyrcanus; and he also, having sent an embassy to the Romans, pledges friendship with them by a decree of the senate. Chron. pasch. p. 182, D.

(1) Such is some of the Vatican codes, which perhaps rightly denies that the Jewish ethnarch could have fought with the Hyrcanians. However, the Greek text favors the vulgate reading, unless perhaps there too it should be written *against the Hyrcanian*.

^A a Hyrcanus, pontiff of the Jews, laid siege to the city of Samaria, which was called Euthemus, ^B and in our time is called Sebaste, and razed it to the ground. Herod, who was a foreigner, later rebuilt it and named it Sebaste in honor of Augustus.

^B b VIII. PTOLEMY PHUSCON, who is also SOTER, for 17 years and 6 months.

^C c XVI. ANTIOCHUS CYZICENUS for 18 years.

^D d Antiochus Cyzicenus, having ejected Grypus, held Syria, and again Grypus, having defeated the Cyzicenian, recovered it. Thus, they reigned in succession, fighting against one another. Cicero is born at Arpinum; his mother was Helvia, his father of the equestrian order from the ancient Volscian race.

^A e V. ARISTOBULUS, year 1.

f Aristobulus, son of Jonathas, king and also pontiff, was the first among the Jews to assume the insignia of a diadem, 484 years after the Babylonian captivity. After him, his son Jannæus, surnamed Alexander, reigned, who, also administering the pontificate, ruled over the citizens most cruelly.

^B 200,000 of the Teutons and Ambrones were slaughtered at Aquae Sextiae; 70,000 were captured by Marius and his general Teutomodus.

^C g VI. JANNÆUS, who is also ALEXANDER, for 27 years. Turpilius, a comic poet, very old, dies at Sinuessa.

Caius Lucilius, writer of satires, dies at Naples and is carried out in a public funeral, in the 46th year of his age.

^D C. Marius, consul for the fifth time, defeats the Cimbri near the River Adige, and triumphs over them along with Catulus.

a Jonathas (Hyrcanus), high priest of the Jews, having besieged Samaria, which is called Sebaste in our time, razed it to the ground; which, later, Herod, who was a foreigner, restored and named Sebaste. *Chron. pasch.*, p. 181, D.

b The eighth to reign over Egypt and Alexandria was Ptolemy Phuscon for 18 years. *Sync.*, p. 290, A.

c The sixteenth to reign over Syria and Asia was Antiochus the Cyzicenian for 18 years. *Idem*, p. 294, C.

d Grypus was cast out by the Cyzicenian, and the Cyzicenian reigned for 18 years; and again Grypus, having cast out the Cyzicenian, reigned for the remaining 4 years; and thus in succession they fought one another. *Idem*, p. 292, A, B.

e The high priest in Jerusalem, Aristobulus, year 1. *Chron. pasch.*, p. 184, A.

f This Aristobulus, son of Jonathas, in addition to the high priesthood, was the first to put on the royal diadem for one year, after 527 years from the first year of the captivity to Babylon. *Ibidem*.

g Jannæus, who is also Alexander, king and at the same time high priest for 27 years, who also ruled most cruelly. *Ibid. B*.

^A M. Furius, the poet known by the surname Bibaculus, is born at Cremona. 1918, 17, 14, 5, 414. The Thracians are defeated by the Romans under Didius.

a Seleucus is burned alive by Antiochus, the son of Cyzicenus.

Titus Lucretius, the poet, is born: who later, having been driven into madness by a love potion, and having written a few books during the intervals of his insanity, which Cicero later edited, killed himself with his own hand in the forty-fourth year of his life.

b Upon the expulsion of Ptolemy Physcon from the kingdom by his mother Cleopatra and his retirement to Cyprus, she reigned herself.

Ptolemy, king of the Cyrenaeans, to whom the surname Appion was given, dying at Cyrene, left the Romans the heirs of his kingdom by testament.

^C c IX. PTOLEMY, who is also ALEXANDER, 10 years. 1919, 1, 15, 6, 415. 171. 1920, 2, 16, 7, 416. Again a servile war arises in Sicily. 1921, 3, 17, 8, 417. 1922, 4, 18, 9, 418. Aquilius suppressed the servile war in Sicily.

XVII. PHILIP, 2 years. 1923, 5, 1, 10, 419. d Antiochus, fleeing to the Parthians, subsequently surrendered himself to Pompey; after him, Philip was captured by Gabinius. R. DCLX. 1924, 6, 2, 11, 420. Up to this point, Syria, having been held by kings, passed into Roman jurisdiction.

The war against the Romans: the Picentes, the Marsi, and the Peligni began it. 1925, 7, 12, 421. L. Pomponius Bononiensis, a famous writer of Atellan farces, is held in high regard. 1926, 8, 13, 422. 1927, 9, 14, 423. Alexander kills his own mother. 173. 1928, 10, 15, 424.

^D e X. PTOLEMY, who had been expelled, 8 years. 1929, 1, 16, 425. This Ptolemy, who had been ejected by his mother, obtained the kingdom upon his return from flight, because the citizens had driven out Alexander, who had been before him, on account of the killing of his mother.

Plotius Gallus was the first to teach Latin rhetoric at Rome; concerning whom Cicero reports thus: "I hold in memory that in our boyhood a certain Plotius began to teach in Latin."

C. Valerius Catullus, the lyric poet, is born at Verona. 1930, 2, 17, 426. Sallustius Crispus, the historical writer, is born at Amiternum in the Sabine territory. 1931, 3, 18, 427. Sylla ravages the Athenians. 174. 1932, 4, 19, 428. Upon a census of Rome being made, 463,000 citizens were found. 1933, 5, 20, 429. The temple of Apollo at Delphi was burned by the Thracians for the third time, and the Capitol at Rome. 1934, 6, 21, 430. Jannæus, king of the Jews, captures many cities of Syria. 1935, 7, 22, 431. P. Terentius Varro is born in the village of Atax in the province of Narbonensis; who later, reaching his thirty-fifth year, studied Greek literature with the greatest zeal. Vultacilius [or Acilius] Plautus, a Latin rhetorician, a freedman of Cn. Pompeius and a teacher, opened a school at Rome. 1936, 8, 23, 432. In the twenty-sixth year of his age, Cicero defended Quintius.

a The Cyzicenian Antiochus burned Seleucus alive. *Sync. p. 292, B.* b The mother, Cleopatra, drove Ptolemy Soter from the kingdom. *Idem p. 290, B.* c Ptolemy, who was also Alexander, was the 9th of Egypt. *Chron. pasch. p. 182.* d Antiochus, fleeing to the Parthians, surrendered himself to Pompey. *Idem p. 292, B.* e Ptolemy who was expelled reigned as the 10th of Egypt for 8 years. *Chron. pasch. v. 183, B.*

^A With Roscio defended against Chrysogonus, Cicero withdraws to Athens. Then, after three years, he returns to Rome. Titus Quintus Atta, a writer of comedies, dies at Rome; he is buried on the Via Praenestina at the second milestone.

a XI. Ptolemy Dionysus, by nickname, for 30 years.

1937: 1 24 433 1938: 2 25 434 1939: 3 26 435 Sulla obtains Rome and dies two years [al. three years] later. Lepidus is judged a public enemy. Pompey triumphs most gloriously.

1940: 4 27 436

^B The war of the gladiators is conducted in Campania.

b VII. Alexandra for 9 years.

1941: 5 1 437 Alexandra, who was also Salina, wife of Alexander, reigned at Jerusalem; in whose age confusion of affairs and various disasters oppressed the Jews.

1942: 6 2 438

1943: 7 3 439 L. Lucullus is the first to be called commander, having conquered Armenia, Mesopotamia, and Nisibis, with the king's brother captured. Antioch and Syria are captured by the Romans.

1944: 8 4 440 Pompey [R DCLXXX] subjugates the whole of Iberia.

1945: 9 5 441 M. Lucullus triumphs over the Bessi, having captured Cabyle [al. Cabye], Tomis, and other neighboring [al. all] cities. The Cretan war is moved, from which [comes] Metellus Creticus.

1946: 10 6 442 Crassus also triumphs.

1947: 11 7 443

1948: 12 8 444 M. Porcius Cato is recognized as a Stoic philosopher. Virgil Maro is born in a village which is called Andes, not far from Mantua, in the consulship of Pompey and Crassus, on the Ides of October.

1949: 13 9 445 The grove of the Daphnetes near Antioch is consecrated to Apollo by Pompey.

1950: 14 1 446

c VIII. Hyrcanus for 34 years.

The Jews are made newly tributary to the Romans through Pompey, and Hyrcanus assumes the high priesthood among them.

^C Aristobulus and Hyrcanus, sons of Alexandra, struggling against one another for the empire, provided an occasion for the Romans to invade Judea. And so, Pompey, coming to Jerusalem, the city being captured and the temple opened, proceeds as far as the Holy of Holies; he takes Aristobulus with him in chains; he confirms the high priesthood to Hyrcanus; then he makes Antipater, son of Herod the Ascalonite, procurator of Palestine.

Libya is left to the Romans by the testament of King Apion. Horatius Flaccus, the satiric and lyric poet, is born at Venusia, of a freedman father.

1951: 15 2 447

1952: 16 3 448

1953: 17 4 449

1954: 18 5 450 Apollodorus of Pergamum, a Greek orator, is regarded as a famous teacher of Callidius and Augustus.

1955: 19 6 451 Pompey, having captured Jerusalem, makes the Jews tributary.

1956: 20 7 452 Cicero spends a year in exile, receiving honorable treatment from Plancius.

1957: 21 8 453 Those things which Sallust writes concerning Catiline, Cethegus, Lentulus, and the consul Cicero, and Livy, occurred at this time. ^D

1958: 22 9 454 Pompey is called commander. e Caesar captures Lusitania and certain islands in the Ocean.

1959: 23 10 455

1960: 24 11 456 Messala Corvinus the orator is born, and Titus Livius of Padua, the historical writer. Virgil is educated in his studies at Cremona. Catullus dies at Rome in the thirtieth year of his age. M. Callidius is regarded as a famous orator; who later, following the Caesarian party in the civil war, while governing Cisalpine Gaul, died at Placentia.

^A 1961: Caesar, crossing the Rhine, ravages the Germans. 1962: The statue of Olympian Jupiter is struck by lightning. 1963: Ventidius is the first of the Romans to defeat the Parthians. 182 1964: Virgil, having assumed the toga, moves to Milan; and after a short time proceeds to Rome. 1965: Curio, a man of noble birth and popular, is regarded as a famous orator at Rome; who thereafter, feeling shame for his lost army in Africa, preferred to die than to return. 1966: Caesar captures the Germans and the Gauls. ^B XII. CLEOPATRA, 22 years. 1967: 1968: The beginning of the civil war between Caesar and Pompey. 183 Diodorus Siculus, a writer of Greek history, is held in high regard.

^C M. Coelius [al. Caecilius], praetor, and T. Annius Milo, an exile [al. exiles], are suppressed while they were simultaneously plotting revolution in the territory of Thurii and Bruttium. I. C. JULIUS CAESAR, 5 years. Pompey, defeated in battle and fleeing, is killed by the eunuchs of the Alexandrian king.

^D Ex hoc loco continua Romanis nascuntur imperia in diem vitæ principalia: et regnat apud Romanos primus omnium Caius Cæsar, qui primus singulare arripuit imperium; a quo Cæsares Romanorum principes appellati.

1969: Ptolemy's corpse, with golden armor, is found in the Nile. 1970: Caesar, in Egypt, confirms the kingdom for Cleopatra for the grace of his debauchery. 1971: Cleopatra enters the city with a royal retinue. 184 1972: The Basilica Julia is dedicated at Rome. A decree of the Senate and of the Athenians is sent to the Jews, who had requested friendship through an embassy. Nigidius Figulus, a Pythagorean and magus, dies in exile. Women are prohibited from using litters and pearls, who had neither husbands nor children, and were under forty-five years of age. 1973: Cassius, having captured Judea, plunders the temple. Servius Sulpicius, a jurist, and P. Servilius Isauricus are carried out with a public funeral.

h Antonius decreed that the fifth month, Quintilis, should be called Julius, because Julius Caesar had been born in it. i On the Ides of March, C. Julius Caesar is killed in the Curia; and P. Dolabella immediately takes up the fasces. C. Julius Caesar's body is cremated in the Rostra for honor. At Rome, three suns appeared at once and gradually converged into the same orb. Among other portents which occurred throughout the world, an ox in the suburbs of Rome spoke to a plowman: that he was being urged in vain; for it was not crops, but men who would soon be lacking.

a Caesar, having crossed the river Rhine, ravaged the Germans. Sync. p. 131, A. b The statue in Olympia was struck by lightning. Ibidem, B. c Caesar crushed the Germans and the Gauls. Ibidem, A. d Cleopatra reigned over Alexandria and Egypt for 22 years. Idem p. 303, A. e Caius Caesar made war against Pompey. Idem p. 301, B. f Caius Julius Caesar, monarch of the Romans for 5 years. Idem p. 303, B. g Caius Julius Caesar was the first of the Romans to be chosen monarch and king; and those after him were called Caesars. Chron. pasch. p. 177, B. h Antonius voted that the seventh month among the Romans, called Quintilis, should be renamed July because of the birth of (Julius) in it. Idem p. 303, C. i Caius Julius Caesar was slaughtered. Idem, p. 189, C.

^A ANTONY moves war against Augustus Caesar. Publius the mime-writer, a Syrian by nationality, holds the stage in Rome. YEAR OF ABRAHAM 1974. ^B

THE SECOND CAESAR AUGUSTUS OCTAVIANUS

Olympiad, and ending at Hyrcanus, in the 186th Olympiad; and the years passed in the interval are 483, as many as the prophecy of Daniel designates, saying: ^A And thou shalt know and understand from the going forth of the word to answer and to build Jerusalem, unto Christ the leader, seven weeks and sixty-two weeks (Dan. IX, 25). These nine and sixty weeks fulfill a period of 483 years, which is the number of years from the beginning of the anointed leaders; of whom the last, Hyrcanus, having been taken prisoner by the Parthians, Herod, the son of Antipater, receives the kingdom of the Jews, to which he had no claim, from Augustus and the Roman senate; and thereafter his sons, until the final siege of Jerusalem; no longer were those of the succession of the priestly race officiating before God, nor serving him for life according to the law of Moses; but obscure men, now some, now others, and some for a single year or but little more, purchased the high priesthood from the Roman rulers. Herod, son of Antipater the Ascalonite and of the mother Cypros, an Arabian, [was granted] by the Romans the kingdom of the Jews, to which he had no right; in whose time, with the birth of Christ approaching, the hereditary succession of the family, and the high priesthood and leadership of the Jews, was dissolved, fulfilling the prophecy spoken through Moses: ^B There shall not fail a prince from Judah, and a leader from his loins, until he comes for whom it is reserved, and he is the expectation of the nations. And next, Daniel prophesies, saying: And after the seven and sixty-two weeks, the anointing shall be destroyed, and judgment shall not be in it: and the people of the coming leader shall destroy the temple and the sanctuary, and they shall be cut off in a flood of war (Dan. IX, 26). And he continues, saying: And upon the temple [shall be] the abomination of desolations, and until the completion of the time, a completion shall be given upon the desolation (ibid. 27).

OLYMPIAD | ABRAHAM | EGYPT | JUD. | ROM. | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | Cleopatra | Herod | Augustus |

^C a. 1. HEROD, a foreigner, the principate of the pontiffs having failed, [reigns] 37 years. Antony and Augustus' treaty. R. 720. 187. 1984. 18. 4. 11.

b. Herod summoned one Ananelus from Babylon and made him high priest of the Jews: and after a short time, having deposed him, he elevated Aristobulus, the brother of his own wife and nephew of Hyrcanus, to the honor. But a year having passed, he returned it to Ananelus, having put Aristobulus to death.

The Romans established colonies. 1985. 19. 5. 12. ^D c. Augustus triumphed with a foot-soldier's triumph. 1986. 20. 6. 13.

Nicetes and Hybreas [alt. Tybreas] and Theodorus, and Plutio are considered the most noble Greek teachers of the art of rhetoric.

^A a Antonius gives up Arabia to Cleopatra. 1987. 21. 4. 14. b The beginning of the third dissension of Augustus and Antonius, because, having repudiated the sister of Caesar, he had taken Cleopatra as his wife. ^C c Up to Cleopatra, the Ptolemies, who were called the Lagidae, reigned in Egypt for 290 [alt. 295] years. Artorius, the physician of Augustus, perishes in a shipwreck after the victory at Actium. The kingdom of Egypt, which was in Alexandria, is destroyed and obeys the Romans. ^D d Cleopatra and Antonius kill themselves, and Egypt becomes a Roman province; which Gaius Cornelius Gallus held first, of whom Virgil writes in the *Bucolics*. Acts of war were carried out by Augustus: the Mutinensian war, by which Brutus was delivered by him from the siege of Antonius; the war at Perusia, a city of Tuscany, against L. Antonius, the brother of Antonius, the consul; the Pharsalian war, at Philippi, a city of Macedonia, against Brutus and Cassius, the slayers of Caesar; the Sicilian war, against Sextus Pompeius, the son of Pompeius; the Actiac war, against Antonius and Cleopatra; this place is in Epirus.

1989. 6. 16. e Caesar is called Augustus, from whom the month of Sextilis received the name of August. Nicopolis is founded near Actium, and the Actian games are established from this. f Some compute the first year of the monarchy of Augustus from this point. Anaxilaus of Larissa, a Pythagorean and magician, is expelled from the City and Italy by Augustus. 1990. 7. 17. g Augustus enters Rome with a great triumph and pomp, and the children of Cleopatra, i.e., Helios and Selene, are led before his chariot. Cornelius Gallus, a poet from Forum Julii, by whom Egypt was first ruled as we said above, kills himself with his own hand in the 43rd [alt. 63rd] year of his age. h Augustus establishes very many laws at Rome. 1991. 8. 18. The Indians ask for friendship from Augustus through envoys. Messala Corvinus is made the first Prefect of the City; he abdicated the magistracy on the sixth day, protesting that the power was uncivil. i A census having been conducted at Rome, there were found 4,164,000 Roman citizens [alt. 1,564,000]. 1992. 9. 19. Colonies are led out. The city of Thebes in Egypt is razed to the ground. The city of Tralles settled down due to an earthquake. Marcus Terentius Varro, the philosopher, dies when nearly ninety years old. Munatius Plancus, a disciple of Cicero, is considered an outstanding orator; while he was governing Gaul Comata, he founded Lugdunum.

^A Antonius gives Arabia to Cleopatra. *Sync.* p. 308, A. ^B The war against Antonius arises. *Idem* p. 311, A. ^C Up to this point are the Lagidae. *Idem* p. 308, C. ^D Antonius and Cleopatra do away with themselves. *Idem* p. 311, A. Augustus, having come to Egypt, masters Egypt, having destroyed the kingdom of the Ptolemies, which had lasted 296 years. *Chron. pasch.* p. 192, B. e Octavius is called Augustus; and the month of Sextilis is likewise named after him. *Ibidem*. Nicopolis, which is at Actium, was built. *Idem* p. 308, C. f From this point some number the first year of the monarchy of Augustus. *Ibidem*. But those in Alexandria number the times of Augustus from the 14th year. *Idem* p. 311, C. g Augustus brought Cleopatra's children, Helios and Selene, to Rome, showing a triumph over them most pleasing to the Romans. *Idem* p. 311, B. h Augustus gave laws to the Romans. *Idem* p. 513, C. i A taxing having taken place in Rome, 4,164,000 of the Romans were registered. *Ibidem*, D.

[OLYMP. 1993] b Augustus makes Calabria and the Gauls subject to tribute. Quintilius of Cremona, the friend of Virgil and Horace, dies. R. DCCXXX. e Augustus deprived the people of Cyzicus of their liberty. a Marcus Lollius makes Galatia a Roman province. c Augustus, when the monarchy was offered to him, refused it. d Tiberius, sent by Augustus, occupied Armenia. Pylades, a Cilician pantomime, since the ancients used to sing and dance for themselves, was the first in Rome to have a chorus and a flute-player perform for him. f The Cantabri, stirring up a rebellion, are crushed. Herod constructs many great public buildings in Jerusalem. Atratinus, who at seventeen years of age had accused Caelius, is held to be a famous orator. Finally, through weariness of his diseases, he committed suicide in a bath, and left Augustus his heir. h Augustus granted liberty to the Samians. i In Cyprus, very many parts of the cities collapsed in an earthquake. k Marcus Lollius defeats the Germans who had taken up arms.

Virgil dies at Brundisium, in the consulship of Sentius Saturninus and Lucretius Cinna. His bones, having been moved to Neapolis, are buried at the second milestone from the city, under a title which he himself had dictated when he was dying : *Mantua bore me, the Calabrians snatched me away, now Parthenope holds me; I sang of pastures, fields, and leaders.*

Herod, raising Samaria, which had long since lain in ashes, from its foundations, named it Augusta, that is, Sebastia, in honor of Augustus; and in Paneas, that which is called Panion, he built; and in the city of the Paniotae, he constructed a temple to Silvanus.

[OLYMP. 1999] * Tiberius is called Caesar.

Varius and Tucca, the companions of Virgil and Horace, are considered illustrious poets; they later amended the books of the Aeneid, under the condition that they add nothing. m Augustus adopted Gaius Agrippa as his son. Aemilius Macer of Verona, a poet, is born and dies in Asia. Cestius of Smyrna taught Latin rhetoric in Rome. R. DCCXL.

[GREEK ANNOTATIONS] a Marcus Lollius extended the Roman [rule over] Galatia. *Sync.* p. 313, C. b Augustus Caesar made Calabria and the Gauls tributary. *Chron. pasch.* p. 193. c Augustus refused the monarchy when it was offered to him. *Sync.* p. 313, C. d Tiberius presented Armenia to Augustus. *Ibidem.* e Augustus took away the liberty of the Cyzicenes. *Ibid.* f The Cantabri, having revolted, were destroyed. *Sync.* p. 313, C. g Herod built many and great things in Jerusalem; and the same one, having raised up from the foundations the ancient Samaria, which was in ruins, named it Sebaste in honor of the Emperor Augustus; and in Paneas he constructed the Panion. *Chron. pasch.* p. 193, B. h Augustus granted liberty to the Samians. *Idem* p. 313, C. i An earthquake leveled many parts of Cyprus. *Ibidem.* k Marcus Lollius defeated the Germans who were revolting. *Idem* p. 314, A. l Tiberius Caesar was proclaimed. *Idem* p. 313, D. m Augustus adopted Gaius Agrippa. *Ibidem.* n The Romans sent colonies to Patras and Berytus. *Idem* p. 314, A. o Agrippa captured the Bosphorus. *Ibidem*, B. p Tiberius Caesar subdued the Vindelici and those bordering on Thrace. *Idem* p. 315, D. q Augustus was elected high priest. *Idem* p. 314, B.

^A Herodes rebuilt Anthedon, renaming it Agrippina. He also built Antipatris in honor of his father Antipater, and Herodion in his own honor, having founded the city by his own name. He built Caesarea in Judea in the name of Caesar, which was previously called the Tower of Straton. He rebuilt cities throughout all of Syria and Galilee.

^B Tiberius Caesar, having warred against the Germans, was hailed as Imperator. ^C Herod killed Hyrcanus, who had once been high priest of the Jews, upon his return from Parthian captivity in his old age, fearing the nobility of his descent; likewise he killed his own son, the high priest Aristobulus. The same bloodthirsty man murdered his own wife, Mariamne, daughter of Hyrcanus, along with their two sons who had already reached manhood, as well as the mother of the murdered Mariamne, his own mother-in-law. ^D In addition to his other bloodthirsty deeds, he killed the husband of his own sister Salome; and when he bestowed her upon another as wife, he killed this man as well. He also slew the scribes and interpreters of the divine law with a similar crime.

*Ibidem* C, D, and *Chron. pasch.* p. 195, D. *Chron. pasch.* p. 195, D. *Sync.* p. 314, D. *Ibidem*. *Ibidem*, *Chron. pasch.* p. 202, D. *Ibidem*. *Ibidem*. *Chron. pasch.* p. 194, B. *Sync.* p. 314, A. *Idem* p. 316, B.

a Herodes rebuilt the city of Anthedon. And he built Antipatris and Herodion in honor of his father Antipater and himself. He also built countless public works most skillfully in the individual cities of the Syrias which he governed.

OLYMP. ABRAHA. JUD. ROM. Herodes Augustus 2005 22 32 2006 23 33 Horace dies in Rome in the fifty-seventh year of his age. 2007 24 34 Passienus the father, a notable declaimer, dies. ^C Tiberius, having devastated Germania, is called Imperator. 2008 25 35 Caius Julius Hyginus, surnamed Polyhistor, is regarded as a notable grammarian.

^D Herodes kills Hyrcanus, who had once been priest of the Jews, upon his return from Parthian captivity, and his son, who had succeeded to the priesthood of his father: he also kills his own sister, his wife, with two of their own sons who were already adolescents, and the mother of the woman killed, his mother-in-law, most cruelly. Herodes added this to the things he had most cruelly performed above: he kills the husband of his sister Salome: and when he had given her to another as a wife, he kills him also. He kills the scribes and interpreters of the divine law with a similar crime.

[E] Tiberius Caesar triumphed over the captured Pannonians. [F] Tiberius triumphed over the Rhaetians, Vindelici, Armenians and Pannonians. Many buildings fell in the island of Cos due to an earthquake. Marcus Tullius Tiro, the freedman of Cicero, who first conceived of shorthand notes, grows old to his hundredth year on his estate at Puteoli.

[G] Augustus condemns his daughter Julia, caught in adultery, to exile. R. DCCL. [H] Augustus provides gladiatorial games and a naval contest. Albucius Silo of Novara is recognized as a famous rhetorician. Melissus of Spoleto is recognized as a grammarian. M. Porcius Latro, the Latin declaimer, kills himself out of weariness of a double quartan fever. [I] Cyrenius is sent into Judea by decree of the senate and describes the census of men and possessions.

All years from Abraham to the birth of Christ are summed up as two thousand and fifteen years. From Adam to Christ, five thousand two hundred and two years less. Tertullian in the book which he wrote against the Jews affirms that Christ was born in the 41st year of Augustus, and suffered in the 15th of Tiberius.

JESUS CHRIST THE SON OF GOD IS BORN IN BETHLEHEM OF JUDAEA

Caius Caesar makes an alliance with the Parthians. [a] [b] Xystus the Pythagorean philosopher is recognized. Augustus adopts Tiberius and Agrippa as his sons. [c] Herod, when he had learned of the birth of Christ through the indication of the Magi, ordered that all the small children in Bethlehem be killed. [d] Judas the Galilean exhorts the Jews to rebel. Asinius Pollio, an orator and consular who had triumphed over the Dalmatians, dies at his Tusculan villa in the 70th year of his age. [e] Herod dies miserably but deservedly from a dropsy of the skin and worms swarming through his entire body. [f] ARCHELAUS II for 9 years. [g] In place of Herod, his son Archelaus is appointed king by Augustus, and his four brothers—Herod, Antipater, Lysias, and Philip—become tetrarchs.

Tiberius Caesar brings the Dalmatians and Sarmatians under Roman power. Athenodorus the Tarsian, a Stoic philosopher, and Marcus Verrius Flaccus, a grammarian, are held in high esteem. Rome Year 760. [i] A famine so great occurs in Rome that five modii of wheat are sold for 27 and a half denarii. Philistion the mimic, a Magnesian of Asia by birth, is held in high esteem at Rome. Messala Corvinus, an orator, two years before he died lost his memory and senses to such a degree that he could barely string together a few words, and in the end, having developed an ulcer around his sacrum, he exhausted himself by fasting, in the 72nd [al. 70th] year of his age. [k] Sotion the Alexandrian philosopher, preceptor of Seneca, is held in high esteem. [l] The Athenians, attempting innovations against the Romans, are suppressed, and the authors of the sedition are killed. [m] Augustus, while conducting a census at Rome with his son Tiberius, finds the number of men to be 9,370,000 [al. 9,360,000]. [n] Archelaus, in the ninth year of his reign, is relegated to the city of Vienne in Gaul; and after him Herod, his brother, is constituted tetrarch of the Jews. [o] An eclipse of the sun occurs, and Augustus dies in the 76th year of his age at Atella in Campania and is buried at Rome in the Campus Martius.

^A Caius Asinius Gallus, an orator, the son of Asinius Pollio, of whom Virgil also makes mention, is put to death by Tiberius with cruel tortures. ^B Tiberius becomes emperor for 23 years. Herodes becomes tetrarch for 24 years. Livius the historian dies at Padua. Germanicus Caesar triumphs over the Parthians.

Fourteen cities were destroyed by an earthquake: Ephesus, Magnesia, Sardis, Mosthene, Aegae, Hierocaesarea, Philadelphia, Tmolus, Temnus, Cyme, Smyrna, Apollonia, Dia, and Hyrcania. Ovid the poet dies in exile and is buried near the town of Tomis.

Fenestella, a writer of histories and poems, dies in his seventieth year and is buried at Cumae. Tiberius, having summoned many kings to him by flattery, never dismissed them; among whom was Archelaus the Cappadocian, whose kingdom he turned into a province and ordered its most noble city, Mazaca, to be called Caesarea.

Pompey's theater is burned. ^C Tiberius makes Drusus a partner in his rule. Drusus Caesar dies by poison. Philip the tetrarch founded a city in Syria Phoenice which is now called Paneas, in which he had built many houses, and which at that time he called Caesarea Philippi. The same tetrarch Philip also founded another city, Julias.

Q. Haterius, a quick and popular orator, reaches an old age in the highest honor until nearly his ninetieth year. Votienus Montanus, an orator from Narbonne, dies in the Balearic Islands, having been relegated there by Tiberius. Servius Plautus, accused of the corruption of his son, kills himself in the courtroom. ^D Pilate is sent by Tiberius as procurator of Judea. Herodes founded the city of Tiberias, which he named in honor of Tiberius, and he founded another city, Liviada.

John, son of Zacharias, preaching in the desert near the Jordan river, testifies that Christ the Son of God is present in their midst. The Lord Jesus Christ himself from this point announces the way of salvation to the peoples, proving by signs and miracles that what he said was true.

Computing to the present year, that is, the 15th of Tiberius Caesar, from the second year of the restoration of the temple, which occurred under the second year of Darius, king of the Persians, there are 548 years. From Solomon and the first building of the temple, 1060 [or 1040] years. From Moses and the departure of Israel from Egypt, 1539 years. From Abraham and the reign of Ninus and Semiramis, 2044 years. From the flood until Abraham, 842 years. From Adam until the flood, 2242 years.

OLYMPIAD | CHRISTUS | JUD. | ROM. --- | --- | --- | --- | | Herodes | Tiberius | --- | --- | --- | --- | 30 | 16 | 16 |

^A Jesus Christ, the Son of God, preaching the way of salvation to all, performs the miracles which are written in the Gospels.

| 31 | 17 | 17 |

Jesus Christ, the Son of God, instructing his disciples in the divine sacraments, commands them to announce conversion to God to all nations.

| 203 | 32 | 18 | 18 | | | 33 | 19 | 19 |

^B Jesus Christ, in accordance with the prophecies which had been foretold concerning him, came to his passion in the eighteenth year of Tiberius: at which time we find these things written verbatim even in other records of the heathens: “The sun suffered an eclipse; Bithynia was shaken by an earthquake, and many buildings fell in the city of Nicaea.” All of which harmonizes with those things which occurred at the passion of the Lord. Phlegon, indeed, who is an excellent calculator of the Olympiads, writes concerning these things in his thirteenth book, saying thus: “In the fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad, a great and excellent eclipse of the sun occurred, greatest of all that had happened before it; the day at the sixth hour was turned into such dark night that the stars were seen in the heavens; and an earthquake in Bithynia overturned many buildings in the city of Nicaea.” These things the aforementioned man.

The proof of this matter, that the Savior suffered in this year, is provided by the Gospel of John: in which it is written that after the fifteenth year of Tiberius Caesar, the Lord preached for three years. Josephus also, a native writer of the Jews, testifies that about these times, on the day of Pentecost, the priests first felt a commotion and the sound of noise, and then heard a sudden voice from within the secret part of the temple saying: “Let us depart from these seats.” The aforementioned man also writes that, in the same year, the governor Pilate set up the images of Caesar in the temple in the secrecy of the night; and this became the first cause of sedition and turmoil for the Jews. From this point one should consider what calamities subsequently oppressed the Jewish nation.

^C James, who is held to be the brother of the Lord, is ordained by the apostles as the first bishop of the churches of Jerusalem.

| 34 | 20 | 20 |

Cassius Severus, a famous orator, who had mocked that proverb of Quintianus [or Quintilian], dies in the twenty-fifth year of his exile in extreme poverty, scarcely covered in a rag to hide his nakedness.

The Chronography of Eusebius

^A Jesus Christ preaches the Gospel of the kingdom. Chron. pasch. p. 210, D.

^B Jesus Christ, the Son of God, our Lord, in accordance with the prophecies concerning him, moved toward his passion in the nineteenth year of the reign of Tiberius; at which time we have found it recorded in other Greek commentaries verbatim as follows: “The sun failed, Bithynia was shaken, most of Nicaea fell”; which also harmonizes with events regarding the passion of our Savior. Phlegon, who collects the Olympiads, writes concerning the same things in his thirteenth book thus: “In the fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad, an eclipse of the sun occurred, the greatest of all that were known before; and night happened at the sixth hour of the day, so that stars appeared in the heavens; and a great earthquake throughout Bithynia overturned most of Nicaea.” And these things the aforementioned man. A proof that the Savior suffered in this year might be the testimony of the Gospel according to John, which witnesses to a three-year period of his teaching having passed after the fifteenth year of Tiberius. About the same time, Josephus also records that on the day of Pentecost, the priests first perceived a movement and a sound, and then heard a sudden voice from inside, from the innermost sanctuary, saying to them: “Let us leave from here.” And the same Josephus records something else: that the governor Pilate, at the same time, placed the images of Caesar into the temple by night, as it was not lawful, having cast the beginning of great turmoil and sedition upon the Jews; from which point consider what calamities overtook the Jewish nation. Eusebius apud Sync. p. 324-325.

^C James, the brother of the Lord, is established as the first bishop of Jerusalem by the apostles. Sync. p. 328, B.

^A Pilate, after the aforementioned sedition which had been stirred up because of Caesar's images, spent upon an aqueduct for Jerusalem the sacred treasury which the Jews call the Corban, and thereby provided the seeds for a second sedition. Persius Flaccus, the satirical poet, is born at Volaterrae. 35 21 21 Philo Judaeus, a most learned man, was becoming known. ^B Sejanus, prefect of Tiberius, who had the greatest influence with him, exhorted him most insistently to destroy the Jewish nation. Philo makes mention of this in the second book of the *Legatio*. ^C Agrippa, son of King Herod, having gone to Rome as the accuser of Herod the tetrarch, is thrown into chains by Tiberius. 36 22 22 Many of the senators and knights were executed. ^D When Pilate reported the Christian doctrine to Tiberius, Tiberius referred it to the Senate, so that it might be accepted among the other sacred rites. But when it pleased the Senate that the Christians should be eliminated from the City, Tiberius, by edict, threatened death to the accusers of the Christians. Tertullian writes of this in his *Apologeticus*. The Emperor Tiberius dies in Campania. 204 37 23 23 [f] Caius deifies himself. Pontius Pilate, falling into many calamities, killed himself with his own hand. The historians of the Romans write this. Passienus, the son, is killed by the fraud of his heir. R. DCCXC. 38 24 1 [g] Caius took the wife of Memmius Regulus, forcing him to write that he was his wife's father. [e] IV. CAIUS reigns 3 years and 10 months. [k] IV. AGRIPPA [reigns] 7 years. 39 1 2 [i] Caius Caesar, nicknamed Caligula, having freed Agrippa from his chains, makes him king of Judea. [-] Many of the nobility were killed by Caius. [-] Caius condemned his own sisters, upon whom he had committed incest, to exile on islands. [m] Flaccus Avillius, prefect of Egypt, oppresses the Jews with many calamities, with the consent of the Alexandrian populace, which clamored against them with frequent outcries. He also polluted their synagogues with images, statues, altars, and victims. Philo reports in the book entitled *Flaccus* that all these things were done in his presence, for which reason he himself undertook the embassy to Caius Caesar.

^A The same [Caius] ordered all those in exile to be put to death. Josephus and Philo report that throughout all the synagogues of the Jews, statues and images and altars were consecrated to Caius. [c] Caius commanded Petronius, the prefect of Syria, to place his own statue in Jerusalem under the name of Jupiter Optimus Maximus. [d] Peter the Apostle, when he had first founded the Church in Antioch, is sent to Rome, and there, preaching the Gospel, he perseveres as bishop of the same city for twenty-five years. [e] Caius is killed by his own protectors in the palace, in the thirty-fourth year of his age [otherwise the twenty-ninth].

[g] Mark the evangelist, interpreter of Peter, announces Christ in Egypt and in Alexandria. [i] Evodius is ordained the first bishop of Antioch. [k] Claudius triumphed over the Britons and added the Orcades islands to the Roman empire. [f] V. CLAUDIUS [reigned] for fourteen years, eight months, and twenty-eight days. This is that Claudius, uncle of Drusus, who has a monument at Mainz. (Alternatively, uncle, because he was the brother of Caius's mother.) The prophecy of Agabus, which in the Acts of the Apostles had foretold that there would be a famine over the whole world, is fulfilled under Claudius. Claudius Quirinalis, a rhetorician from Arles, teaches most illustriously at Rome. Domitius Afer, from Nîmes, is held to be a famous orator, who afterwards, in the reign of Nero, dies from an abundance of food at dinner. [l] Agrippa, king of the Jews, dying after reigning for seven years; after him his son Agrippa is substituted into the kingdom by Claudius. [m] V. AGRIPPA [reigned] for twenty-six years. [n] Upon a registration of Rome having been made under Claudius, six million, nine hundred and forty-three thousand Roman citizens were found. [p] Thrace, having been ruled by kings up to this time, is reduced to a province. [o] Between Therasia and Thera, an island appeared having a circumference of thirty stadia.

^A Under the procurator of Judea, Cumanus, in the days of Unleavened Bread, such a sedition arose in Jerusalem that in the exits of the gates, as the people trampled one another, thirty [al. twenty] thousand Jews perished.

Marcus Antonius Liberalis, a Latin rhetorician, exercises great enmities with Palaemon.

Palaemon of Vicenza, an eminent grammarian, is held at Rome: who, being once asked what the difference was between a *stilla* (drop) and a *gutta* (spot/drop), said, "The *gutta* stands; the *stilla* falls."

A great famine occurred at Rome.

^{B C} Claudius sends Felix as procurator of Judea, before whom the apostle Paul, being accused, pleads his defense.

^D Under the procurator Felix of Judea, many arose who would deceive the people by their persuasion: among whom was a certain Egyptian false prophet, who, associating the multitude with himself, is suppressed by the army of Felix in the very attempt at great things. Josephus writes in agreement with the Acts of the Apostles, in which it is said to Paul by the tribune: "Are you not that Egyptian, who before these days stirred up and led out into the desert four thousand men?"

^D Upon the departure of Felix from Judea, a sedition arose in Caesarea Stratonis which destroyed a great multitude of Jews.

^A Festus succeeds Felix, before whom, in the presence of King Agrippa, the apostle Paul, explaining the reason for his religion, is sent bound to Rome.

Probus of Berytus, a most learned grammarian, is recognized at Rome.

Claudius dies in the palace in the sixty-fourth [al. forty-fourth] year of his age.

^B VI. NERO [reigns] for thirteen years, seven months, and twenty-eight days. His uncle was Caius Caligula.

^C Nero, competing with the cithara at Rome, is victorious.

^C Nero kills his mother Agrippina and his father’s sister.

Statius Surculus of Toulouse teaches rhetoric most famously in Gaul.

^D Albinus succeeded Festus as magistrate of Judea.

Nero was of such luxury that he would bathe in cold and hot perfumes, and fished with golden nets, which he would haul in with purple cords.

210

^A In the days of Unleavened Bread, a sedition having occurred in Jerusalem, the Jews, being trampled about the exits of the gates, perished to the number of about thirty thousand, Cumanus being the Roman general and governor of all Judea.

^B A great famine having occurred throughout Greece, the modius of wheat was sold for six drachmae.

^C Claudius sent out Felix as governor of Judea; Paul, having been accused by the Jews before him, made his defense.

^D Felix, being sent to govern Judea, when many other Jews were being deceived, among whom was an Egyptian false prophet who was attempting a project with thirty thousand men, the command of Felix was dissolved. Josephus agrees with this in the Acts of the Apostles, where it is said to the divine Paul by the chiliarch: Are you then not that Egyptian, who before these days stirred up and led out into the wilderness the four thousand men?

[E] Under him a sedition of the Jews occurred in Caesarea Stratonis, and many were destroyed.

[F] Festus as successor, before whom the divine Paul, having made his defense in the presence of Agrippa the King of the Jews, is sent as a prisoner to Rome.

[G] Nero reigned over the Romans for thirteen years.

[H] Nero killed his mother Agrippina, and his father's sister.

[I] Nero won while playing the cithara at Rome.

[K] Albinus succeeded Festus.

^A a An earthquake at Rome, and an eclipse of the sun. ^B b James, the brother of the Lord, whom everyone called the Just, is put to death by the Jews with stones; in his throne Simeon, who is also Simon, is received as the second. ^C c After Mark the evangelist, Anianus is ordained as the first bishop of the Alexandrian Church, who presided for twenty-two years. (Armenian: twenty-six). Persius dies in the twenty-ninth year of his age. e Nero, contending in a cithara contest at Rome, surpasses all. Baths built by Nero, which he called the Neronian baths. d A thunderbolt fell before the table of Nero. ^D f Florus succeeds Albinus as governor: under him the Jews rebelled against the Romans. g In Asia, three cities fell by earthquake: Laodicea, Hierapolis, and Colossae. Junius Gallio, brother of Seneca, an eminent declaimer, killed himself with his own hand. M. Annaeus Lucanus of Corduba, a poet, caught in the Pisonian conspiracy, offered his arm to a physician to cut his veins. Nero, so that he might behold a likeness of Troy burning, set fire to the greatest part of the city of Rome. h Nero kills many other distinguished men, as well as his wife Octavia, and drives Cornutus the philosopher, the tutor of Persius, into exile. Many of the nobility were killed by Nero in Rome. Nero is crowned in the Olympiad, surpassing ceryces, cithara players, tragedians, and charioteers in a varied contest. Only two provinces were made under Nero: Pontus Polemoniacus and the Cottian Alps, upon the death of King Cottius. i After Peter, Linus held the Roman Church for twelve years. L. Annaeus Seneca of Corduba, tutor of Nero and uncle to the poet Lucanus, perished by the cutting of his veins and the drinking of poison. k Musonius and Plutarch are held as distinguished philosophers. l Again, Nero, celebrating the Isthmian, Pythian, and Actian games, is crowned among ceryces, tragedians, and cithara players. Some codices have that the 211th Olympiad was not held, as Nero deferred it to his own presence. To Nero, for the expenses of the market, one hundred million sesterces are supplied annually by decree of the senate.

THE FIRST PERSECUTION

R. DCCCXX. ^A L. Annaeus Mela, brother of Seneca and Gallio, and father of the poet Lucan, is put to death by Nero.

a The Jews, unable to bear the avarice of Gessius Florus, rebel; Vespasian is sent by Nero as commander-in-chief, and he captures very many cities of Judea.

b Flavius Josephus, the historian, a leader in the Jewish war, when he was about to be killed by the Romans, prophesies to Vespasian concerning the death of Nero and his own empire.

c Nero, being sought by the senate for punishment, flees from the palace and kills himself at the fourth milestone from the City in a suburban villa of his freedman, between the Salarian and Nomentan ways, in the thirty-first year of his age; with him, the entire family of Augustus came to an end.

d After Nero, Galba in Spain, Vitellius in Germany, and Otho in Rome seized the empire. Marcus Fabius Quintilianus is brought to Rome by Galba.

e Vespasian, having defeated the Jews in two battles, drove them to the walls.

Galba, in the seventh month of his reign, is beheaded in the middle of the forum of the city of Rome.

Otho, in the third month of his reign, died by his own hand at Vetriacum [al. Bebriacum].

Vitellius, killed by the leaders of Vespasian, is thrown into the Tiber in the eighth month and one day of his reign. ^B Galba, Otho, and Vitellius reigned for one year and six months.

f Ignatius is ordained the second bishop of Antioch.

g VII. VESPASIANUS, 9 years, 11 months, 22 days.

h Vespasian, having been proclaimed emperor by the army in Judea, and entrusting the war to his son Titus, sets out for Rome via Alexandria.

The Capitol at Rome is burned.

i Titus, having captured Judea and razed Jerusalem, kills 600,000 men. Josephus, however, writes that 1,100,000 perished by famine and the sword, and another 100,000 captives were sold publicly. He reports that the reason such a great multitude was found at Jerusalem was the festival of Unleavened Bread, on account of which the Jews from every nation were flocking to the temple and were shut up in the city as if in a prison. For it was fitting that they be killed in those days of the Pasch, in which they had crucified the Savior. ^C

[The Greek column entries correspond to the Latin entries presented above: ^A the rebellion against Gessius Florus and the mission of Vespasian; Josephus’ prophecy; the death of Nero; the successions of Galba, Otho, and Vitellius; Vespasian’s military operations. ^B The death of Galba and Otho. ^C The ordination of Ignatius; Vespasian’s reign and arrival in Rome; the destruction of Jerusalem and the slaughter of the Jews, with Josephus’ account of the gathering for the Passover as the cause.]

^A The whole period is gathered up to the second year of Vespasian and the final overthrow of Jerusalem, from the fifteenth year of Tiberius Caesar and the beginning of the evangelical preaching, namely 43 years. From the captivity, however, which they suffered under Antiochus, there are 239 years. Furthermore, from the second year of Darius, under whom the temple was rebuilt, there are 591 years. From the first building of the temple under Solomon until its final destruction, which took place under Vespasian, there are 1100 years.

| OLYMP. | CHRISTUS | ROM. | | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | | Vespasianus | 3 | | | 213 | 72 | 4 | | | | 73 | 5 | [b] Vespasian began to build the Capitol. | | | 74 | 6 | [c] A sedition arose in Alexandria. | | | 75 | 7 | [d] A Colossus was erected having a height of 105 feet (Arm. 128). |

Achaia, Lycia, Rhodes, Byzantium, Samos, Thrace, Cilicia, and Commagene, which were previously free and under friendly kings, were reduced to a province. [e] Three cities of Cyprus collapsed in an earthquake.

Q. Asconius Pedianus, a historical writer, is held in high regard; he lost his sight in the seventy-third year of his age and lived twelve years thereafter, growing old in the highest honor of all.

Gabinius [al. Gabianus, or Gabinianus], a rhetorician of most celebrated name, taught in the Gauls.

[f] A huge plague occurred in Rome: so that for many days ten thousand deaths of persons were reported in the daily register. The greatest part of the Roman nobility perished from the disease.

Vespasian established colonies, and died of a flux of the bowels in his own villa near the Sabines, in the sixty-ninth year of his age.

[g] The second bishop of the Roman Church, Anacletus, was appointed for 12 years (Arm. 7). [i] VIII. TITUS [reigned] 2 years, 2 months.

[k] Mount Vesuvius, having burst at the summit, threw out so great an amount of fire that it burned up the surrounding regions and cities, along with their inhabitants.

Titus, the son of Vespasian, was most eloquent in both tongues, and of such goodness that one day, when he remembered at supper that he had done nothing for anyone on that day, he said: "Friends, I have lost the day."

Titus recalls the philosopher Musonius Rufus from exile. [l] Many houses in Rome were consumed by fire. Titus builds an amphitheatre in Rome: and at its dedication, he killed five thousand wild beasts.

[m] Titus dies of a disease in the same villa where his father died, in the forty-second year of his age.

[a] IX. DOMITIANUS, Titus’s younger brother, reigned 15 years and 5 months. [b] By decree of the senate, Titus is numbered among the gods. [c] Domitian’s wife is called Augusta. [d] Domitian forbade the making of eunuchs. [e] Three Vestal virgins [were] condemned for unchastity. [f] Domitian sent very many of the senators into exile. [g] Abilius is established as the second bishop of the Alexandrian church, who presided for 13 years. Domitian built a temple without the use of wood. [i] The Nasamones and Daci, fighting against the Romans, were defeated. [k] Domitian sent very many of the nobility into exile, and killed [others]. [l] Two months are called by other names: September "Germanicus," and October "Domitianus." R. DCCCLX. [m] Domitian was the first to order that he be called master and god. Quintilian, from Calagurris in Hispania, was the first to hold a public school in Rome, and he received a salary from the treasury, and attained fame.

At this time, for the establishing of the foundation of the new faith in the Gauls, the divine piety destined magnificent and industrious men: namely, Dionysius for the Parisians, Regulus for the Silvanectenses, Nicaise for the Rhotomagensians, Taurinus for the Ebroicenses, Trophimus for the Arelatenses, Paulus for Narbonne, Saturninus for Toulouse, Astremonius for the Arverni, Martialis for the Lemovices, Gratianus for the Turonici, Julianus for the Cenomanici, Lucianus for the Belvacenses, Firmus for the Ambianenses, and Pothinus for the Lugdunenses.

Domitian drove the mathematicians and philosophers from the city of Rome. Many works were completed in Rome, among which were the Capitol, the Forum Transitorium, the Porticus Divorum [or Clivorum], the Isium and Serapium, the stadium [or Serapicum stadium], the granaries, the Piperataria [or pepper-granaries], the Temple of Vespasian, Minerva Chalcidica, the Odeum, the Forum of Trajan, the Baths of Trajan and Titus, the Senate-house, the Ludus Matutinus, the Mica Aurea, the Meta Sudans, and the Pantheon.

[n] Domitian triumphed over the Dacians and Germans. [m] The chief of the Vestal virgins, Cornelia, convicted of unchastity, was buried alive according to the law. [o] The third bishop of the Roman Church, Clement, presided for nine years. Domitian was of such pride that he ordered golden and silver statues of himself to be placed on the Capitol. Flavius Josephus here brings to an end the second book of his History of the Ancients. [p] Domitian prohibited vines from being planted in the cities. Domitian destroyed many of the nobility: some, indeed, he sent into exile. [q] Domitian again expelled the philosophers and mathematicians from the city of Rome by edict.

^A

OLYMP. CHRISTUS ROM. 95 14 a Domitian, second after Nero, persecutes the Christians: and under him the apostle John is banished to the island of Patmos, where he is said to have seen the Apocalypse, as Irenæus relates.

SECOND PERSECUTION. b Apollonius of Tyana and Euphrates, distinguished philosophers, are held in esteem. c Domitian ordered those who were of the lineage of David to be slain, so that no one of the Jewish royal line should remain. Bruttius writes that many of the Christians suffered martyrdom under Domitian: among them Flavia Domitilla, niece by his sister to Flavius Clemens the consul, who was banished to the island of Pontia because she testified that she was a Christian. In this year the blessed Dionysius and Nicasius, with their companions, reached Christ through the crown of martyrdom.

96 15 d Many signs and portents occurred at Rome 219 97 16 and in the whole world. 98 1 e X. NERVA, year 1, months 4. Domitian, having been killed in the Palace, is ignominiously carried out by undertakers, in the 35th year of his age [al. 45th]. f The third bishop of the Church of Alexandria, Cerdo, presided for eleven years. g Justus of Tiberias is recognized as a writer of the Jews. Nerva perishes from disease in the Gardens of Sallust in the 72nd year of his age, having already adopted Trajan as his son. Trajan was made emperor at Agrippina in Gaul; he was born at Italica, in Spain. h The Senate decreed that all things which Domitian had ordained should be rendered void. Thus many, whom he had unjustly cast out, returned from exile, and some recovered their own property. They say also that the apostle John, being released from exile at this time, came to Ephesus: in which city he had lodging and very dear friends. ^B

k Irenæus the bishop writes that the apostle John remained in life until the times of Trajan: ^C after whom his distinguished hearers were Papias, bishop of Hierapolis, and Polycarpus of Smyrna, and Ignatius of Antioch. 99 1 i XI. TRAJANUS, years 19, months 6. 100 2 Decreto of the Senate, Nerva is enrolled among the gods. l Evaristus [undertook] the episcopate of the Church of Rome, the fourth, for nine years. 102 4 m Trajan triumphs over the Dacians and Scythians. 103 5 n Trajan, having defeated king Decebalus, made Dacia a province: he received into his allegiance the Iberians, Sarmatians, Osroenians, Arabs, Bosphoranians, and Colchians: he occupied and held Seleucia, Ctesiphon, and Babylon. He established a fleet in the Red Sea, that he might ravage the borders of India through it. ^D

^A Four cities of Asia were overthrown by an earthquake: Elea, Smyrna, Pytane, and Cyme; two illustrious cities in Greece: those of the Opuntians and Oritians. The Golden House at Rome was consumed by fire. Pliny the Younger of Novum Comum is held in high regard as an orator and historian; many of his intellectual works survive. He died while visiting Vesuvius.

^C When Trajan began a persecution against the Christians, Simon son of Cleopas, who had held the episcopate at Jerusalem, was crucified; Justus succeeded him. Ignatius, too, bishop of the Antiochene Church, was brought to Rome and delivered to the beasts. After him, Heron is appointed as the third bishop.

THE THIRD PERSECUTION.

^D Pliny the Younger, when he was governing a certain province and had put to death a great number of Christians during his term of office, was terrified by the multitude of them and inquired of Trajan what action should be taken. He reported that, apart from their stubbornness in not sacrificing and their pre-dawn meetings to sing to a certain Christ as to a God, nothing could be found against them; furthermore, that their discipline was established to forbid murder, theft, adultery, robbery, and such like. Moved by this, Trajan wrote back that this kind of person should not be sought out, but that if they were brought before him, they must be punished. Tertullian records this in his *Apologeticus*.

R. DCCCLX. [E] The Pantheon at Rome was burned by lightning. [F] The fourth bishop of the Alexandrian Church is ordained, by the name of Primus, for twelve years. [G] Quintus holds the episcopate of the Roman Church for ten years, Alexander for ten years. [H] Three cities of Galatia were ruined by an earthquake.

[I] After Justus, Zachaeus receives the fourth episcopate of the Jerusalem Church. After him, the fifth is Tobias. Him the sixth, Benjamin, succeeds: and then the seventh, John: the eighth, Matthias: in whose place the ninth is appointed, Philip.

Trajan made Armenia, Assyria, and Mesopotamia provinces. [K] An earthquake destroyed almost the entire city of Antioch.

[L] The Jews who were in Libya fought against the foreigners living among them. They did the same in Egypt and in Alexandria. They also contended with great sedition near Cyrene and in the Thebaid. But the pagan party prevailed in Alexandria.

As the Jews in Mesopotamia were rebelling, the Emperor Trajan ordered Lysias Quietus to exterminate them from the province. Quietus, drawing up a line of battle against them, slew infinite thousands of them: and for this reason he was appointed as procurator of Judaea by the emperor.

^A a The Jews, having slain the Greeks in the city of Salamis in Cyprus, razed the city. ^B b Trajan dies of a disease in the city of Selinus, or, as we find written elsewhere, at the city of Seleucia in Isauria, carried off by a flux of the bowels in the sixty-third year of his age [al. seventy-third], on the ninth month, the fourth day. His bones were gathered into a golden urn [al. collected] and placed in the forum under a column: and he is the only one of all the emperors to have been buried within the City. Adrian restored Alexandria, which had been subverted [al. afflicted] by the Jews, at public expense. c XII. ADRIAN twenty-one years. This Adrian was born in Italica in Spain and was the son of Trajan’s cousin. Adrian was most learned in both languages, but was little restrained in his love for boys. ^C e Adrian, envying the glory of Trajan regarding Assyria, Mesopotamia, and Armenia, which he had made provinces, withdrew the armies. Adrian remitted the rest of the tributes to the cities, having publicly burned the papers. He also rendered many free from the tributes themselves. R. DCCCLXX. ^D f The Senate refers Trajan among the gods. g Plutarch of Chaeronea, and Sextus, and Agathobulus, and Oenomaus are held to be distinguished philosophers. h Justus is appointed the fifth bishop of the Alexandrian Church for eleven years. i Xistus holds the bishopric of the Roman Church for ten years. k A war is waged against the Sauromatae at this time. l Adrian sent colonies into Libya, which had been devastated by the Jews. The Stoic philosopher Euphrates dies. The Cephisus river flooded Eleusis: which Adrian, joining with a bridge, passed the winter at Athens. m Adrian, at the request of the Athenians, composed laws for them from the books of Draco and Solon and the rest. n Through an earthquake in Bithynia, Nicomedia falls: and many buildings of the city of Nicaea were overturned. For their restoration, Adrian bestowed expenses from the public treasury. o At Jerusalem, the tenth bishop after Philip is appointed, Seneca. After him the eleventh, Justus: to whom succeeds the twelfth, Levi. After him the thirteenth, Ephres. The fourteenth, Joses. The fifteenth, Judas. All these, up to the taking of Jerusalem which it suffered under Adrian, held the bishopric from the circumcision.

CHRONICLES BOOK II.

^A Saint Taurinus of Évreux flourished as the first bishop. ^A Adrian, initiated into the Eleusinian rites, bestowed many gifts upon the Athenians. ^B Quadratus, a disciple of the apostles, and our Athenian philosopher Aristides, presented books composed on behalf of the Christian religion to Adrian; and Serenus Granius, a legate of most noble character, sent a letter to the emperor, stating that it was most unjust that the blood of innocent men should be surrendered to the clamors of the mob, and that they should be found guilty without any crime, purely on account of their name and sect. Moved by this, Adrian wrote to Minucius Fundanus, proconsul of Asia, stating that Christians were not to be condemned without an indictment of specific crimes; a copy of which letter lasts until our own memory.

^C The Emperor Adrian was called Father of the Fatherland, and his wife [was called] Augusta. Antinous, a royal youth of extraordinary beauty, died in Egypt; whom Adrian, burying with great care (for he had him among his favorites) enrolled among the gods: from his name also the city of Antinoupolis was named. Adrian, having built very many distinguished buildings at Athens, held a contest and constructed a library of marvelous workmanship. Salvius Julianus composed a perpetual edict. ^D Hymenæus [alt. Eumenes, according to the Greek] presided as the sixth bishop of the Church of Alexandria for thirteen years.

^A Nicopolis and Cæsarea collapsed in an earthquake. ^B Cornelius was established as the fourth bishop of Antioch. ^C Telesphorus succeeded as the seventh [bishop] of the Roman Church, for eleven years. Adrian, spending the winter in Athens, visited Eleusis. The temple of Venus in Rome was built under Adrian. ^D Phavorinus and Polemon are held to be distinguished rhetoricians.

^A The Jews took up arms and laid waste Palestine, while Tinius [alt. Thyonio] Rufus held the province, against whom Adrian sent an army to crush the rebels. ^B Cochebas, leader of the Jewish faction, killed with every kind of torture those Christians who were unwilling to offer him support against the Roman soldiery. Basilides the heresiarch is mentioned at Alexandria, from whom the Gnostics [derive]. ^D The Jewish war, which was being waged in Palestine, reached its end, with the affairs of the Jews being utterly crushed; from which time the permission to enter Jerusalem was also taken away from them, firstly by the will of God, just as the prophets had prophesied, and then by Roman prohibitions.

^A Marcus is established as the first bishop of Jerusalem from among the Gentiles for sixteen years, those among the circumcision having ceased. Aelia was built by Aelius Hadrian; and on the front of its gate, by which we go out toward Bethlehem, a hog is sculpted in prominent marble, signifying that the Jews are subject to the Romans. Some of the Jews suppose it was built by Titus Aelius, son of Vespasian.

^B The eighth to assume the bishopric of the Roman Church was Hyginus, for four years. [d] Under Hyginus, bishop of the city of Rome, the heresiarch Valentinus and Cerdo, the teacher of Marcion, came to Rome. [c] Hadrian dies at Baiae at the age of sixty from dropsy. [e] The thirteenth, Titus Antoninus, surnamed Pius, with his children Aurelius and Lucius, for twenty-three years and three months. [g] The ninth bishop, Pius, is ordained at Rome for twelve years. Justin the philosopher presented a book written for our religion to Antoninus. The seventh to assume the bishopric of Alexandria was Marcus, for ten years. Mesomedes the Cretan is known as a musical poet of cithara songs. Taurus the Berytian is held to be a renowned philosopher of the Platonic sect. Arrian the philosopher, a Nicomedian, is acknowledged, and Maximus Tyrius. [i] The fifth bishop is established at Antioch, Herus, for twenty-four years. Valentinus the heretic is recognized, and continues until Anicetus. [f] Antoninus is called father of the fatherland. [m] Anicetus holds the tenth bishopric of the Roman Church for eleven years. Under him, Polycarp of Smyrna came to Rome and corrected many from the heretical error of Valentinus and Marcion. Apollonius the Stoic, by nation a Chalcidician [or Chalcedonian], and Basilides of Scythopolis are considered illustrious philosophers; who were also tutors to Verissimus Caesar. [n] Celadion presided over the eighth bishopric of the Alexandrian Church for fourteen years. [o] Crescens the Cynic is acknowledged: who stirred up a persecution against Justin, a philosopher of our dogma, because he convicted him of being a glutton and a prevaricator of philosophy, in which he gloriously shed his blood for Christ. ^{C D}

^A Antoninus Pius, at the villa of Lorium, twelve miles from the City, dies in the seventy-seventh year of his life.

After Mark, the seventeenth bishop of Jerusalem, Cassianus, receives the office. After him, the eighteenth, Publius. To him succeeds the nineteenth, Maximus (Armenian variants: Maximianus or Maximinus). The twentieth, Julianus. The twenty-first, Gaianus. The twenty-second, Symmachus. The twenty-third, Gaius. The twenty-fourth, Julianus. The twenty-fifth, Capito (Greek and Armenian: Apion).

^B XIV. MARCUS ANTONINUS, who is also Verus, and LUCIUS AURELIUS COMMODUS, 19 years, 1 month. These were the first to administer the empire with equal power; until this time, there had been individual Augusti. ^C Photinus suffered martyrdom at Lyons. Fronto, a notable orator, is held in high regard; he educated Marcus Antoninus Verus in Latin letters. Seleucia of Assyria [alternatively: Isauria], a city, was taken by the Romans with three hundred thousand men. At Pisa, the philosopher Peregrinus, having built a pyre of wood, cast himself into it once he had kindled it.

^D

FOURTH PERSECUTION

Soter received the episcopate of the Roman Church, serving for eight years. Lucius Caesar triumphed over the Parthians with his brother. ^B By the emergence of persecution in Asia, Polycarp and Pionius endured martyrdom; the written accounts of their suffering are also circulated.

At Alexandria, the ninth bishop of the Church, Agrippinus, presided for twelve years. ^C At Antioch, the sixth bishop is ordained, Theophilus, whose many works of genius are extant. ^D Emperor Lucius, in the ninth, or as some think, the eleventh year of his reign, died of an apoplexy between Concordia and Altinum while sitting in a carriage with his brother. Melito, bishop of Sardis in Lydia, presented an apologetic book on behalf of the Christians to the Emperor Antoninus.

^A b Dionysius, bishop of Corinth, is held in high esteem, and Pinytus [al. Pytinus], a Cretan, a most eloquent man. Tatian, a heretic, is recognized, from whom come the Encratites. a Oppianus, a Cilician poet, is recognized, who wrote the Halieutics with wonderful splendor. c Apollinaris, an Asian from Hierapolis, is held as a distinguished bishop. Bardesanes, the leader of another heresy, becomes known. d The false prophecy which is called that of the Cataphrygians took its beginning with Montanus as its author, and Priscilla and Maximilla, insane prophets. e The Emperor Antoninus often took part himself in the many wars that arose against him, and often he appointed most noble commanders. Among these, once, when Pertinax and the army fighting with him in the region of the Quadi were oppressed by thirst, rain was sent down divinely; while, on the contrary, lightning bolts pursued the Germans and Sarmatians and killed very many of them. There exist letters of the most serious emperor, Marcus Aurelius, in which he testifies that that German drought was dispelled by the rain obtained through the prayers of the Christian soldiers by chance present.

^B g Atticus is recognized as a philosopher of the Platonic sect. f Eleutherius receives the twelfth bishopric of the Roman Church for fifteen years. i Maximus is appointed the seventh bishop of Antioch. h Marcus Antoninus makes his son Commodus his partner in the kingdom. k Antoninus triumphed with his son over the enemies whom he had crushed while maintaining stationary camps at Carnuntum for three years. The emperors bestowed many gifts on many, and by conceding to the provinces the money that was owed to the treasury, they ordered the tablets of debts to be burned in the middle of the Roman forum; and so that nothing would be lacking to his kindness, he tempered all the more severe laws with new constitutions.

^C Antoninus, after his victory, was so magnificent in the presentation of spectacles that he exhibited a hundred lions at once. m Antoninus dies of a fever in Pannonia. n Commodus is called Augustus by the senate. o The city of Smyrna in Asia fell by an earthquake: for its restoration, a ten-year immunity from tributes was granted.

^D p XV. COMMODUS for thirteen years. q The Temple of Serapis in Alexandria was burned. p Commodus triumphed successfully over the Germans in this one instance.

^A a Julianus receives the tenth episcopate of the Church of Alexandria for ten years. The Commodian Baths are built at Rome. Commodus named the month of September after himself. ^B b Irenæus, bishop of Lugdunum, is held in high regard. Origen is born.

c Maximus is ordained the twenty-sixth bishop at Jerusalem. After him, the twenty-seventh is Antoninus; the twenty-eighth, Valens; the twenty-ninth, Dulichianus; the thirtieth, Narcissus; the thirty-first, Dius; the thirty-second, Germanio; the thirty-third, Gordianus; the thirty-fourth, Narcissus again. With so many bishops appointed at Jerusalem, we have been unable to distinguish the times of each, because to this day the years of their episcopates are not found.

^C Victor receives the thirteenth episcopate of Rome for ten years; his mediocre volumes on religion are extant.

h Demetrius is appointed the eleventh bishop of Alexandria for forty-four years. ^D Because of the fire that happened at Rome, the Palace and the temple of Vesta, and a very great part of the City, are leveled to the ground. l Commodus is strangled in the house of Vestilianus.

Pertinax, over seventy years of age, while acting as Prefect of the City, was ordered to rule by decree of the Senate.

m XVI. AELIUS PERTINAX for six months. n When the Senate entreated Pertinax to name his wife Augusta and his son Caesar, he refused, testifying that it was enough that he himself reigned against his will. ^A o Pertinax is killed in the palace through the wickedness of Julianus the jurist, whom Severus afterwards slew at the Mulvian Bridge seven months after he had seized the empire. ^B p Clemens, presbyter of the Church of Alexandria, and Pantænus, the Stoic philosopher, are esteemed as most eloquent in the disputation of our dogma.

[Greek section: citations and summaries] α Julius, tenth bishop of Alexandria. Sync. p. 352, D. b Irenæus, bishop of the city of Lugdunum in Gaul, shone forth in divine discourses and deeds. Idem, p. 354, A. c The twenty-sixth bishop of Jerusalem, Maximus; twenty-seventh, Antoninus; twenty-eighth, Valens; twenty-ninth, Dolichianus; thirtieth, Narcissus; thirty-first, Dius; thirty-second, Germanio; thirty-third, Sardianus; thirty-fourth, Narcissus again. Sync. p. 354-359. But as for the times of the bishops in Jerusalem, I found the record preserved in no way. Eusebius Hist. eccl. IV, 5. ^C d A bolt of lightning fell on the Capitol, and the lightning burned the libraries and other parts of this place. Sync. p. 354, B; and Chron. pasch. p. 263, D. e Commodus, having removed the head from the colossus, set his own likeness upon it. Chron. pasch. p. 263, D. f Victor, bishop of Rome, for 10 years. Ibidem. g Serapio, bishop of Antioch. Sync. p. 355, D. h Demetrius, bishop of Alexandria, for 44 years. Ibidem. ^D Commodus, having slain the honored men in the senate. Idem, p. 354, B. k Great fire: it burned the Palace of Rome, and the house of the virgins, and very many other things. Ibidem. Commodus died suddenly, suffocated in the house of Vestilianus. Idem, p. 264, B. m The sixteenth emperor of the Romans, Aelius Pertinax, for six months. Sync. p. 354, D. n Pertinax, when the Roman senate requested that he name his wife Augusta and appoint his son Caesar, refused, saying, "It is enough that I am present in the office, having been compelled." Chron. pasch. p. 264, B. o Pertinax was slaughtered as he was exiting the Palace. Ibidem. p Clemens, presbyter of Alexandria, and Pantænus, the philosopher from the Stoics, shone in the divine word. Sync. p. 355, A, B.

^A [b] Narcissus, bishop of Jerusalem for thirty-five years, and Theophilus of Caesarea, as well as Polycrates and the bishops of the Asian province, are held in high esteem. Severus was the only Roman emperor from Africa, specifically from the city of Leptis in the province of Tripolitana, up to the present day; and in honor of Pertinax, whom Julianus had slain, he ordered himself to be named Pertinax. Two years are set down for him here, because in the previous year Severus reigned for six months. A Jewish and Samaritan (or Sarmatian) war arose. A question having arisen in Asia among the bishops as to whether the fourteenth day of the month should be observed for the Pasch according to the law of Moses, Victor, bishop of the city of Rome, and Narcissus of Jerusalem, as well as Polycrates of the Ephesians, Irenaeus of Lyons, Bacchylus of the Corinthians, and very many pastors of the Churches, published in writing what seemed reasonable to them: the memory of which reaches down to our time. R. CML. Under the reign of Severus, the Severian Baths were built at Antioch and at Rome, and the Septizonium was constructed. [c] Severus overcame the Parthians and Adiabenes: he also struck down the interior Arabs in such a way that he made their region a Roman province. On account of these things, he was named Parthicus, Arabicus, and Adiabenicus. [d] In Rome, Zephyrinus assumed the bishopric for eighteen years. [e] A persecution of the Christians having taken place, Leonides, the father of Origen, was translated by a glorious death of martyrdom. FIFTH PERSECUTION. Alexander is held in high esteem for his confession of the Lord’s name. [f] Musianus is recognized as a writer of our philosophy. Clement writes many and various things. Origen, trained in the studies of Alexandria, devotes himself entirely to divine volumes. In this year, we find a jubilee observed by our ancestors, that is, in the twelfth (or thirteenth) year of Severus and the six-hundredth year of the city of Antioch. [g] Clodius Albinus, who had made himself Caesar in Gaul, having been killed at Lyons, Severus transferred the war to the Britons, where, in order to make the recovered provinces more secure against barbarian incursion, he extended a wall for one hundred and twenty-two (or one hundred and thirty-two) miles from sea to sea. A vast multitude of the Picts fell. Tertullian the African, son of a proconsular centurion, is celebrated in the discourse of all the Churches. R. CMLX. Severus dies at York in Britain. Geta, the son of Severus, was left as successor with his brother Bassianus, and having subsequently been judged a public enemy, he perished immediately.

OLYMP. CHRISTUS ROM. Anto- ninus Caracalla a XVIII. ANTONINUS cognomento CARACALLA, Severi filius, annis VII.

248 215 1 b Antiochiæ nonus episcopus constituitur Asclepiades. 214 2 Antoninus Caracalla cognominatus propter genus vestis, quod Romæ erogaverat: et econtrario Caracallæ ex ejus nomine Antoninianæ [al. Antoninæ, al. Antonianæ] dictæ.

215 3 216 4 c Alexander tricesimus Hierosolymorum episcopus ordinatur adhuc vivente Narcisso, et cum eo pariter Ecclesiam regit. 249 217 5 d Antiochiæ episcopus decimus constituitur Philippus. R. CMLXX. Antoninus Romæ thermas sui nominis ædificavit. Nihil præterea memorabile fecit. Antoninus tam impatiens libidinis fuit, ut novercam suam Juliam duxerit uxorem. 218 6 e Romæ Ecclesiæ episcopatum suscipit quintus decimus Callistus annis quatuor.

219 7 Antoninus interficitur inter Edessam et Carras Syriæ Mesopotamiæ civitates, anno ætatis quadragesimo secundo.

XIX. f MACRINUS anno 1. g Circensibus Vulcanaliorum Romæ amphitheatrum incensum. 220 1 Macrinus præfecturam prætorio regens imperator factus. h Abgarus, vir sanctus, regnavit Edessæ, ut vult Africanus. i Macrinus occiditur in Archelaide.

XX. k ANTONINUS alter, id est M. Aur. Antoninus, qui et Aurelianus, annis IV.

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Antonini Caracallæ ut putabatur filius, et sacerdos Heliogabali templi, adeo impudice in imperio suo vixit, ut nullum genus obscenitatis omiserit. Divion construitur. Sanctus Benignus martyrio coronatur. 250 221 1 l Romanæ Ecclesiæ sextus decimus ordinatur episcopus Urbanus an. novem. 222 2 Heliogabalum templum Romæ ædificatum. m In Palæstina Nicopolis, quæ prius Emmaus vocabatur, urbs condita est, legationis industriam pro ea suscipiente Julio Africano scriptore temporum.

223 3 224 4 n Antoninus Romæ occiditur tumultu militari cum matre Symiasera (Soema Syra).

251 225 1 XXI. o ALEXANDER MAMMÆÆ filius an. XIII.

Alexander Xerxem regem Persarum gloriosissime vicit, et disciplinæ militaris tam severus corrector fuit, ut quasdam tumultuantes legiones integras exauctoraverit.

^{A B C D}

Ulpian the jurist is considered the most renowned assessor of Alexander. ^A Geminus [otherwise Germanus], a presbyter of Antioch, and Beryllus, bishop of Bostra in Arabia, are held to be famous writers. ^B a The eleventh bishop of Antioch, Zebennus, is appointed. b Pontianus, the seventeenth bishop of Rome, receives the episcopate for five years. Alexander was singularly dutiful to his mother Mammaea, and for that reason was loved by all. c Heraclas is ordained as the twelfth bishop of the Alexandrian Church for sixteen years. The Alexandrian Baths at Rome are built, which were previously the Neronian Baths. Origen is considered famous in Alexandria. d Antheros is ordained as the eighteenth bishop of Rome for one month. After him, the nineteenth, Fabianus, for 13 years. e Alexander is killed at Mainz in a military mutiny. ^C Maximinus, the first from the military corps, is elected emperor by the army without the authority of the senate. Origen moves from Alexandria to Caesarea of Palestine. ^D h Maximinus carries out a persecution against the priests of the churches.

THE SIXTH PERSECUTION

Upon Gordian's entry into Rome, Pupienus and Albinus, who had seized the empire, are killed in the palace. i Maximinus is killed at Aquileia by Pupienus. k XXII. GORDIUS for 6 years.

f Gordian, still an adolescent, having defeated the race of the Parthians, when he was returning home as victor, was killed by the treachery of Philip, the praetorian prefect, not far from Roman soil. The soldiers build a tomb for Gordian, which overhangs the Euphrates, his bones having been carried back to Rome. Philip makes his son, Philip, his partner in the kingdom: and he was the first of all the Roman emperors to be a Christian. The Ludi Saeculares for the birthday of the city of Rome, forty in number, were run: and the contest of the thousand years was celebrated. m XXIV. PHILIPPUS for 7 years.

^D When the Philippi were reigning, the thousandth year of the Roman city was completed: on account of which solemnity, innumerable beasts were slaughtered in the great circus, and theatrical games were celebrated in the Field of Mars for three days and nights, with the people keeping vigil. The theater of Pompey was burned, and the Hecatostylon. Philip built a city bearing his name in Thrace. ^A [a] Dionysius held the episcopate of the Alexandrian Church for seventeen years. This Dionysius was the most eloquent man of his time and flourished with great glory. ^B Philip the elder was killed at Verona, the younger at Rome. [d] Decius was born in the lower Pannonias of the Dalmatians; having killed the elder and younger Philippi, out of hatred for them, he stirred up a persecution against the Christians, in which the deacon Laurentius suffered martyrdom at Rome. [c] XXV. DECIUS, 1 year, 3 months. ^D The amphitheater of Rome was burned. The jubilee, according to our ancestors. THE SEVENTH PERSECUTION. Anthony the monk is born in Egypt. [e] Cornelius, the twentieth, assumes the episcopate of the Roman Church after the glorious death of Fabian, which he held for three years and three days, and he himself was also crowned with martyrdom. Eight letters of Cyprian to him are extant. [f] Cyprian, first a rhetorician, then a presbyter, and at the end bishop of Carthage, is crowned with martyrdom. A pestilential disease occupied many provinces of the whole world, and especially Alexandria and Egypt, as Dionysius writes, and Cyprian's book *On Mortality* is witness. [g] After Alexander, bishop of Jerusalem, was killed for martyrdom at Caesarea in Palestine, and at Antioch, Babylas, Mazabanus and Fabius are constituted bishops. Decius with his son is killed at Abritus [or Aprutio]. [i] XXVI. GALLUS, and VOLUSIANUS, son of Gallus, 2 years, 4 months. [k] Origen dies. [l] Lucius, the twenty-first, holds the episcopate of the Roman Church for three years and three months [or Lucius for eight months]. After him, Stephen, the twenty-second, for four years. Letters of Cyprian to both are extant.

[a] Dionysius, 13th bishop of Alexandria. [b] Philip was killed along with his son. [c] Decius reigned over the Romans for 1 year. [d] Decius slew Philip along with his children, and because of his enmity toward Philip, he stirred up a bitter persecution against the Christians, in which Fabian, the bishop of Rome, bound on the martyr’s crown; and Babylas, who was bishop at Antioch, and Alexander of Jerusalem. [e] Cornelius, 20th bishop of Rome, for 3 years. Cyprian, excelling in works and words of piety, the great bishop of Carthage, is brought to perfection by his martyrdom for Christ. [f] Babylas, 14th bishop of Antioch, [then] Flavian. Decius was slaughtered with his son in Abritus. [i] Gallus and Volusianus reigned over the Romans for 1 year and 4 months. [k] Eusebius says that Origen died during the time of Gallus. [l] Lucius, 21st bishop of Rome, for 2 years. Stephen for 2 years.

a Novatus the presbyter, coming to Rome from Cyprian, joins Novatian and the other confessors to himself, because Cornelius had received the penitent apostates. Dionysius refutes Novatian in lengthy writings.

OLYMP. CHRISTUS ROM. Gallus and Volusianus | 256 | 2

b Gallus and Volusianus, when they had set out from the City against Aemilianus, who was engineering a revolution in Moesia, were killed at the Flaminian Forum, or, as others think, at Interamna. Aemilianus was extinguished in the third month of his usurped tyranny. Valerian, in Rhaetia, was acclaimed Augustus by the army, and Gallienus was acclaimed Caesar at Rome by the senate.

c XXVII. VALERIAN and GALLIENUS for 15 years. 259 257 | 1 258 | 2

d The fourteenth bishop of Antioch, Demetrianus, is established. e The twenty-third pontificate of the Roman Church was assumed by Xystus, and he held it for two years, eleven months, and six days [alt. eleven years]; with whom Lawrence endured martyrdom.

R. MX. 259 | 3

OCTAVA PERSECUTIO. Valerian, having stirred up a persecution against the Christians, is immediately captured by Sapor, king of the Persians, and there he grows old in miserable servitude.

f Sapor, king of the Persians, ravages Syria, Cilicia, and Cappadocia. g The fifteenth bishop of Antioch, Paul of Samosata, is established. Gallienus having dissolved into every kind of licentiousness, the Germans came as far as Ravenna. 260 4 260 261 5 Valerian having been led to the Persians, Gallienus restored peace to our people. 262 263 7 264 261 265 9 8

Alamanni, having ravaged the Gauls, crossed into Italy. Greece, Macedonia, Pontus, and Asia were depopulated by the Goths. The Quadi and Sarmatians occupied the Pannonias. Germans holding the Spains, Tarragona was besieged. 266 10 The Parthians holding Mesopotamia, made incursions into Syria.

h The twenty-fourth bishop of the Roman Church, Dionysius, is established for two years, three months, and seven days [alt. nine years]. i The fourteenth bishop of the Alexandrian Church, Maximus, is ordained for 18 years. The bishopric of Jerusalem is held by Hymenaeus. R. MXX. 262 269 13

k Odenathus, the Palmyrene decurion, having collected a band of rustics, defeated the Persians in such a way that he pitched his camp at Ctesiphon.

^A 270 14 Gaul was recovered by Postumus, Victorinus, and Tetricus. Paulus of Samosata, departing from the preaching of all, revived the heresy of Artemon. In his place, Domnus is ordained as the sixteenth bishop of the Church of Antioch. [b] Gallienus is killed at Mediolanum. 271 15 [c] XXVIII. CLAUDIUS, 1 year, 9 months. 272 1 In Alexandria, one part which is called Bruchium, which had been besieged for many years because it was rebelling, is finally destroyed. Claudius overcomes the Goths, who were ravaging Illyricum and Macedonia. On account of this, a golden shield was placed for him in the Senate-house, and a golden statue in the Capitol. [d] Claudius dies at Sirmium. 263 273 2 Quintillus, the brother of Claudius, having been called Augustus by the Senate, is killed at Aquileia on the seventeenth [al. nineteenth] day of his reign. Aurelian, with Tetricus betraying his own army near the Catalauni, recovered the Gauls. [e] XXIX. AURELIANUS, 5 years, 6 months. 274 1 Timotheus is ordained as the seventeenth bishop of the Church of Antioch. 275 2 [f] Zenobia is defeated at Immae, not far from Antioch; having killed her husband Odenathus, she was holding the empire of the East. In this battle, the general Pompeianus, nicknamed Francus [al. Staticus], fought most strenuously against her; his family still perseveres today at Antioch, from whose lineage descends the priest Evagrius, most dear to us. Eusebius of Laodicea is held in high esteem. 264 276 3 Tetricus and Zenobia preceded Aurelian as he triumphed at Rome. Of these, Tetricus was later a corrector of Lucania, and Zenobia grew old in the City with great honor; from her, the Zenobia family is still so named in Rome today. [g] Aurelian builds a temple to the Sun, and surrounds Rome with stronger walls. 277 278 R. MXXX. The first games of the Sun were instituted by Aurelian. 279 6 Felix attained the bishopric of the Roman Church, for 5 years.

NONA PERSECUTIO. [i] When Aurelian had stirred up a persecution against us, a thunderbolt fell beside him and his companions; and not long after, he was killed in a small fort—the *Caenophrurium*—on the Via Veteris between Constantinople and Heraclea.

^A Probus restored the Gauls, occupied by barbarians, with great courage. ^B Anatolius, bishop of Laodicea, being learned in the disciplines of the philosophers, is celebrated in many a discourse. ^C In the second year of Probus, according to the Antiochenes in the year 325, according to the Tyrians in 402, according to the Laodiceans in 324, according to the Edessenes in 588, according to the Ascalonites in 380, the insane heresy of the Manichaeans arose as a common evil to the human race. ^D At Antioch, the eighteenth bishop, Cyril, is established. [E] Saturninus, master of the soldiers, began to build a New Antioch; who, thereafter attempting to invade the empire, is killed at Apamea. Probus allowed the Gauls and Pannonians to possess vineyards, and he gave the *Almea* and the Golden Mountain, planted by military hands, to be cultivated by the provincials. [F] The twenty-sixth to undertake the episcopate of the Roman Church was Eutychianus for eight months. After him, the twenty-seventh, Gaius, for five years [al. and Gr. Gaius for fifteen years]. [G] Probus, in a military mutiny at Sirmium, is killed in a tower which is called the Iron (*Ferrea*). [H] The fifteenth bishop of the Alexandrian Church, Theonas, presided for nineteen years. [I] XXXIII. CARUS with his sons CARINUS and NUMERIANUS for two years. [K] Carus, a native of Narbo, when he had laid waste the entire region of the Parthians and taken Coche and Ctesiphon, the most noble cities of the enemy, and was pitching camp above the Tigris, he perished, struck by a thunderbolt. [L] Numerianus, while he was being carried in a litter in Thrace because of pain in his eyes, was killed by the treachery of his father-in-law, Aper; the crime was discovered only after several days, with difficulty, through the stench of the corpse. Carinus, defeated in battle at Margum, is killed.

^A Diocletian, a Dalmatian, the son of a scribe, having been elected emperor, immediately struck Aper in the assembly of the soldiers, swearing that Numerian had been killed without any crime of his.

^B Diocletian takes Herculius Maximian into the partnership of the realm; he, having oppressed the multitude of rustics who had given themselves the name of Bacaudae [al. Bagaridae], restores peace to the Gauls.

Carausius [al. Causarius], having seized the purple, has occupied the Britains. Narseus has brought war upon the East. There was darkness during the day. The tribes of the Carpi and Basternae have been transferred into Roman soil.

^C Achilleus obtained Egypt. Because of this, Constantius and Galerius Maximian are assumed as Caesars into the realm. Of these, Constantius was the grandson of Claudius through his daughter; Galerius was born in Dacia, not far from Serdica. And so that Diocletian might bind them to himself even by affinity, Constantius took Theodora, the stepdaughter of Herculius; from her he later had six children, brothers of Constantine. Galerius married Valeria, the daughter of Diocletian. Both were compelled to repudiate the wives they had previously had.

^D The cities of Busiris and Coptus in the province of the Thebaid, rebelling against the Romans, have been razed to the ground.

Diocletian was the first to order himself to be adored as a god, and to have gems inserted into his clothes and footwear; whereas before him all emperors were greeted in the manner of judges, and had only a purple chlamys above their private attire.

[E] Marcellinus, the twenty-eighth of the Roman Church, undertakes the episcopate for nine years.

Alexandria, with all of Egypt, having revolted from Roman power under the leader Achilleus, was captured by Diocletian in the eighth month of the siege. Thus, many throughout all of Egypt were vexed by grievous proscriptions and exiles, those who had been the authors of the rebellion having been killed.

[F] Zabdas is ordained the twenty-seventh bishop of the Church of Jerusalem.

Fifty-one thousand Alamanni killed by the Caesar Constantius near the Lingones.

Veturius, master of the soldiers, persecutes the Christian soldiers: the persecution against us begins gradually from that time.

After ten years, [the Britains] were recovered by Asclepiodotus, prefect of the praetorium.

Galerius Maximian, having been defeated by Narseus, ran in his purple before the carriage of Diocletian.

THE TENTH PERSECUTION

The Jubilee according to the elders. Ten years of persecution.

In the second year of the persecution, Diocletian at Nicomedia and Maximian at Milan laid aside the purple, with Diocletian willing that Galerius and Constantius be made Augusti from Caesars.

The Diocletian Baths were built at Rome, and the Maximian Baths at Carthage. ^A

[a] The twenty-eighth bishop to preside over the Church of Jerusalem was Hermon, for 38 years. Owing to a terrible earthquake at Tyre and Sidon, many buildings collapsed, and an innumerable number of people were overwhelmed.

Galerius Maximianus, having overcome Narses and captured his wives, children, and sisters, was received by Diocletian with great honor. At Antioch, the nineteenth bishop, Tyrannus, was installed.

[c] The sixteenth bishop of the Alexandrian Church, ordained after Theonas, was Peter, who afterwards in the ninth year of the persecution gloriously suffered martyrdom.

Diocletian and Maximianus Augustus triumphed at Rome with magnificent pomp, with the wife, sisters, and children of Narses, and all the spoils with which they had despoiled the Parthians, going before their chariot.

[d] In the nineteenth year of Diocletian, in the month of March, during the days of Easter, the churches were destroyed.

[e] The twenty-ninth bishop of Rome, Eusebius, was appointed for six months. After him, the thirtieth, Miltiades, held the Church for four years. Saint Mallorus was ordained Archbishop of Rouen for 11 years.

[XXXV. GALERIUS alone held the imperial power for two years.]

[g] Galerius Maximianus died in the twenty-first year of his reign. [f] Maximus and Severus were made Caesars by Galerius Maximianus.

Constantius died in Britain at York in the sixteenth year of his reign. After him, his son Constantine, born of the concubine Helena, invaded the kingdom. But Constantine began to reign in the fourth year of the persecution.

[i] Severus Caesar, sent by Galerius Maximianus against Maxentius, was killed at Ravenna in the second year of his reign.

[k] Licinius was made emperor by Galerius at Carnuntum in Pannonia.

[XXXVI. CONSTANTINE reigned 30 years and 10 months.]

[m] Maxentius, the son of Herculius Maximianus, was proclaimed Augustus at Rome by the praetorian soldiers. ^B

[a] Jerusalem (39th) bishop, Hermon. [Niceph. p. 410, B; Chron. pasch. p. 278, B.] [b] Antioch (19th) bishop, Tyrannus, for 13 years. [Idem, p. 417, D.] [c] After Theonas, Peter succeeded to the see of Alexandria; he, having been beheaded in the ninth year of the persecution, was adorned with the crown of martyrdom. [Eusebius Hist. eccl. VII, 32, and Chron. pasch. p. 276, C.] [d] In the 19th year of the reign of Diocletian, in the month of Dystrus, on the day of the feast of Easter, imperial letters were posted everywhere, ordering the churches to be brought to the ground. [Chron. pasch. p. 276, 277.] [e] Rome (29th) bishop, Eusebius, for 4 years. Miltiades for 4 years. [Niceph. p. 411, D.] [f] Galerius made two Caesars, Maximus and Severus. [Ibidem.] [g] Having reigned for 16 years, Galerius died. [Ibidem.] Having reigned for 13 years, Constantius died, and his son Constantine, born to him as a bastard by Helena, succeeded him. [Ibidem.] [i] Galerius Maximianus sent Severus the Caesar to destroy Maxentius. And Severus was killed in war. [Ibidem.] [k] Licinius was proclaimed at Carnuntum. [Idem, p. 279, B.] [l] Constantine reigned over the Romans for 31 years and 10 months. [Ibidem, D.] [m] The soldiers in Rome proclaimed as emperor Maxentius, the son of Maximianus Herculius. [Cedrenus p. 270, A.]

CHRONICLES BOOK II.

Herculius Maximianus, having been detected by his daughter Fausta because he was preparing a snare for her husband Constantine, flees to Massilia and is put to death.

Quirinus, bishop of Siscia, is gloriously martyred for Christ. For, with a millstone [al. ship's stone] tied to his neck, he was thrown from a bridge into the river and floated for a very long time; as he spoke with those watching, urging them not to be afraid because of his example, he barely succeeded, by praying, in being submerged.

a The thirty-first bishop of the Roman Church, Silvester, is ordained for 22 years [al. 21]. Mutianus, Archbishop of Rouen, is subrogated as the third, who was present at the first Council of Arles.

b Maximianus [al. et Gr. Maximinus], having practiced persecution against the Christians, dies at Tarsus when he was already due to be punished by Licinius.

c The seventeenth bishop of the Alexandrian Church, Achillas, is ordained.

d Maxentius is defeated by Constantine near the Milvian bridge and is killed. The Cibalense War against Licinius begins.

e The thirty-ninth bishop of Jerusalem, Macarius, is constituted.

f Diocletian dies not far from Salona in his own palace villa, and he alone of all is enrolled among the gods as a private citizen.

[g] PEACE IS RESTORED TO OUR PEOPLE BY CONSTANTINE [g]

h Crispus and Constantine, the sons of Constantine, and the youth Licinius, son of Licinius Augustus and nephew of Constantine through his sister, are called Caesars. Lactantius, a man most eloquent of all in his time, instructed Crispus in Latin literature, yet he was so poor in this life that he often lacked even the necessities, let alone luxuries.

i The eighteenth bishop of the Alexandrian Church, Alexander, is ordained, from whom the presbyter Arius, having been cast out of the Church, gathers many to his impiety: to refute whose perfidy, a synod of three hundred and eighteen bishops, gathered into the city of Nicaea in Bithynia, destroyed all the machines of the heretics by their holy opposition.

k Licinius drives the Christians from his palace.

Basileus, Bishop of Amasia in Pontus, is crowned with martyrdom under Licinius.

The Bishop of Rome (31st), Silvester, for 28 years. [Niceph. p. 411, B.]

Maximinus, having conceived a plot against the Christians, being defeated by Licinius in Cilicia, perished as a fugitive. [Cedrenus p. 269, B.]

The Bishop of Alexandria (17th), Achillas, for one year. [Niceph. p. 416, C.]

Constantine slew Maxentius in war; he drowned in the river Tiber at the Milvian bridge, having reigned for 3 years. [Chron. pasch. p. 278, C, et 280, B.]

The Bishop of Jerusalem (39th), Macarius. [Idem p. 272, C.]

Diocletian, having lived as a private citizen, gave up the ghost. [Cedrenus p. 272, C.]

The persecution of Christians has ceased. [Idem p. 281, C.]

Constantine Augustus proclaimed his sons, Constantius and Crispus, Caesars. [Chron. pasch. p. 281, C.]

The Bishop of Alexandria (18th), Alexander, who also was in the first synod. [Niceph. p. 416, C.]

Licinius began to stir up persecution against the Christians. [Cedrenus p. 282, D.]

^A

[327 / 17] Constantinus, son of Constantine, is made Caesar. [328 / 18] Nazarius the rhetor is held in high esteem. [329 / 19] Constantine sends honorable letters to Antonius. ^B a Licinius is put to death at Thessalonica, deprived of life contrary to the law of the oath. Severus, Archbishop of Rouen, is substituted as the fourth. b Crispus, son of Constantine, and Licinius the younger, son of Constantia (Constantine’s sister) and Licinius, are most cruelly put to death in the ninth year of their reign. [330 / 20] c The Vicennalia of Constantine were celebrated at Nicomedia, and in the following year promulgated at Rome.

UP TO THIS POINT EUSEBIUS OF PAMPHILI, COMPANION OF THE MARTYR, WRITES HISTORY; TO WHICH WE HAVE APPENDED THESE THINGS.

[331 / 21] Arnobius the rhetor is held to be renowned in Africa. While he was training youths to declaim in the city of Sicca, and while still a pagan was driven to belief by dreams, and could not obtain the faith from the bishop—which faith he had always opposed—he produced most brilliant books against his former religion; and at length, as if by certain hostages, he obtained a covenant of piety. Constantine, restoring the city of Drepanon in Bithynia in honor of the martyr Lucian buried there, named it Helenopolis after his mother.

[332 / 22] At Antioch the Lord’s house, which is called the Golden, began to be built. ^C Constantine puts his wife Fausta to death. Donatus is recognized; from whom the Donatists in Africa derive their name. After Tyrannus, Vitalis is ordained the twentieth bishop of Antioch. After him, the twenty-first, Philogonus. To him succeeded the twenty-second, Paulinus. After him, the twenty-third, Eustathius. Because he was thrust into exile for the sake of the faith, down to the present day, the Arians have occupied the Church, that is: Eulalius, Eusebius, Euphronius, Placillus, Stephanus, Leontius, Eudoxius, Meletius, Euzoius, Dorotheus, and again Meletius. I have not recorded their times for this reason: because I judge them to be enemies of Christ rather than bishops.

[333 / 23] Porphyrius, having sent an illustrious volume to Constantine, is liberated from exile. ^D Juvencus, a presbyter, Spanish by birth, explains the Gospels in heroic verse. The nineteenth bishop of the Alexandrian Church is ordained, Athanasius. Metrodorus the philosopher is recognized. By the edict of Constantine, the temples of the Gentiles were overturned.

[334 / 24] Constantinople is enriched by the stripping of almost all cities—that which was formerly called Byzantium. [335 / 25] At Rome, the thirty-second, Marcus, held the Church for eight months. After him, the thirty-third, Julius, is ordained for sixteen years and four months.

[336 / 26] The Romans conquered the Goths in the region of the Sarmatians. [337 / 27] Constantius, son of Constantine, is raised to the kingdom. [338 / 28] A countless multitude perishes in Syria and Cilicia by pestilence and famine. [339 / 29] The Sarmatians and the Limigantes, having plotted revolution in Cyprus, are suppressed. The Sarmatians and the Limigantes expel their own masters, who are now called the Archaragantes, by force of hand, into Roman soil.

^CAt the tricennalia of Constantine, Dalmatius is named Caesar. A father, a rhetorician, teaches most gloriously at Rome. The daughter of the rhetorician Nazarius is equal to her father in eloquence; her name was Eunomia. Eustathius, a presbyter of Constantinople, is recognized; by his industry, a martyrium was constructed in Jerusalem. Tiberianus, a learned man, is prefect of the praetorium, governing the Gauls. 280 341 31

Constantine, at the end of his life, is baptized by Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia, and leans toward the Arian dogma; from him, even to the present time, the plundering of churches and the discord of the whole world have followed. Constantine, while preparing for war against the Persians, dies in the public villa of Acyron [al. Acinor] near Nicomedia, in the sixty-third year of his age [al. LXVI]; after him, his three sons are called Augusti from being Caesars.

XXXVII. CONSTANTIUS, CONSTANTINUS, and CONSTANS, twenty-four years, five months, eleven days.

Sapor, king of the Persians, having devastated Mesopotamia, besieged Nisibis for nearly two months. 342 1 Ablavius, praefectarius, and many of the nobility are killed. Jacob, bishop of Nisibis, is recognized; by his prayers, the city was often liberated from danger. 343 2

Dalmatius Caesar, whom his uncle Constantine had left as a partner in the kingdom with his sons, is killed in the third year of his reign by the faction of his cousin Constantinus and a military tumult. 344 3

From this point on, the Arian impiety, supported by the patronage of King Constantius, persecuted first Athanasius, and then all bishops not of their own party, with exiles, prisons, and various modes of affliction. Eusebius, archbishop of Rouen, is subrogated V. ^D

With varying results, war is waged against the Franks by Constans. 345 4 Constantinus, waging war against his brother, is killed near Aquileia at the river Alsa. Many cities of the Orient collapsed in a horrible earthquake. 346 5 Audaeus is held in repute in Coele-Syria, from whom comes the Audaean heresy. 347 6 The golden Dominicum is dedicated at Antioch. Paulus is strangled by the cruelty of the prefect Philippus (for he was a supporter of the Macedonians) and by the ambushes of the Arians. Macedonius, of the embroidery art, is subrogated in the place of Paul by the Arian bishops: from whom now is the Macedonian heresy.

Hermogenes, master of the soldiers, is dragged by the people at Constantinople because of Bishop Paul, whom he was expelling by the king's command and the Arian faction.

The Franks are utterly defeated by Constans, and peace is made with them. 348 7

Maximus, bishop of the Treveri, is considered famous: by whom Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, when sought for punishment by Constantius, was honorably received.

Neocaesarea in Pontus is overturned, except for the church, the bishop, and the others who were found there. 282 349 8 Titianus, a most eloquent man, administers the praetorian prefecture in Gaul. Sapor, king of the Persians, persecutes the Christians. 9

Athanasius returns to Alexandria at the letters of Constans [al. Constantii]. 350 351 10 Dyrrachium collapses in an earthquake: and for three days and nights Rome shook: and many cities of Campania were overturned.

With great public expense, a harbor is made at Seleucia in Syria. 351 Eusebius, bishop of Emesa, the standard-bearer of the Arian faction, writes many and various things. 11 Again, Sapor besieges Nisibis for three months. A solar eclipse occurred.

^A A nocturnal Persian war near Singara, in which we lost an undoubted victory through the stupidity of the soldiers. Indeed, no war of the nine very serious battles against the Persians was graver for Constantius; for, to omit other matters, Nisibis was besieged, and Bizabda and Amida were captured.

Maximus, the fortieth bishop of Jerusalem after Macarius, dies. After him the Arians invade the Church: that is, Cyril, Eutychius, Cyril again, Irenaeus, Cyril for the third time, Hilarius, and Cyril for the fourth. Cyril, having been ordained presbyter by Maximus, and after the latter's death having been promised the episcopate by Acacius, the bishop of Caesarea, and the other Arian bishops if he would repudiate the ordination of Maximus, served as deacon in the church; for which impiety, weighed by the reward of the priesthood, he led Heraclius—whom the dying Maximus had substituted in his own place—into various deceits and degraded him from bishop to presbyter.

354 13 Liberius is ordained the thirty-fourth bishop of the Roman Church. When he was thrust into exile for the faith, all the clergy swore that they would receive no other. But when Felix had been substituted into the priesthood by the Arians, many perjured themselves; and after a year they were ejected with Felix, because Liberius, overcome by the weariness of exile and subscribing to the heretical perversity, had entered Rome as if a victor. ^B

In Rome, the people, rebelling against the Magnentians, are betrayed by the senator Heraclides. Vetranio is stripped of his royal insignia by Constantius at Naissus.

While Magnentius is seizing the empire at Augustodunum, Constans is killed near Hispania, in the thirtieth year of his age and the thirteenth of his reign, at a fort named Helene. On account of this, the state being troubled, Vetranio at Mursa and Nepotianus at Rome are made emperors.

Nepotianus's head is carried around the City on a pike, and many proscriptions of nobles and slaughters take place.

Some nobles are killed at Antioch by Gallus. 355 356 14 15 Gallus, cousin of Constantius, is made Caesar.

Magnentius is defeated at Mursa; in which battle Roman forces perished.

Gallus oppressed the Jews, who had invaded arms to rebel after the soldiers were killed in the night, slaughtering many thousands of men, even to the innocent age; and he consigned their cities—Diocaesarea, Tiberias, and Diospolis—and very many towns to the fire. ^C

284 357 16 Gennadius, an orator of Forum Julii, is held in high esteem at Rome. 358 17 Minervius, a rhetorician of Bordeaux, teaches most flourishingly at Rome.

Magnentius kills himself by his own hand in the palace at Lugdunum; and his brother Decentius, whom he had sent as Caesar to guard the Gauls, ends his life by the noose near the Senones.

R. MCX. Silvanus, having stirred up a revolution in Gaul, is extinguished on the twenty-eighth day. 359 18 Gallus Caesar, solicited by his cousin Constantius, to whom he had become an object of suspicion on account of his royal disposition, is killed in Istria [al. Histone].

Victorinus the rhetorician and Donatus the grammarian, my teacher, are held in high esteem at Rome; of whom Victorinus even earned a statue in the Forum of Trajan [al. Roman].

Alcimus and Delphidius, rhetoricians, teach most flourishingly in Aquitania. Petrus, a notable orator, teaches at Caesaraugusta. 360 19 Paulinus and Rhodanus, bishops of the Gauls, are thrust into exile for the faith.

Donatus, from whom we recorded above that the Donatists are named in Africa, is driven from Carthage. Certain of his followers are even called Montenses, because they first began to have a church on the mount in Rome.

Eusebius, bishop of Vercelli, and Lucifer, and Dionysius, bishops of the churches of Cagliari and Milan, also Pancratius the Roman presbyter and Hilarius the deacon, are condemned to separate exiles by the Arians and Constantius.

Julianus, the brother of Gallus, is named Caesar at Mediolanum. 285 361 20 The relics of the apostle Timothy are brought to Constantinople. Sarmatha, Amathas, and Macarius are held to be notable disciples of Antonius. Liberius, the Roman bishop, is sent into exile. ^D

^A Antonius the monk dies in the desert in the hundred and fifth year of his life, having been accustomed to relate many things to those who came to him from Paul, a certain Theban man of marvelous blessedness, whose departure we have set forth in a short book.

Hilarius, bishop of Poitiers, through the faction of Saturninus, bishop of Arles, and the others who were with him, the Arians, having been driven three years earlier into Phrygia, writes books concerning our religion.

Saracens, rushing into the monastery of the blessed Antonius, kill Sarmathas.

Great forces of the Alamanni are crushed by the Caesar Julian at Argentoratum [alt. Argentaria, below Argentaria], a town of the Gauls.

Evanthius, a most learned grammarian, dies at Constantinople: in whose place Chrestus is taken from Africa.

362 ^B 21 Upon Constantius entering Rome, the bones of the apostle Andrew and the evangelist Luke are received by the Constantinopolitans with marvelous favor.

Paulinus, bishop of Trier, dies in exile in Phrygia [alt. Pythia].

Nicomedia is utterly destroyed by an earthquake, with the neighboring cities in part overturned.

363 22 The synod held at Ariminum and Seleucia in Isauria: in which the ancient faith of the Fathers was condemned through the betrayal first of ten legates, and thereafter of all.

Hilarius, when he had presented to Constantius at Constantinople a book on his own behalf, returned to the Gauls.

Macedonius is driven from Constantinople.

364 23 Honoratus, formerly praetorian prefect of the Gauls, is made the first urban prefect at Constantinople.

Gratianus, who is now emperor, is born.

Almost all the churches throughout the whole world are polluted under the name of peace and the king by the association of the Arians.

Constantius dies at Mopsocrene between Cilicia and Cappadocia, in the forty-fifth year of his life [alt. XLII]. 286 365 24 ^C The great church at Constantinople is dedicated.

Gaul, through Hilarius, condemns the deceits of the Ariminian [alt. Arian] treachery.

Meletius, bishop of Sebastia of the Armenians, is transferred to Antioch by the Arian bishops Acacius and Georgius: and after no great interval of time, when he had received the presbyters who had been deposed by his predecessor Eudoxius, he deceived them as to the most just cause of his exile by a sudden changing of his faith.

Georgius being burned by a sedition of the people, who had been ordained in place of Athanasius by the Arians, Athanasius returns to Alexandria.

XXXVIII. JULIAN, one year and eight months. 366 1

Julian having turned to the worship of idols, there was a mild persecution, alluring rather than compelling to sacrifice: in which many of our people fell of their own will.

Eusebius and Lucifer return from exile: of whom Lucifer, having taken with him two confessors, makes Paulinus, a presbyter of Bishop Eustathius who had never polluted himself by the communion of heretics, bishop of the catholic faction at Antioch.

367 2 Aemilianus is burned at Dorostorum by the vicar because of the overturning of the altars.

Prohaeresius, an Athenian sophist, when a law had been given that Christians should not be teachers of the liberal arts, although Julian especially granted to him that he might teach Christians, voluntarily deserted his school.

The church at Antioch was closed, and the most grave storm of the imminent persecution was lulled by the will of God. For Julian, having set out against the Persians, had vowed our blood to the gods after victory: where, having been led by a certain pretended deserter into the deserts, when the Apostate had lost his army to hunger and thirst, and was wandering about with his troops more imprudently, he perished, run through the flank with a pike by a cavalryman of the enemy who happened to meet him, in the thirtieth year of his life [alt. XXXII]. After whom, on the following day, Jovian was made emperor from being primicerius of the domestics.

Jovian, compelled by the necessity of the situation, surrendered Nisibis and a great part of Mesopotamia to Sapor, king of the Persians.

XXXIX. JOVIAN, eight months. 368 1 ^D Marcellinus is substituted as archbishop of Rouen VII.

A synod at Antioch is held by Meletius and his supporters, in which, rejecting the *homoousion* and the Anomoean, they maintained the Macedonian dogma, a middle position between these. Jovian dies at Dadastana from indigestion or the fumes of coals which he had ordered to be burnt in excess, in the thirty-fourth year of his life. After him, Valentinian, tribune of the scutarii, was named Augustus at Nicaea, coming from Cibalae in Pannonia, and took his brother Valens as his partner in the empire at Constantinople. ^A

XL. VALENTINIAN and VALENS for 13 years, 5 months. 369 1 Apollinaris, bishop of Laodicea, composes manifold writings regarding our religion. Valentinian, otherwise an excellent emperor and similar in character to Aurelian, unless some interpreted his excessive severity and frugality as cruelty and avarice. An earthquake occurred throughout the whole world; the sea left its shore, and it crushed countless peoples in Sicily and many other islands. Valens, baptized by Eudoxius, bishop of the Arians, persecutes our people. ^B

Procopius, who had seized the tyranny at Constantinople, was extinguished in Phrygia Salutaris, and very many of the party of Procopius were killed and proscribed. 570 2 Damasus is ordained as the thirty-fifth bishop of the Roman Church. And after not a long interval of time, Ursinus [al. Ursicinus], having been constituted bishop by some, invades the church of Sicininus with his supporters: and with the people of the Damasian party flowing together, most cruel massacres of both sexes were perpetrated. ^C

371 3 Gratian, son of Valentinian, is made emperor at Amiens. At Arras, rain mixed with wool falls from the sky. Hilary, bishop of Poitiers, dies. Such a great tempest arose at Constantinople that hail of wondrous size falling killed a number of people. 288 372 4 Libanius of Antioch is recognized as a rhetorician. 373 5 A contest is resumed at Constantinople by Valens. Nicaea, which had often previously collapsed, is utterly overturned by an earthquake. Eusebius, bishop of Vercelli, dies. Athanaric, king of the Goths, having stirred up a persecution against the Christians, kills very many and drives them from their own homes onto Roman soil. Great famine in Phrygia. ^D

374 6 The Martyrion of the Apostles is dedicated at Constantinople. Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari, dies, who, with Gregory, bishop of the Spains, and Philo of Libya, never mingled himself with the corruption of the Arians. Maximinus, prefect of the grain supply, having been ordered to investigate evildoers by the emperor, killed very many of the Roman nobility. Valentinian in Britain was crushed before he could seize the tyranny. 575 7 Presbyter Sirinus [al. Sirmius] is most wickedly beheaded because he would not betray Octavian, an ex-proconsul, who was hiding with him. A law is passed, the nobility having been removed, that they should be joined to the fourth rank.

Didymus of Alexandria, who after the fifth year of his life was deprived of his sight and was ignorant even of the elements of letters, dictates much regarding our dogma through secretaries. Probus, prefect of the Illyricum, wore out the provinces he governed with the most iniquitous exactions of tribute before they could be ravaged by the barbarians. Eunomius, a disciple of Aetius, is recognized at Constantinople, from whom the Eunomian heresy [originated]. 376 8 Saxons killed at Deusone in the region of the Franks. 377 9 Nearly eighty thousand Burgundians, which they had never done before, descended to the Rhine. 189 Clearchus is recognized as urban prefect at Constantinople; by him, water, necessary and long awaited, is brought to the city by his petitions. Petrus is ordained the twentieth bishop of Alexandria; he, after the death of Valens, was so easy in receiving heretics that he brought a suspicion of having received money upon himself. Melania, a most noble woman among the Romans and daughter of Marcellinus, who was once consul, with her only son at that time...

[having] abandoned her child to the city, sailed to Jerusalem; where she was such a miracle of virtues, and especially of humility, that she received the name of Thecla.

| Olympiad | Christ | Roman | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | 378 | Valenti-nianus and Valens | | | 379 | 10 11 |

The clergy of Aquileia are held as a choir—as it were—of the blessed. R. MCXXX. Valens, having issued a law that monks should serve as soldiers, ordered those who refused to be put to death with clubs [al. to be killed by the waves]. Many of the monks of Nitria were slaughtered by tribunes and soldiers. Because in the previous year the Sarmatians ravaged the Pannonias, the same consuls remained. After the late death of Auxentius, with Ambrose established as bishop of Milan, all of Italy is converted to the true faith. Theodulus, a miserable presbyter, while he dared to offer sacrifices to God against the conscience of his own madness, was snatched away in the midst of his prayers. Valentinian, by a sudden eruption of blood, which is called apoplexy in Greek, dies at Brigetio. After him, Gratian, having assumed his brother Valentinian into the empire, reigns with his uncle Valens. Apollinaris of Laodicea, by a vanity of genius, persistently asserting certain errors, stirred up a heresy of his own name, which Damasus condemned in a council held at Rome. Theodosius, father of the later emperor Theodosius, and very many of the nobility were killed. Photinus dies in Galatia, from whom came the Jewish dogma of the Photinians: who lost many good things of continence and genius by the single evil of pride [al. stained]. About thirty thousand of the Alamanni were struck down by the army of Gratian near the Gallic town of Argentaria.

| | 380 | 12 | | :--- | :--- | :--- |

Basil of Caesarea, bishop of Cappadocia, is held in high regard. Florentinus and Bonosus [al. Bosonius] and Rufinus are held to be notable monks: of whom Florentinus was so merciful to the needy, that he was commonly called the father of the poor.

| | 381 | 13 | | :--- | :--- | :--- |

The Romans having been overcome in the engagement, the Goths are poured into Thrace. The nation of the Huns ravages the Goths: who, having been received by the Romans without the laying down of their arms, were forced by the greed of the general Maximus to rebel due to famine.

| | 382 | 14 | | :--- | :--- | :--- |

Valens, compelled to leave Antioch, with late repentance recalls our own from exile. A tearful war in Thrace: in which, with the cavalry guard deserting, the Roman legions were surrounded by the Goths and slaughtered to the point of annihilation. The emperor Valens himself, as he was fleeing, wounded by an arrow, and frequently falling from his horse due to excessive pain, was carried to a cottage of a certain villa. Where, with the barbarians pursuing, and the house being set on fire, he was even deprived of burial.

From the founding of the City, up to the end of the year of this work, there are one thousand three hundred and thirty-one years, in this manner: Under the kings, two hundred and ten years; under the consuls, four hundred and sixty-four; under the Augusti and Caesars, six hundred and fifty-seven. All the years are collected, up to the sixth consulship of Valens and the second consulship of Valentinian the Younger, Augustus, from the fifteenth year of Tiberius and the preaching of the Lord Jesus Christ, [totaling] three hundred and fifty-one years. From the second year of Darius, king of the Persians, at which time the temple in Jerusalem was restored, eight hundred and ninety-nine years. From the first Olympiad, at which age Isaiah was prophesying among the Hebrews, one thousand one hundred and six years. From Solomon and the first building of the temple, four hundred and eleven years. From the captivity of Troy, at which time Samson was among the Hebrews, eight hundred and sixty-one years. From Moses and Cecrops, the first king of Attica, one thousand eight hundred and ninety years [al. 1893; al. 1990]. From Abraham and the kingdom of Ninus and Semiramis, one thousand three hundred and ninety-five years. The entire canon contains, from Abraham to the time written above, one thousand three hundred and ninety-five years. From the flood up to Abraham, eight hundred and ninety-two years are calculated [al. 942]. And from Adam up to the flood, two thousand two hundred and forty-two years. There are, from Abraham up to the fifteenth year of Valens, that is, up to the time after his sixth consulship and the second consulship of Valentinian Augustus, in all five thousand four hundred and twenty-nine years [al. 5479].

THUS FAR JEROME THE PRESBYTER HAS ARRANGED THE ORDER OF THE PRECEDING YEARS.

APPENDIX TO THE EUSEBIUS CHRONICON

SAMUEL, PRESBYTER OF ANI: A CHRONICLE OF TIMES UP TO HIS OWN ERA

PREFACE CONCERNING SAMUEL

1. The way Samuel’s summary is conveniently joined with Eusebius. — After we had finally finished the labor of editing the Eusebian Chronicle, this thought immediately came to mind: whether we ought to prefer to bring these Canons to light, or whether we should, just as many Greeks, Syrians, and Latins (among whom the foremost are Eusebius’s translator, St. Jerome, and the first Milanese editor, Mombritius) did—that is, to have heaped upon the Eusebian work the deeds of subsequent times—we, too, should continue our edition with some later history. Indeed, when the decision was made to pursue the Canons, nothing was more opportune than the Armenian chronographer Samuel, whose entire industry was most diligently directed toward assuming for himself, among his own people, the person and voice of Eusebius. For while Samuel used the universal work of Eusebius—that is, the broader history and the epitome of the linear canon—he did not take up the resolution which the Latins once adopted, of cutting away the entire volume of the first book with a Tenedian axe. Instead, content with a milder sentiment, he concluded the first book, which was redundant and varied with the opinions of so many authors, into a sufficiently brief compendium. However, he adapted the second book somewhat more aptly for the use of his own time, with the addition of the Christian era and many matters which Eusebius had neglected. Moreover, as was the head of his plan, he carried the arrangement of times forward, so that it runs from the twentieth year of Constantine the Great (in which Eusebius ended) up to the forty-fifth year of Manuel Komnenos; an enormous addition which comprises the events of eight hundred and fifty years. Although, to tell the truth, Samuel especially intended and performed with great study that the Armenian matters—of which there is no trace to be seen in Eusebius—be transferred into his own work from Moses of Khoren, the greatest historian of the nation; and where even he failed, he would excerpt many other significant Armenian writers, and finally, he would commit to his chronography what he himself had seen. Furthermore, the inclusion of Samuel benefits the Eusebian edition in more than one way. For, in the first place, Samuel adds a most serious and indubitable testimony to the first part of the Eusebian history of the Canons (which some critics, almost foolishly, were already thinking to be fictitious and non-existent), while he expresses its preface almost word-for-word, and records that he read the Chaldean affairs in the aforementioned book, and teaches whence Eusebius began the Hebrew chronology, and, as an imitator of the same, considers that the LXX Interpreters of the Bibles are to be closely followed, and borrows those twenty genealogies from the same Eusebius—though he himself eventually inserts the wives of the patriarchs of his own accord, perhaps from some pseudepigraphical book of the Old Testament, chosen with scholarly curiosity (a). But what of this? Does not Samuel seem to emend Eusebius when he demonstrates that Cainan (on account of whose omission Eusebius was exposed to so many accusations from Syncellus) ought to be placed in the order of the patriarchs? Do not the names, whether proper or gentilic,