Double Appendix

^A do they not mark the years, are there not many other things which were out of place in the codices of Eusebius, which Samuel sometimes rightly established? Finally, what does this author not contribute here to the criticism of Eusebius, who now affirms that Eusebius was almost transcribed by him, and now confesses himself so reliant upon him that, if he were removed, he could write nothing?

II. The homeland of Samuel, and familiarization with his work and patron.

III. The codices of the Samuelian summary.

^A It was taken from the oldest codex of all, namely from a copy completed twelve years after the work was first composed. Indeed, that Byzantine exemplar pleased us greatly, and by its help we frequently identified corrupt interpolations which were extremely abhorrent to the author's original genius. Thus far we have commemorated three exemplars of Samuel: the first, that is, the oldest; the second, by which we are warned concerning the true boundary of the author; the third, the Byzantine. Finally, two others were added to these, one of which is not very old and furthermore imperfect, while the other is most recent, ending in the year 1698, and teeming with rash additions and interpolations. Finally, the title of the work as written in the codices is almost the one we have placed at the front of the edition: *The Account of Samuel the Priest of Ani of Times up to His Own Age, Collected in Summary from the Books of Historians*. ^B

IV. *What is the profit of the Solomonic summary?* — But someone will ask: with what hope of common utility or what prudent counsel do we take care to convey the Armenian chronographer to the studies of Europeans? For this is most justly said: *He who narrates what is new and useful, deem this author good.* We certainly admit that the first part of Samuel brings little profit (besides the confirmation of Eusebius): for Eusebius provides Samuel with the Hebrew affairs and those of the other nations of the world previously known in such a way that this summary has almost nothing except a certain brief repetition of Eusebius and other chronographers; furthermore, we see the Armenian history up to Christ born of the Virgin frequently drawn in the same words from Moses of Chorene. Yet there is no reason why anyone should think Samuel ought to be despised for this reason, unless he also treats so many Latin and Greek chronographers equally poorly, since almost all of them, when they begin from the creation of the world, necessarily appear to reheat the same cabbage. Although we hope that Armenian affairs will now reach the ears of many for the first time, since the affairs of this nation are not yet sufficiently in the popular light, on account of the scarcity of those who have undertaken to write about them. But let each think what he will, in our own edition, just as the first book of Eusebius excels the second in dignity, so too the latter part of Samuel surpasses the former in enjoyment and profit. Over one hundred Roman and Greek emperors are recorded in Samuel from Augustus to Manuel Comnenus. The Persian kings, also—first the Arsacids, then, after Christ, the Sasanids up to Mahomet, more than thirty in number—are narrated: after they met their fatal ends, the tyrannies of the Saracen Emirs arose, the huge mass of whose empire was weakened and dissipated in part by internecine hatreds and dissensions, and in part by the arrival of the Scythians about two hundred and fifty years later. Interjected among the aforementioned events were the Armenian dynasts, tossed about by the wondrous play of fortune—namely the Arsacid kings, the Mamikonian princes, the Gnuni, Rhestuni, Arzeruni, and Bagratuni, in addition to the Persian, Arab, Iberian, and Greek prefects. Add to this the Armenian patriarchs, who were never interrupted. Add the era of Christ, which differs sufficiently from the vulgar [common] era, in which matter the chronology of Samuel is by no means to be despised, because of the ancient and most grave controversy of the supreme critics concerning the vulgar era (a). Add the Armenian era—not as the Armenians commonly calculate, in the year of Christ 551, but instituted in the year 553—which Villefroy seems to have demonstrated long ago as most truly stated by Samuel, based on the year Jerusalem was captured by the Christians (b). ^C Now, as for the very events interspersed throughout the ages of the kings, what are they finally? Although Samuel's work is not a history, but certain chapters and a commentary on history, the countless deeds of illustrious men are nevertheless mentioned. And indeed, the illumination of the Armenians is most joyful, at the time when that whole nation flocked to Christ with incredible zeal and consent, with all Armenia resounding with the very many and great miracles of the SS. Gregory and Rhipsime and their companions (c). From that time the buildings of so many temples and monasteries, so many most brave martyrdoms, and a religion confirmed by so many doctrines and labors. Although indeed afterward neither heresies nor schisms nor, especially, the most furious rivalries of factions were wanting, yet the nation of the Armenians never entirely severed itself from the Roman communion. What of the most auspicious beginnings and almost admirable progress of Haican literature, had not the storm and tempest of all learning—the Persian war and soon after the Arabic—so often invaded Armenia? The beginnings and growth of Mahometan power (although little in accordance with the more common history of Saracen times (d)), the lamentable devastations of Armenia, the expeditions of the Latins into Palestine are written in a sufficiently rich style: nor is variety in almost any matter lacking; not the origins and destruction of cities, nor countless slaughters, not pestilence and famine, not crimes, not frauds, not stratagems, nor finally the enumeration of many men outstanding in letters, holiness, and the art of war. And all these things were to be illustrated and purged by very many notes and corrections of the editors, had not the haste of the work distracted us from almost every more exquisite care. ^D

V. *Conjectures concerning the orthodoxy of Samuel.* — Now, if it be permitted also to speak of the religious dogmas of Samuel [index: entries preserved]

^A and to interpose a judgment, it must first be noted that the Eastern heretics (such as Samosatenus, Macedonius, Nestorius, and others) are not obscurely condemned in this Chronicle. Already, from the very resistance to the Council of Chalcedon and the Monophysite accusation—on account of which names the Armenians sometimes had a bad reputation—Samuel seems sufficiently to abhor them. For he clearly teaches, in the year of Christ 640, that the Armenian patriarch Esdras had given his adherence to the judgment of the Council of Chalcedon; although in the year of Christ 527 he had cautiously left out that the patriarch Nerses of Astarach, deceived by the frauds of the Eutychians and terrified by the arms of the Persians, had rescinded the canons of the aforementioned council, by which silence Samuel indicates that he is studiously covering up the disaster of that act. Again, in the year of Christ 856, Samuel praises the ecclesiastical constitutions of the patriarch Zacharias; yet it is established that Chalcedon was approved once more by this pontiff ^B. What of the fact that Samuel openly execrates the two Eutychians, John of Mairacom and Sergius? Would that he had likewise marked the Henoticon of Zeno and the dogmas of Anastasius and the aforementioned Zeno with a black stone! Unless, perhaps, these passages in Samuel have been interpolated by those to whom the Council of Chalcedon was displeasing; a class of interpolation that we also find elsewhere in the manuscripts of Samuel.

But nothing commends the orthodoxy of Samuel more vehemently than the fact that he was in the retinue of the patriarch Degha, the catholic doctrine of whose man is known from his own writings and deeds. For Degha, in written letters (and indeed even to Pope Celestine III), attacked the Monophysite stain, and, having convened a synod around the very year in which Samuel’s Chronicle concludes, he ensured that the two solemn natures of Christ were proclaimed by the Armenians ^C. Finally, regarding the fact that Samuel bestows the name of "saint" upon John of Ozni, it must be known, first of all, that the accusations against this man have been greatly shattered by documents discovered in recent times, and he has been cleared of the Monophysite suspicion ^D. And indeed, in the writings of the ancients, the name of "saint" is sometimes bestowed only for reasons of civil and private honor; moreover, this John of Ozni is not recorded in most of the sacred Calendars of the Armenians.

We are also surprised at Samuel's singular tranquility in writing religious history, even though the East has burned at all times with the great flames of factions. Certainly, the heat of these discords often so stirred up the fury of the writers of these controversies that their minds were hardly far from insanity, let alone that an easy path to the truth should be left open. And yet, it is necessary that every Christian should strive for gentleness, meekness, and furthermore for unity, concord, and obedience: otherwise, let us see, by the immortal God! to what place we should think that sacred matters would arrive. But who, after all, would not infer the orthodoxy of Samuel from that narrative where he glories that the Armenian patriarch Gregory III was treated with the highest honor by the Roman emperors and pontiffs, and that when he had set out to the city of Jerusalem, he was judged to be orthodox by the Latins residing there, and was loved with the highest zeal and with every charity? Greatly delighted by this affair, Samuel says that here, finally, it was clarified for him that his nation had never fallen from the grace of the supreme Divinity. Now, what great justice it is that he recounts that the patriarch Gregory strongly disapproved of the defection of some Armenians from the heterodox king, who nevertheless favored the Christian rites with an obligated faith, and appeared to rule by right! Although elsewhere Samuel curses the Saracenic superstition and tyranny as they deserve. What great fortitude, again, it is that he so openly condemns the treachery of the Greek princes—under whose dominion he lived, either in his own time or nearly so—toward the Latins, and their impiety toward the Christian cause! Unless perhaps, as Jerome said in a like matter, the fear of God expels the fear of men. Altogether, Samuel is a writer of such a kind that the Armenians may rightly glory in having produced him, and Europeans may now desire to know him.

SAMUEL OF ANI. SUMMARY OF TIMES. PART ONE. PROLOGUE.

Since the whole span of time is accustomed to be divided into three parts—namely, the past, the present, and the future—the disposition of the human will yet seems to be drawn more to the knowledge of the past and future than to that of the present. It was destined, therefore, that men, both sacred and profane, would rather inquire into those times; the divine Scriptures also teach us this, since the Life-giver himself said to his own intimates, "It is not for you to know the hours and ^A times, which the Father hath put in his own power" (Acts 1:7). That utterance was pronounced not only regarding the final destruction, but regarding all times; and on that account, the truthful Eusebius says (2) that if there are any who are overly curious and scrutinize empty things, they might be deterred by these few words from trusting that they could attain the doctrine of times with certain knowledge.

Indeed, this divine and Dominical oracle was issued for the chief purpose that investigators of vain things might desist from their fruitless labor. For those things which, when known and considered, bring some utility, He himself (3) taught and made manifest in the prophetic books, in which all things are contained in order, up to the divine Word joined with a carnal nature, taking the beginning from the oracles divinely published by Moses. ^B

2. Among many causes, it is sufficient to note two chief ones: namely, that the divine Word first wished to silence those who dared to say that creatures were without beginning and end; then, to recreate with the hope of the joyful promise of His advent those men who had been cast out of their paternal inheritance—confirming in the higher ages the mystery of the humanity to be assumed by Him through parables and visions; and lastly, instructing His disciples with the most perfect knowledge once the Holy Spirit had been sent into them: whom He made ministers and confidants of His hidden will, and ^C filled with the lucent splendor of ineffable things, with which all creatures are satisfied; having been taught the natures of all things, men set out to write of the past, present, and future, being imbued with the knowledge of truth by the disciples of that truthful One. Then, too, every most eloquent and wisest man applied himself to elaborating the chronographies of his own nation.

3. Among these (I say, the first and the latest), that blessed Eusebius held the most ample place of dignity; then, Socrates the historiographer and many others. Furthermore, I declare that the first historian of our nation was Agathangelus, who wrote of the origins of the illumination of the Armenians through the care of divine Gregory, whose multiform patience also shone forth miraculously. He was followed by Moses of Chorene, noble in historical truthfulness; then Elisha, and Lazarus, and Faustus, who is also the Byzantine (5), an historian a little older; and also Heraclius, praised by the bishop Sebius (6); then Leontius the presbyter, and Sabuhius, and the lord John, and at a later age, the doctor Stephen, by the surname Asolnichius (7). And these, regarding Armenian affairs, and likewise many others regarding individual nations, wove their narratives only after Adam was sent forth from paradise, his life which he spent in paradise being omitted (8). . . . As the Lord said, the day and hour, indeed, in which He himself is to come, isforeknown by no one: which words, when He referred them to the angels and the Son himself, moves this question: But if He himself was to come, in what way did He not know the hour? I think it was said by Him so as not to afflict them with sorrow.

^A 4. But I, moved by the ignorance and lack of skill on my part, and by the request of you, O Gregory, shining in holiness, have been driven by an urge to comply with your wishes in writing the things that you desired. Therefore, relying on the aid of the Holy Spirit, I shall cull from these historical records the summary of my discourse, as your judgment dictates; yet in such a way that I nowhere deviate from the path of truth. And indeed, from so vast a number, two will serve as guides for me in particular: Eusebius and Moses of Chorene. Now, beginning first with Adam, I shall end at Noah; from here I shall proceed to Abraham. Afterward, in the manner of chronographers, I shall arrange the times linearly down to our own day. Finally, if in this work I have rejected the vain and embraced the necessary, I hope that I shall have done something pleasing to you.

5. In truth, we consider it superfluous to recite the histories of the Chaldeans and their barbarian names, which are not to be approved; for if anyone is in need of them, there is at hand the book of the wonderful Eusebius, without which we admit that we could scarcely write ourselves. Although, in reality, whatever of that kind is written there lacks neither opportunity nor utility. For even if he designates the ancient Fathers with foreign names, and the accounts of the years fluctuate wildly, yet the number of the Fathers agrees with the divine Scriptures. There was also another reason why those things which were thought up by them as if in a dream were reported: because, forsooth, Abraham was a Chaldean, and his ancestors were natives of Chaldea, a fact which the book of Genesis openly reveals. Indeed, those narratives lack no testimony to the truth, namely, as far as it pertains to the flood, to the building of the tower, and to the other things which follow in the same place. That, I say, was the reason why those blessed Fathers thought these things worthy of commemoration. To us, however, since the lucubrations of those men seem sufficient, that material will suffice which contributes to our current undertaking.

6. Likewise, those wisest men of old judged that the beginning of the Chronicles themselves should be sought from the time of Adam’s departure from those blessed seats. But whoever triflingly asserts otherwise, claiming that the duration of his sojourn is known to him, or speaks rashly about the creation of heaven and earth, to him, I say, beware of giving credence. For from the time, I say, when he fell from that sweetest manner of life, he who is called Adam (by which name all men collectively are signified), from that time, I say, our account of the times has taken its beginning, namely, that which is in the interpretation of the Seventy; for among the Hebrews there is a huge difference, especially in the number of the years, and they are discovered to be ^B those who have the Holy Spirit as their guide who follow the Seventy men: to whom we also adhering, let us expedite the matter which we have undertaken.

CHAPTER 1.

I. The first man, Adam, after his departure from paradise, at the age of 230 years, begat Seth by his wife Eve; and he lived for a further 700 years until the 137th year of Malaliel. He also begat other sons and daughters. He died in the 930th year of his age.

II. Seth, at the age of 205 years, begat Enos by his wife Alora; and he lived for a further 707 years until the 20th year of Enoch. He begat sons and daughters. He died in the 912th year of his age.

III. Enos, at the age of 190 years, begat Cainan by his wife Nuena; and he lived for a further 715 years until the 50th year of Mathusala. He begat sons and daughters. He died in the 905th year of his age.

IV. Cainan, at the age of 170 years, begat Malaliel by his wife Malaleda; and he lived for a further 740 years until the 81st year of Lamech. He begat sons and daughters. He died in the 910th year of his age.

V. Malaliel, at the age of 165 years, begat Jared by his wife Dina; and he lived for a further 730 years until the 48th year of Noah. He begat sons and daughters. He died in the 895th year of his age.

VI. Jared, at the age of 162 years, begat Enoch by his wife Baracha; and he lived for a further 800 years until the 280th year of Noah. He begat sons and daughters. He died in the 962nd year of his age.

VII. Enoch, at the age of 165 years, begat Mathusalam by his wife Jadnera; and he lived for a further 200 years. And when he had pleased God, he was translated in the 30th year of Lamech. He begat sons and daughters; he was translated at the age of 365 years. From Adam down to Enoch who was translated, 7 generations and 1487 years are reckoned.

VIII. ^C Mathusala, at the age of 167 years, begat Lamech by his wife Edna; and he lived for a further 800 years. This man survived the flood by 14 years, which is known from the span of his own life. In other copies, however, it is reported that he lived for 782 years after he begat [him]. He begat sons and daughters. He died in the 969th year of his age.

IX. Lamech, at the age of 188 years, begat Noah by his wife Bedna; and he lived for a further 535 years. Lamech died before his father Mathusala, having lived until the 535th [year of Noah].

^A 611 X. Noah, having been born 500 years, begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth by his wife Noemzara; and he lived for a further 100 years until the flood; and after the flood, for 350 years. He died at the age of 950 years. From the translation of Enoch up to the flood, three generations and 755 years are accumulated. From Adam, however, ten generations and 2,242 years.

CHAPTER II.

XI. Shem, having been born 100 years, begat Arphaxad in the second year after the flood by his wife Dizacliba; and he lived for a further 500 years. He begat sons and daughters. He died at the age of 600 years.

XII. Arphaxad, having been born 135 years, begat Sala by his wife Rabuia; and he lived for a further 400 years. He begat sons and daughters. He died at the age of 538 years.

XIII. Sala, having been born 130 years, begat Heber by his wife Mucha; and he lived for a further 406 years up to the 7th year of Seruch. He begat sons and daughters. He died at the age of 536 years.

XIV. Heber, having been born 134 years, begat Phalec by his wife Zuba; and he lived for a further 433 years up to the 38th year of Nachor. He begat sons and daughters. He died at the age of 567 years.

XV. Phalec, having been born 134 years, begat Ragau by his wife Ziura; and he lived for a further 209 years up to the 77th year of Seruch. He begat sons and daughters. He died at the age of 343 years. In the age of Phalec the earth was divided: for Phalec also signifies division. He indeed died before his father. In his same age also occurred the building of the tower, and likewise the division of language, which until then had been one, into many dialects according to the number of tribes: on which matter secular historians agree with the divine Scripture. Thus, from the flood up to the tower, five generations and 525 years are completed. From Adam, however, fifteen generations and 1,767 years.

XVI. But after Phalec, Bagavus, having been born ^B 135 years, begat Seruch by his wife Sura; and he lived for a further 207 years up to the 77th year of Nachor. He begat sons and daughters. He died at the age of 342 years.

XVII. Seruch, having been born 130 years, begat Nachor by his wife Melcha; and he lived for a further 200 years up to the 51st year of Abraham. He begat sons and daughters. He died at the age of 330 years.

XVIII. Nachor, having been born 79 years, begat Thara by his wife Iescha; and he lived for a further 119 years up to the 49th year of Abraham. He begat sons and daughters. He died at the age of 198 years.

XIX. Thara, having been born 70 years, begat Abraham by his wife Edna; and he lived up to the 35th year of Isaac—that is, he survived for 135 years. He begat sons and daughters. Thara died at the age of 205 years.

XX. The first year of Abraham. From the flood up to the first year of Abraham, nine generations and 942 years are completed. From Adam, however, nineteen generations and 2,184 years, so that Abraham is in the twentieth generation. This, indeed, is according to the interpretation of the Seventy.

CHAPTER III.

1. Indeed, not a few very learned historians add to the procreation and number of years Cainan with 120 years; and they say he was born of Arphaxad and is the parent of Sala. They describe the matter thus: Arphaxad, having been born 137 years, begat Cainan by his wife Rabuia; and when he had lived a further 400 years, he passed away. Cainan, having been born 120 years, ^C took Sala by his wife Secha, and when he had lived a further 397 years, he died. Furthermore, they use as witnesses of this matter the most celebrated and learned men, namely Origen and Gregory the Theologian and Epiphanius of Cyprus; and indeed even the evangelist Luke, full of the Holy Spirit, who included him in his genealogy. According to the opinion of these, therefore, Abraham occupies the twenty-first place after Adam. However, the sum of the years which Eusebius writes from Adam to Abraham as 2,184 arises to 3,204.

2. Moreover, Moses of Chorene, drawing up a comparative table of the lineages which reach from the three sons of Noah to Abraham, took care to insert the same patriarch Cainan into his history, saying he is the fourth from Noah and the third from Shem; and by the same reasoning, he says Thira is the fourth from Noah, but the third from Iapheth; then finally, he says Mestraim is the fourth from Noah and the third from Ham. On which matter the same historian Moses writes in this way: "It is difficult, indeed, to have and to collect the method of the times from there up to the very beginning of things; but it is much more difficult to trace specifically the human propagations following from the three children of Noah. Since indeed the divine letters, having selected that which pertained to itself, had no account for the rest of the lineage of Shem, as if they were despised and not worthy to be inserted into the text of their account." And again he says: "Although in no copy of our interpretation does this appear to be written, nor does it exist in any Chronicle, except…"

with a certain learned and ingenious Syrian man; nevertheless, it is clearly evident to us that Mestraimus is the same as Mezraim, who is seen to be Egypt, just as Nebroth is Belus." Now, he also arranges the list of these three nations thus:

Semus... Chamus... Jabethus. Arphaxades... Chusus... Gamerus. Cainanus... Mestraimus... Thira. Sala... Nebroth... Thorgomus. Heberus... Babius... Haicus. Phalecus... Anebis... Armenacus. Ragavus... Arbelus... Armais. Seruchus... Chæalus... Amasia. Nachorus... Arbelus... Gelamus. Thara... Ninus... Harma. Abrahamus... Ninyas... Aramus.

3. He then adds: "In the genealogy up to Ninus, indeed, the years during which each one procreated are nowhere found to have been expressed, or at least they have not reached us; then, too, nothing certain has been handed down to us concerning Japheth; nevertheless, the genealogy of these three families as set forth is so far most true, in that the procreations are eleven up to Abraham, Ninus, and Aram. For Araeus holds the twelfth place and is subsequent to Ninus: and he also died at a bitter age, having been slain by Semiramis." Neither is there any reason why anyone should harbor doubt concerning these things. For he says: "I have gathered the most certain things from various histories to the best of my ability, which I think will be attacked by no prudent person, unless some perchance labor ^A under a desire to extinguish the truth: and if there are any such, let them solace themselves in this way as much as they wish."

4. Now let us begin to write one by one from the three sons of Noah down to the revelation of the divine Word, first indeed the lineage of Sem, then of Cham, and finally of Japheth. Foreign nations denote Sem, the eldest son of Noah, by the name Zeruani, Cham as Titan, and Japheth as Iapetus. And not only to these, but they also attach rough appellations to the remaining patriarchs, taking their beginning from Adam, and they bring forth the number of years for each: to wit, thus: I. Alorus, 10 saris. (But they claim that 3,600 years are contained in a saros. They also add certain Neros and Sosos: for a neros makes 600 years, a sosos 60 years.) II. Sethus... Alaparus, 3 saris. III. Enosus... Almelon, 13 saris. IV. Cainanus... Ammenon, 11 saris. V. Malaliel... Amegalarus, 18 saris. VI. Jaredus... Davonus, 10 saris. VII. Enochus... Evendorachus, 18 saris. VIII. Mathusala... Amempsinus, 10 saris. IX. Lamechus... Otiartes, 8 saris. X. Noachus... Xisuthrus, 18 saris.

These chronographers of the Chaldean define the entire age of these ten kings as 120 saris, ^B which are 43,000 years, and in addition 2,000 years. We, however, leaving aside these uncertain things, let us proceed to speak of what the divine books hand down in this manner.

CHAPTER IV. The Divisions of the Nations

1. Of Sem there are five children: Elam, from whom the Elamites; Asur, from whom the Assyrians; Arphaxad, from whom the Chaldeans; Lud, from whom the Lydians; finally Aram, from whom the Arameans, who are also called Syrians. The children of Aram are: Us, from whom the Laji; Enul, from whom the Enulii; Gader, from whom the Gaspheni; Mosoch, from whom the Moseni. The sons of Arphaxad: Sala, whose son is Heber, from whom the Hebrews. The sons of Heber: Phalec, from whom the lineage of Abraham is composed; Jectan, from whom thirteen children are created: of whom the eldest is Elmodad, from whom the Indians; then Salec, from whom the Bactrians; Asarmoth, from whom the Arabs; Jarech, from whom the Jarachaei; Zodoram, from whom the Carmeli; Ezel, from whom the Arians; Decla, from whom the Gedrusii; Gebal, from whom the Scythians; Abimeel, from whom the Hyrcanians; Saba, from whom the first Arabs; Uphir, from whom the Aramii; Zevila, from whom the Gymnosophists; Joab, from whom the Aradii. All these were generated from Jectan, the brother of Phalec: and their habitation extends from Masius ^C up to the oriental mountain Spheras. And indeed it is said elsewhere that the whole offspring of Sem inhabits the entire tract from the borders of Bactriana as far as Rhinocurura, at which place Syria is separated from Egypt, and also from the Red Sea; and from the shore of the sea which is at the Indian Arsinoe.

2. Of Cham there are five children: of whom the eldest is Chusus, from whom the Chusii; then Mestraimus, from whom the Egyptians; Phudus, from whom the Troglodytes; Chanaanes, from whom the Africans and Phoenicians. The children of Chus are: Saba, Ila, Sabaat, Regma, Sabacatha. Again, the children of Regma are Saba and Judadanes. They also say, on the authority of divine letters, that Nebroth was generated from Chus, who was the first giant on earth, and that this giant devoted himself to hunting before the Lord God: and that he began his kingdom from Babylon, from Oredo, from Achad, from Chalan in the region of Senaiar. From the same place arose Asur, from whom Nineveh and also the city of Roboda were founded with Chalan: then also Raseman, between Nineveh and Chalan, which is ^D a very great city.

Now Mestraimus, the father of the Egyptians, created Ludimus, from whom the Lydians; Sencimus, from whom the Pamphylians; Salbius, from whom the Libyans; Nephthali- ^A mum and Patrosonimus, from whom the Cretans; Caslinimus, from whom the Lycians, whence also the race of the Philistines; Capthorimus, from whom the Dacians. Furthermore, the Canaanite first took possession of Sidon, from whom the Sidonians, and the Hittites, and the Jebusites, and the Amorites, and the Gergesites, and the Levites, and the Arvadites, whence also the Tripolitans and the Aminai; then Aradius, from whom the Aradians; Samrinus, from whom the Orthosians; Amathus, from whom the Amathusians. From these there were sown in total thirty-one Canaanite tribes: whose borders were from Sidon until you come to Gerar, and from Gaza until you come to Sodom and Gomorrah and Admah and Zeboiim and Lasha. In another place, however, these nations are said to have inhabited the southern regions from Rhinocorura as far as Gades.

CAPUT V. The lineage of Shem

1. I shall therefore take up the beginning where I broke off the sequence of procreations, and I will omit the narratives that are interposed. It is written there, of course, that when Terah was seventy years old, Abraham, and Nahor, and Haran were born to him. Furthermore, Haran, having begotten Lot, died before his parent Terah in his native land, Chaldaea. Abraham and Nahor took wives for themselves; Abraham took Sarah, and Nahor took Milcah, born to Haran. But Sarah, being barren, brought forth no offspring from herself. Afterwards, Terah, leaving Chaldaea with his children to migrate into Canaan, proceeded as far as Haran and fixed his dwelling there; and when he was in his two-hundredth year of age, he yielded to nature at Haran.

PROSE CONTINUATION

...the Libyans, from whom the Celts and Galatians; Mada, from whom the Medes; Javan, from whom the Hellenes and Ionians; Elishah and Tubal, from whom the Thessalians; Meshech, from whom the Illyrians; Tiras, from whom the Thracians; Kittim, from whom the Macedonians. Furthermore, the children of Gomer: Ashkenaz, from whom the Sarmatians; Riphath, from whom the Sauromatae; Togarmah, from whom the Haikani. Moreover, the children of Javan: Elishah, from whom the Sicilians and Athenians; Tarshish, from whom the Iberians and Tyrrhenians; Kittim, from whom the Romans and Latins and Rhodians. From these, colonies were led through the islands of the nations into their own respective regions, fifteen peoples in all, and these extend from the Medes to the West, which lies open to the Ocean and faces the northern region. Next, fifty-one peoples are enumerated, and likewise their dominions through the northern tract from the Medes to Gades. They extend, that is, from the Potaminus River ^C as far as Mastusia, which is Ilium.

4. But indeed, I have undertaken to set forth distinctly each of the nations of the three sons of Noah up to Christ, who is joined with human nature, although the divine Scriptures contain in writing only the lineage of the Semitic family; concerning Ham and Japheth, however, they record nothing beyond what I have said above. Therefore, I shall now begin the lineage of Shem from the first year of Abraham: for up to this point I have written in the preceding sections, albeit in a brief style, with many things omitted: I shall use this same manner of writing in what follows, gathering together what will seem equitable from honest historians, both foreign and our own. ^D

2. Deemed worthy of God’s revelation, he was commanded to leave his land. Wherefore, having left Haran, he inhabited Canaan. Then, when he was already eighty-six years old, he begat a son by Hagar, Sarah’s handmaid, to whom he gave the name Ishmael, whence comes the nation of the Ishmaelites; namely, the Hagarenes, who are also called Saracens and Tagikii. Moreover, in the year before his hundredth, God entered into a covenant of circumcision with him, and therefore he himself and all the males of his house began to use circumcision: then also Abraham was named instead of Abram, and Sarah instead of Sar. And in that same year, not yet elapsed, the Lord God, appearing to him with angels at Mamre, offered of his own accord that He would grant him offspring. The divine Word, revealing Himself to Abraham in human form, the first among the prophets, portended the calling of the Gentiles, which God finally consummated among us—that is, in the universality of the nations—through the evangelical doctrine of the divine Word.

3. Now when Abraham was in his hundredth year and his wife Sarah was in her ninetieth, Isaac was born: at whose birth Sarah herself was in her ninetieth year. But she, having lived for thirty-seven years after the birth of Isaac, departed from this life. After Sarah’s death, Abraham sent his servant Eleazar of Damascus into Mesopotamia, and took care to have Rebekah, born to Bethuel, the sister of Laban, given in marriage to his son Isaac. Afterwards he himself also took for himself Keturah as a wife, by whom he begat six children. And thus to Abraham offspring arose from three wives; first, indeed, from Hagar the Egyptian, Ishmael, from whom the nation of the Ishmaelites; then from Sarah, Isaac.

Last of all from Keturah [originated] the race of the Parthians, whose seed is that famous Arsaces, progenitor of the Pahlavi and Arsacid families. ^A Therefore, after Isaac was born, Abraham lived for seventy-five more years, so that he lived in total one hundred and seventy-five years, when he met his fate. Already in his sixtieth year of life, Isaac begat Esau and Jacob, after he had been in marriage with Rebecca for twenty years. And having survived for a further one hundred and twenty years, he died in the one hundred and eightieth year of his life.

4. To Jacob, twelve children were born by the two daughters of Laban, namely Leah and Rachel, and also by their two handmaids, Bilhah and Zilpah. Although the first born to him was Reuben, whom he begat in the eighty-fifth year of his life, then Simeon in the eighty-sixth; yet Levi is preferred in order, whom he brought forth in the eighty-seventh year of his age (45), from whose lineage that great Moses also arose: which matter is described thus: Jacob, aged eighty-seven, received Levi from his wife Leah; Levi, aged forty-six, begat Kohath; Kohath, aged sixty-three, begat Amram; Amram, aged seventy, begat Moses; Moses, aged eighty, led the people out of Egypt.

5. Again, according to the Eusebian canons (46), Joseph was born to Jacob in his ninety-second year by his wife Rachel: then Joseph, in the seventeenth year of his age, was sold by his brethren and went into Egypt; and after he had been there for thirteen years in prison, in his thirtieth year of life he obtained dominion over Egypt, which he administered for eighty years, dying at last in his one hundred and tenth year. ^C In the first year of Egyptian abundance, the direction of affairs was committed to Joseph: but in the eighth year, famine began to rage there, and in the second year of this calamity, Jacob descended into Egypt in his one hundred and thirtieth year, and having extended his life there for another seventeen years, he ended it in the one hundred and forty-seventh, at which time Joseph, who also lived for fifty-four years, was already in the twenty-sixth year of his rule.

6. Joseph and the living, the children of Israel served the Egyptians for one hundred and forty-four years. Therefore, from the descent of Jacob, there are two hundred and fifteen years. In the sixty-fourth year of servitude, Moses saw the light; entering into his eightieth year, with his brother Aaron, who was also eighty-three years old, he led the people out of Egypt: to whom, after he had presided for forty years in the desert, he dies in the one hundred and twentieth year of his life. After Moses, Jesus the son of Nun, having crossed the Jordan, announced the people (47) into the land ^D and led them on for twenty-seven years, and he died in the one hundred and tenth year of his age.

7. Following this, the administration of the Judges succeeded; the first of whom: I. Othniel, 40 years. II. Ehud, 80 years. III. Barak and Deborah, 40 years. IV. Shamgar, who later slaughtered six hundred foreigners. V. Gideon, 40 years. VI. Abimelech, 3 years. VII. Tola, 23 years. VIII. Jair, 22 years. IX. Jephthah, 6 years. X. Heshbon, 7 years. (Barak had seventy children, Heshbon had thirty [48-49]). In the Hebrew exemplar, Elon the judge is added to Heshbon for 10 years, whom the Septuagint Interpreters, however, do not recognize (50). In his third year, Ilium [Troy] was captured. XI. Abdon, 8 years. He had forty children, and their thirty sons rode on seventy donkeys. XII. Samson, 20 years. XIII. Eli, 40 years. But in the exemplar of the Septuagint Interpreters, twenty are written. XIV. Samuel and Saul, 40 years.

8. Indeed, in unfolding the lineage of the seed of Shem, we promised to compose a series not alien to the evangelical manner of Matthew, up to Joseph and Mary; we ought to have chosen Judah from the children of Jacob, from whom we would deduce the procreations; since from his branch the Lord arose. Nevertheless, it was necessary, for the sake of Moses and Jesus and the others who administered justice to the people up to David, to commemorate Levi in place of Judah. Now, however, from where it is fitting, let us repeat the matter again.

9. Abraham begat Isaac; Isaac begat Jacob; Jacob, in the eighty-eighth year of his life, received Judah from his wife Leah; Judah, aged forty-eight, begat Perez; Perez, in his fifty-eighth year (51), begat Hezron; Hezron, in his fifty-seventh year, begat Aram; Aram, in his forty-seventh year, begat Aminadab; Aminadab, in his forty-fifth year, begat Nahshon. Moreover, he says (52), Aminadab was the leader of the hosts of Judah, at the time when Moses led the offspring of Israel out of Egypt. Therefore, from the first year of Abraham up to the migration from Egypt, eight procreations are collected, and five hundred and four years; but from Adam, twenty-eight procreations, and three thousand six hundred and eighty-nine years.

10. And he says (53), Nahshon was prince of the host of Judah.

^A in the desert, and his sister Elisabeth was married to Eleazar, the son of Aaron, from which marriage Phinees was created, and it thus happened that the race of Judah was joined by affinity with the Levitical line. Salmon, at thirty-five years of age, begat Booz. And he says, Salmon was prince of the tribe of Judah at the time when Jesus led the people across the Jordan. He took to himself as wife Rahab, whom the divine evangelist calls Rachab *. He also founded the city of Bethlehem within the territory of Judah. Booz married Ruth, a Moabite woman. Epiphanius says Ruth was an Ammonitess, that is, an Amonitess. Obed, at one hundred and one years of age, begat Jesse; Jesse, at one hundred and thirty years of age, begat David; David, at fifty-eight years of age, begat Solomon. He began his reign at age thirty and held it for forty years, his life extending to his seventieth year. Solomon, at twenty-two years of age (54), begat Rehoboam. In the fourth year of his reign, he began the construction of the Temple. (From the exodus from Egypt until Solomon and the completion of the temple, 480 years are completed. From Adam, however, 3669 years.) He attained the kingdom at age twelve (55), which he held for forty years, living for fifty-two years. 12. After Solomon, the kingdom of Israel was divided in two. Jeroboam, son of Nabat, ruled over the ten tribes of Samaria, and he was called king of Israel. Rehoboam, son of Solomon, ruled in Jerusalem, and he was called king of Judah. ^B I. Rehoboam reigned in Jerusalem for 17 years. II. Abias for 3 years. III. Asa (56) for 41 years. IV. Josaphat for 25 years (57). V. Joramus for 8 years. VI. Ochosias for 1 year. VII. Godolia, his mother, for 7 years. VIII. Joasus for 11 years. The evangelist did not include these three kings, namely Ochosias with his mother Godolia, Joasus, and Amasias, in his genealogy because she was a daughter and they were grandsons of Achab. IX. Amesias for 29 years. X. Azarias, also called Ozias, for 52 years. In the forty-ninth year of Ozias, the first Olympiad was held. XI. Joatham for 16 years. XII. Achaz for 16 years. In the eleventh year of Achaz, Israel was brought into slavery by Salmanasar. XIII. Ezechias for 29 years. In the ninth year of Ezechias, Romulus founded Rome, which was the 1283rd year from Abraham (58). XIV. Manasses for 55 years. XV. Amosus for 16 years. XVI. Josias for 31 years. XVII. Joachasus for 3 months. Nechao led Joachasus captive away and declared Eliachim king. XVIII. Eliachim, who is also Joachim, for 11 years. In the tenth year of his reign, Nebuchadnezzar ^C subdued Judea and withdrew after receiving tribute from Eliachim. XIX. Joachimus, who is also Jechonias, for 3 months. Nebuchadnezzar carried him away into captivity. XX. Mathanias, who is also Sedechias, for 11 years. In the twelfth year of Sedechias, Nebuchadnezzar the Chaldean, having captured Jerusalem, burned the temple. The temple had stood for 442 years. The beginning of the captivity fell in the fourth year of the forty-seventh Olympiad, and it lasted for seventy years. After the twentieth year of the captivity, Nebuchadnezzar migrated from life. 13. Furthermore, in Matthew’s genealogy, Jechonias begat Salathiel in the 56th year of his age: he begat Zorobabel in his 56th year; he begat Abiud in his 45th year; he begat Eliachim in his 60th year; he begat Azor in his 39th year; he begat Sadoc in his 31st year. In the first year of Sadoc, Alexander the Macedonian became famous. He begat Achim in the 34th year of his age; he begat Eliud in his 30th year; he begat Eleazar in his 62nd year; he begat Mathan in his 38th year; he begat Jacob in his 60th year; he begat Joseph in his 76th year. Jesus Christ is born in Bethlehem of Judah. The total time from the repair of the temple to the birth of Christ is 518 years; from Solomon and the first building of the temple to the second is 512 years; from the exodus to Solomon is 480 years; from Abraham to the exodus is 505 years; from the flood to Abraham is 942 years; from Adam to the flood is 2242 years: the final sum of time from Adam to the birth of Christ is 5998 years, as the Septuagint Interpreters teach. 14. After the death of Solomon, as has already been said, when the reign of Rehoboam began, or rather in his first regnal year, Jeroboam began to rule the ten tribes of Samaria. Just as in the time of David, the prophets Gaddus, Nathan, and Asaph had prophesied, and again in the time of Solomon, Sadochus, Achias the Silonite, and Sameas had done so, so also in the time of Jeroboam and his son Nabat, there prophesied Achias, Sameas, and also he who [prophesied] at the altar of Samaria *, as well as Joasus, Joel, and Azarias, who is also called Addus, and Ananias. ^D II. Nabatus for 2 years. III. Bajas (59) for 24 years. IV. Ela for 2 years. V. Zambri for 7 months. VI. Amri for 12 years. VII. Achaabus for 20 years. Under him were the prophets Abdias, Elias, Jesus.

Oziel, Michael; but the false prophets were Zedekiah and Eliezer. VIII. Ahaziah for 2 years. IX. Joram for 12 years. Again Elias and Elisha prophesied. In the seventh year of Joram, Elias was taken up. X. Jehu for 28 years. Jehu brought to completion the threats which the fury of God had intended against Ahab and his wife Jezebel by slaughtering the seventy sons of Ahab, as well as the Sidonian Jezebel and four hundred prophets of the detestable idol. During this time, Azarias prophesied among the Israelites. XI. Jehoahaz for 17 years. In his age, Joash, king of Judah, killed Azarias, and then Elisha departed this life. XII. Joash for 16 years. XIII. Jeroboam for 40 years. In his age, Hosea, Amos, Isaiah, and Jonah prophesied. XIV. Zechariah for 6 months. XV. Shallum for 45 days. XVI. Menahem for 10 years. XVII. Pekah for 10 years. In the ninth year of his reign, the first Olympiad took place. XVIII. Pekah for 20 years. XIX. Hosea for 9 years. During the reign of Hosea, the ten tribes were enslaved by Shalmaneser, and the Israelite kingdom of Samaria was destroyed in the eleventh year of the reign of Ahaz, after it had stood for 250 years. From this point until the temple in Jerusalem was overturned by the force of Nebuchadnezzar under Zedekiah, 156 years are counted.

15. These were the priests up to the captivity: Aaron, Eleazar, Phinehas, Abiud, Borchias, Ozias, Zareias, Meraioth, Amarias, Achitub, Zadok, Achiamas, Azarias, Jonan, Azarias, Amarias, Achitub, Zadok, Elumus, Hilkiah, Azarias, Zaraeus, Josedech, who went to Babylon at the time when Nebuchadnezzar reduced Judah to servitude. These things are recorded in the Books of Chronicles.

16. Therefore, in the eighteenth year of the reign of Josiah, Jeremiah began to prophesy; then, in the twenty-second year of the same king, Zephaniah and Jeremiah prophesied; and again in the fourth year of Zedekiah, Baruch and Jeremiah; but in the eighth year of the captivity, Daniel and Ezekiel in Babylon; then in the thirty-eighth year, Haggai and Zechariah; finally, in the sixty-sixth year, the same Haggai and Zechariah, as well as Malachi. Other histories record that Nahum, Habakkuk, Malachi, and Daniel prophesied during these times.

17. Now in what manner they were prophets among the captives, even after 70 years ^A they were dismissed by the prince Zorobabel, who restored the temple and the city. Then there were high priests up to the anointed prince, in whom the prophecy of the patriarch Jacob arrived at its fulfillment, saying: "The sceptre shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until he comes to whom it belongs." Now, while Zorobabel was leader, Jesus the son of Josedech was high priest; then Jachimus, who is the same as Joachim, son of Jesus; and also Elarus, who is the same as Esiasibus, son of Jachimus. Furthermore, there was Ezra the priest, scribe of the sacred laws, and a noble teacher of those who had ascended from Babylon into Judea. Joadas, son of Asibi, under whom Nehemiah, the cupbearer of Artaxerxes, a Hebrew by race, came from Babylon to Jerusalem and raised the walls. John, son of Joadas. Jaddus, son of John, in whose age Alexander the Macedonian entered Jerusalem and worshipped God. Onias, son of Jaddus. Simeon, surnamed the Just. Eleazar, brother of Simeon, under whom the seventy men, by order of King Ptolemy, translated the divine books into the ^B usage of the Greek language. Manasses, uncle of Eleazar. Onias, son of Simeon the Just. Simeon, son of Onias, under whom was Jesus Sirach. Onias, son of Simeon.

18. Then, thirty-five years later, Antiochus Epiphanes entered Judea and transferred the Jewish high-priesthood from Jesus, surnamed Jason, to his brother Onias; soon it was taken from him and given to Onias, surnamed Menelaus. Soon, after five years had elapsed, having occupied Jerusalem, he plundered the temple and placed the sign of Zeus Olympius there; ^C in Garizim, however, that of Zeus Hospitalis. In that storm, a certain priest named Mattathias, son of Asamonaeus, from the town of Modimo, fought with his sons in the war against the forces of Antiochus. Indeed, Judas, the son, put the Syrians to flight, purified the temple, and restored the sacred ancestral rites, which had fallen into disuse for three years. Then Alcimus, who is the same as Jachimus, succeeded to the priesthood of the Jewish high priest Menelaus, although he was an alien to the priestly race. Wherefore, Onias, born of a priest, departed into Egypt, and there founded the city of Amopolis, and there took care to have a temple built ^D after the likeness of the Jerusalemite one. Alcimus, however, while fighting with Judas, was shortly struck by God and died. Therefore, by the common suffrage of the priesthood, the high-priesthood was conferred upon Judas.

19. I. Judas, who is Maccabeus, for 3 years within the hundred and fifty-fifth Olympiad. II. Jonathan, who is Aphuthus, for 19 years. III. Simon, who is Tarsis, for 8 years. IV. Hyrcanus, who is John, for 26 years. V. Aristobulus for 1 year. Aristobulus added the royal diadem to the priesthood. VI. Jannaeus, who is Alexander, for 27 years.

VII. Alexandra, wife of Alexander, for 9 years. She was called Alexandra Salina. VIII. Hyrcanus for 34 years. 20. When Aristobulus and Hyrcanus, the sons of Alexander, were contending with one another, Pompey the Roman arrived, took Aristobulus away with him in chains, and confirmed the priesthood to Hyrcanus, who indeed was captured 34 years later by the Parthians. Thus the kingdom of the Jews and the anointed leaders ceased, as Daniel had foretold: for by the name of anointed leaders are meant the high priests who presided over the people after their return from captivity; and who, beginning from the 65th Olympiad under Darius, finally reached their end in the 186th Olympiad: which interval of time the prophet Daniel had shadowed forth under the title of the seventy weeks. Indeed, after Hyrcanus, there was no one of priestly lineage, but rather leaders of unknown stock, holding office for a month or a year. Then, finally, Herod, a foreigner, obtained the kingdom, in whose 32nd year our Lord Jesus Christ was born.

CAPUT VI. The Offspring of Ham

1. So far we have set forth, relying on the divine books, the descendants of Shem up to the coming of Christ. Now we must write what pertains to Ham—though not, as with Shem, the succession of children, but the number of years, the names of the kings, and then which nations, grown in power, conquered others, down to the human nature of the Savior. Therefore, from that point where our discourse paused, when we described the procreations of Ham according to the tradition of Holy Scripture; from there, I say, let the narrative begin, drawn from books of certain faith, namely, according to the accounts of the chronicles and canons of Eusebius and the historian of the Armenians, Moses of Chorene; ^A of whom the latter speaks thus: "Regarding Belus, in whose age our great progenitor Haicus lived, many have handed down many varied things; I, however, affirm that the one whom they call Saturn and Belus was Nimrod; on which matter the Egyptians agree with Moses, reckoning Vulcan, the Sun, and Saturn—who are Ham, Cush, and Nimrod—omitting Mizraim: for they say ^B the first man among them was Vulcan."

2. Therefore, from this very Belus, our tract must begin. I. Belus, who reigned for 62 years, over all the provinces of Asia, except the Indians. II. Ninus, likewise, after Belus for 52 years. In the 44th year of this Ninus, Abraham was born to Terah. III. Samiramis, wife of Ninus, for 42 years. IV. Zames, who is Ninuas, for 32 years. V. Arius for 30 years. VI. Aralius for 40 years. VII. Xerxes, who is ^C Baleus, for 30 years. VIII. Armamithris for 38 years. IX. Belochus for 35 years. X. Baleus for 15 years. XI. Altadas for 32 years. XII. Mamelus for 30 years. In the 14th year of this man, Joseph died. XIII. Mamylus the Second for 30 years. XIV. Sparæthus for 40 years. XV. Manchaleus for 30 years. XVI. Sphærus for 20 years. In the 3rd year of this man, Cecrops first reigned at Athens. XVII. Ascades for 40 years. In his 8th year, Moses, now eighty years old, led the people out of Egypt. XVIII. Amyntas for 45 years. XIX. Belechus for 25 years. XX. Balepares for 30 years. XXI. Lamprides for 32 years. XXII. Pannyas for 45 years. XXIII. Sosarmus for 19 years. XXIV. Zosares for 20 years. XXV. Lamprides for 30 years. XXVI. Mithræus for 27 years. XXVII. Tautanes for 31 years. In the 25th year of Tautanes, the city of Ilium was captured. XXVIII. Teutæus for 40 years. XXIX. Otheneus for 30 years. XXX. Dercyllus for 40 years. XXXI. Eupalles for 37 years. The 33rd year of this man falls in the 4th year of Solomon and the building of the temple. XXXII. Lavosthenes for 45 years. The Jewish nation is divided in two. XXXIII. Pertiages for 30 years. XXXIV. Ophrates for 20 years. XXXV. Ophratanes for 50 years. XXXVI. Acrapales for 42 years. XXXVII. Thonnus Concolerus, called Sardanapallus in Greek, for 20 years.

5. Sardanapallus, the thirty-seventh after Belus, was the last of the kings of the Assyrians. He surpassed all who had preceded him in his addiction to base effeminacy and luxury. Wherefore, a certain Arbaces, a Mede by birth, a man of outstanding strength and noble spirit, who came to the city of Ninus every year for the purpose of military training; he, I say, having learned of the king's depraved character, won over his friends to himself by his generosity, primarily Belesis, the supreme leader of the Babylonians, with whom, having formed an alliance, he defeated Sardanapallus, who seceded to the royal palace...

and burned himself in the fire. Then Varbaces placed Belesis as king over Babylon, and likewise adorned our Paror with a diadem for the service he had rendered unto him ^A (73); but he himself transferred the empire of the Assyrians to the Medes. Thereafter, there was an interregnum until the Median king Dejoces. In the intermediate time, the Chaldeans possessed the power; their times and successions together with their own peculiar kings are written down separately.

4. Here the kings of the Babylonians are set forth. I. Phlua, 16 years. In his sixteenth year, the first Olympiad was held. II. Thaglatphalsarus, 27 years. In his thirteenth year, having advanced into Judea, he led away the better part of its inhabitants into captivity. III. Salmanasarus ruled over the Assyrians for 16 years. Also in the third year of his reign, in the eighth Olympiad, he destroyed the kingdom of Samaria, the ten tribes having been deported into captivity. IV. Senecherimus ruled over the Assyrians for 18 years. He undertook an expedition against Jerusalem and besieged the cities of Judea. From him to Nabuchodonosor, the historians of the Chaldeans count 88 years (74). Among the same, after Senecherimus, is written: V. Asordanes, his son, 8 years. VI. Asodes (75), 21 years. VII. His brother, 21 years. VIII. Nabupalsarus, 11 years. IX. Marudachus Baldanes, 10 years.

^B X. Nabuchodonosor, then, 43 years, from the forty-second Olympiad. In the tenth year of Eliachim, he brought the Jews under his power and led away the greater part of them to be consigned to slavery. Then also [he led away] Daniel and the three youths three years later: for he came again and carried off Jehoiachin himself as a captive. When Nabuchodonosor was already reigning in his twenty-third year, Jerusalem was captured; but in the fifth month thereafter, the captain of the guard, Nabuzardanes, set fire to the temple. Finally, in the twentieth year of the Jewish captivity, Nabuchodonosor departed this life. In his place was substituted his son: XI. Baltasar, who is [also] Ilmarudachus, 2 years. Then: XII. Astyages (76), 1 year. He saw those letters inscribed on the wall which Daniel interpreted. XIII. Darius the Mede, 4 years. XIV. Darius Arsaviri, 3 years. Thereafter the empire of the Babylonians was abolished.

5. Now let us set forth the kings of the Medes. After Sardanapallus was extinguished, the first to reign was: I. [Varbaces] 28 years. II. Sosarmus, 30 years. III. Mamicar, 40 years. IV. Cardiceus, 13 years. V. Dejoces, 54 years. He founded Ecbatana. VI. Phraortes, 24 years. VII. Cyaxares, 32 years. VIII. Asdahages, 38 years. Tigranes the Haican (77), joined by a treaty with Cyrus the Persian, killed him. Although Eusebius (78) and other historians say that Asdahages was overthrown by Cyrus alone, by whom the kingdom of the Medes was also abolished; nevertheless, Moses (79) recounts that the slaughter of Asdahages was performed by Tigranes. This, however, turns out to be probable because of many things that occurred, on account of the vision of a dream, and the deceitful simulation of Asdahages by which he had taken care to have the sister of Tigranes united to him in marriage; to whom he had also revealed the secret counsel of his mind. But once the matter was understood, Tigranes carried out in the light of day what he had seen in his dream. Yet this is not absurdly attributed to Cyrus himself: for since both lived in the same age, and indeed Tigranes was bound to Cyrus by a military alliance, he seemed to execute the command of the same.

6. It pleases us to place the kingdom of the Lydians in this spot. In the twelfth year of Sosarmus, king of the Medes, the first Olympiad was completed, and in the same year the first [king] reigned among the Lydians: I. Ardys, son of Alyattes, 36 years. II. Alyattes, 14 years. III. Meles, 12 years. IV. Candaules, 17 years. Herodotus (80) tells the history of this Candaules, namely that, being carried away by excessive passion for his wife and considering her the most beautiful of all women, he had her stripped of her garments and secretly revealed to Gyges; moved to anger by which ignominy, his wise wife saw to his being killed, and took Gyges to herself as her husband. V. Gyges, 36 years. VI. Ardys, 38 years. VII. Sadiartes, 15 years. VIII. Alyattes, 49 years. IX. Croesus, 15 years. This man, in the fourteenth year of Cyrus, is said to have been killed by the same Cyrus. Thus the kingdom of the Lydians was ended. However, the historian of the Armenians, Moses, says that Croesus was captured and killed by Artaxerxes the Parthian (81).

and he calls upon many witnesses to this fact, as can be seen in his book (82).

7. Therefore, in this manner, as is narrated, the empires ^A of the Babylonians, Medes, and Lydians having been removed, Cyrus reigns. In the first year of his reign, he granted liberty to fifty thousand of the Jewish people who had been held captive: they indeed returned to Jerusalem, built an altar, and laid the foundations of the temple; but this remained imperfect on account of the neighboring nations until the time of Darius Hystaspes. Tomyris, the heroine of the Massagetae, killed Cyrus. II. Cambyses, 9 years. III. The two Magi brothers, 8 months. IV. Darius son of Hystaspes, 36 years. ^B In the second year of his reign, Zerubbabel built the temple, which was finished in the fourth year of the sixty-fifth Olympiad. V. Xerxes son of Darius, 21 years. VI. Artabanus, 7 months. VII. Artaxerxes Longimanus, 40 years. Some say that Esther existed under this king: which I, however, says Eusebius (83), do not approve, since the books of Ezra written during that age make no mention of this matter. VIII. Xerxes, 2 months. IX. Sogdianus, 7 months. X. Darius Nothus, 19 years, from the eighty-ninth Olympiad. XI. Artaxerxes Mnemon, 40 years. Under him was Esther. XII. Artaxerxes, who is also Ochus, 26 years. XIII. Artaxerxes son of Ochus, 4 years. XIV. Darius son of Arsames, 6 years. They occupied these years, 230 [in total] (84). Thereafter, Alexander the Macedonian reigns in the first year of the one hundred and eleventh Olympiad, and in the seventh year of his reign he captures Babylon, and having killed Darius, he destroys the empire of the Persians. He commands that all the kings of the Macedonians from the beginning be recorded in this writing. For Alexander was not the first king of the Macedonians, but the twenty-fourth. Now the first king of the Macedonians was: I. Caranus, 22 years. II. Coenus, 12 years. III. Tyrimmas, 38 years. IV. Perdiccas, 51 years. V. Archelaus, 38 years. VI. Philip, 38 years. VII. Aeropus (85), 26 years. VIII. Alcetas, 29 years. IX. Amyntas, 50 years. X. Alexander, 44 years. XI. Perdiccas, 28 years. XII. Archelaus, 24 years. XIII. Orestes, 3 years. XIV. Archelaus, 2 years. XV. Amyntas, 1 year. XVI. Pausanias, 1 year. XVII. Amyntas, 7 years. XVIII. Argaeus, 2 years. XIX. Amyntas, 18 years. XX. Alexander, 1 year. XXI. Ptolemy, 4 years. XXII. Perdiccas, 4 years. XXIII. Philip, 26 years. XXIV. Alexander son of Philip, 12 years and 6 months. He, having cast down many kings, took possession of the world, and died at Babylon being 32 years of age. Thereafter his empire was divided among many. Philip, who is also Aridaeus, reigns over the Macedonians themselves; while Ptolemy son of Lagus reigns over Egypt at Alexandria: then five years later Antigonus reigns over the Asians; finally, in the twelfth year after the death of Alexander, Seleucus Nicanor rules over the Syrians, Babylon, and the higher regions.

9. Come now, since we have commemorated these, let it not be troublesome to also include the names of each one in writing. With Alexander taken from the living, he who properly reigns over the Macedonians is: XXV. Philip, who is also Aridaeus, 7 years. XXVI. Cassander, 19 years (86). XXVII. His sons, 4 years. XXVIII. Demetrius, 5 years (87). XXIX. Pyrrhus, 7 months. XXX. Lysimachus, 5 years and 7 months (88). XXXI. Ptolemy Ceraunus, 1 year and 9 months. XXXII. Meleager, 2 months. XXXIII. Antipater, 45 days. XXXIV. Sosthenes, 2 years. XXXV. Antigonus Gonatas, 36 years. XXXVI. Demetrius, 10 years. XXXVII. Antigonus, 15 years. XXXVIII. Philip, 42 years. XXXIX. Perseus, 10 years. Perseus having been killed, the Romans granted liberty to the Macedonians, and conceded that they be their own masters, for 14 years (89). XL. False Philip, 1 year. Sum of years, 647.

10. It is of interest to describe the rest of the kingdoms. In the fifth year after the death of Alexander, he reigns over the Asians: I. Antigonus, 18 years. II. Demetrius Poliorcetes, 17 years. The combined rule of both occupies 35 years. It is worth the effort to also describe those who subsequently…

took pains to commit to writing the history of the Syrians, namely, the kings of Babylon and the upper regions. Alexander having already died before the twelfth year, there reigned:

I. Seleucus Nicanor, 38 years. II. Antiochus Soter, 19 years. III. Antiochus Deus, 15 years. In the eleventh year of his reign, the Parthians tore themselves away from the Macedonians, and from them reigned Arsaces, whence the Arsacids. To the aforementioned 35, 19, and 15 years, let be added: IV. Seleucus Callinicus, 20 years. V. Seleucus Ceraunus, 3 years. VI. Antiochus Magnus, 36 years. VII. Seleucus, 12 years. To this time belong the events of the second book of Maccabees. VIII. Antiochus Epiphanes, 11 years. This man was the first to compel the Jews with the greatest torments to the worship of idols, which is known from the books of the Maccabees. IX. Antiochus Eupator, 2 years. X. Demetrius Soter, 12 years. In the third year of his reign, Judas Maccabeus became the supreme leader of the Jews. XI. Alexander, 9 years and 10 months. XII. Demetrius, 3 years. XIII. Antiochus Sidetes, 9 years. Arsaces the Parthian killed this Antiochus. XIV. Demetrius again, 4 years. XV. Antiochus Grypus, 12 years. XVI. Antiochus Cyzicenus, 18 years. XVII. Philippus, 2 years. The empire of the Syrians thus deduced was extinguished in the one hundred and seventy-second Olympiad.

After the death of Alexander, there reigned, as has been said, at Alexandria in Egypt: I. Ptolemy Lagi, 40 years. II. Ptolemy Philadelphus, 38 years. He commanded the books of the Hebrews to be translated into the Greek language. III. Ptolemy Evergetes, 26 years. IV. Ptolemy Philopator, 17 years. V. Ptolemy Epiphanes, 24 years. VI. Ptolemy Philometor, 35 years. In his twentieth year, Judas Maccabeus was leading the forces of the Jews. VII. Ptolemy Evergetes, 29 years. VIII. Ptolemy Physcon, also called Soter, 17 years. IX. Ptolemy Physcon, also called Alexander, 10 years. X. Ptolemy, who was expelled, 8 years. XI. Ptolemy Dionysus, 30 years. XII. Cleopatra, 22 years. In the third year of her reign, Caius, who is also Julius, reigns among the Romans for 5 years. Then Augustus for 56 years, who, in the fifteenth year of his reign, put Cleopatra to death and took possession of Egypt. The times of the Ptolemies contain 296 years.

^B 12. Now since we are passing through these splendid kingdoms, it is right to write down the kings of those nations from the beginning, whom we omitted. For clearly Eusebius, having finished with the Ptolemies in his treatise, proceeds to relate Greek affairs, namely, the manner in which the Greeks write their antiquities, and then he enumerates the names of each. We, therefore, shall pursue first the Egyptians, then the others, and finally the Romans, who have encompassed everything.

The first dynasty of the Egyptians is said by Manetho to be that in which Menes the Thinite and his seven descendants reigned for 258 years. II dynasty of nine kings, 297 years. III dynasty of the Memphites, eight kings, 197 years. IV dynasty of the Memphites, fifteen kings, 468 years. V dynasty of the Elephantines, thirty-one kings, 100 years. VI dynasty. A certain woman, Nitocris, the bravest of all the men of her time and the most beautiful of women. It was reigned for 204 years. VII dynasty of the Memphites, five kings, 75 years. VIII dynasty of the Memphites, five kings, 100 years. IX dynasty of the Heracleopolitans, four kings, 100 years. X dynasty again from the same place, nineteen kings, 187 years. XI dynasty of the Diospolitans, sixteen kings, 59 years. XII dynasty of the Diospolitans, seven kings, 247 years. These twelve dynasties reach to the 174th year after the flood. XIII dynasty again, of sixty kings from the same place, 454 years. XIV dynasty of the Xoites, seventy-six kings, 184 years. XV dynasty of the Diospolitans, kings for 250 years. XVI dynasty of the Thebans, five kings, 190 years. These sixteen dynasties are brought down to the first year of Abraham. XVII dynasty of the Shepherds, 102 years. You will fittingly call Joseph and his brothers shepherds. XVIII dynasty of the Diospolitans, fourteen kings, 348 years. The eleventh of these is the king Chencheres, in whose tenth year Moses led the people out. He himself, however, remained in that place.

XIX dynasty of Diospolites, five kings, ^A 194 years. In this year, which is 835 after the birth of Abraham, Ilium was captured. XX dynasty of Diospolites, twelve kings, 178 years. XXI dynasty of Tanites, five kings, 130 years. XXII dynasty of Bubastites, three kings, 29 years. XXIII dynasty of Tanites, three kings, 44 years. XXIV dynasty of Bocchoris the Saite, 43 years. Under him a lamb spoke. The same Bocchoris was burned alive by Sabaco, who also succeeded to the kingdom. XXV dynasty of Ethiopians, three kings, ^B 44 years. XXVI dynasty of Saites, nine kings, 167 years. XXVII dynasty of Persians, eight kings, 124 years and four months. XXVIII dynasty of Amrita the Saite, 6 years. XXIX dynasty of Mendesians, four kings, 31 years. XXX dynasty of Sebennytes, three kings, 20 years. XXXI dynasty of Persians, three kings, 16 years, the last of whom was Darius, the one whom Alexander killed. From the first year of the sixteenth dynasty to the seventh year of Alexander, who killed Darius, occupied Egypt, and founded Alexandria, ^C 1687 years have elapsed.

13. I shall now proceed to write of the Sicyonian kings, the first of whom was king in the fifteenth year of Belus.

In the twenty-second year of Europs, Abraham is born.

I. Ægialeus, 52 years. II. Europs, 45 years. III. Melchin, 20 years. IV. Apis, 25 years. V. Thelxion, 52 years. VI. Ægydrus, 34 years. VII. Thurimachus, 45 years.

In the sixth year of Thurimachus, Inachus begins to rule first over the Argives ^D.

VIII. Leucippus, 53 years. IX. Messapus, 47 years. X. Erastus, 46 years. XI. Plemnæus, 49 years. XII. Orthopolis, 63 years. XIII. Marathius, 10 years. XIV. Marathus, 20 years. XV. Chereus, 55 years. XVI. Corax, 30 years. XVII. Epopeus, 35 years. XVIII. Laomedon, 40 years. XIX. Sicyon, 44 years.

From this Sicyon the Sicyonians were named, who were previously called Ægialei.

XX. Polybus, 40 years. XXI. Inachus, 42 years. XXII. Phæstus, 8 years. XXIII. Adrastus, 4 years. XXIV. Polyphides, 31 years. XXV. Pelasgus, 20 years. XXVI. Zeuxippus, 31 years.

They held power for 958 years. Thenceforth, not kings, but Carnii priests for 33 years.

Argive kings, the first of whom was: I. Inachus, 10 years, from whom the province received the name Inachia. II. Phoroneus, 60 years. III. Apis, 35 years. IV. Argus, 70 years, from whom the name of the region was changed and called Argia. V. Criasus, 54 years. VI. Phorbas, 35 years. VII. Triopas, 45 years. VIII. Crotopus, 21 years. IX. Sthenelus, 11 years. X. Danaus, 50 years. XI. Lynceus, 41 years. XII. Abas, 23 years.

Tros ruled Dardanis, from whom the name was given to the Trojans. XIII. Prœtus, 15 years. XIV. Acrisius, 31 years. The Argive kings ceased after they had remained for 744 years.

15. In the thirty-second year of the Egyptian and Argive king, the first reigns at Athens: I. Cecrops Diphyes, 50 years. II. Cranaus, 9 years. III. Amphictyon, 10 years. IV. Erechthonius, 50 years. V. Pandion, 40 years. VI. Erechtheus, 50 years. VII. Cecrops the second, 40 years. VIII. Pandion, 25 years. IX. Ægeus, 48 years. X. Theseus, 30 years. XI. Mines, 23 years. Ilium was captured. XII. Demophon, 33 years. XIII. Oxyntes, 12 years. XIV. Aphidas, 1 year. XV. Thymoetes, 8 years. XVI. Melanthus, 37 years. XVII. Codrus, 21 years.

XVIII. Melon, 20 years. XIX. Acastus, 36 years. XX. Archippus, 19 years. XXI. Thersippus, 41 years. XXII. Phorbas, 31 years. XXIII. Megacles, 30 years. XXIV. Diognetus, 28 years. XXV. Pheracles, 19 years. XXVI. Ariphron, 20 years. XXVII. Thespieus, 27 years. XXVIII. Agamestor, 20 years. XXIX. Aeschylus, 23 years. In the first year of Aeschylus, Ardysus reigns among the Lydians; ^A but in his third year the first Olympiad was held. Furthermore, Iphitus, the son of Praxionides of Hemon, established this Olympiad. From this time forward, the chronology of the Greeks appears to possess certainty, whereas previously each person defined matters according to his own whim. XXX. Alcmaeon, 2 years. XXXI. Charops, 10 years. XXXII. Esimides, 10 years. XXXIII. Clidicus, 10 years. XXXIV. Hippomenes, 10 years. XXXV. Leocrates, 10 years. XXXVI. Apsander, 10 years. XXXVII. Eryxias, 10 years. The kings of Athens came to an end after 874 years.

16. The requirements of our design demand that we add the kings of the Lacedaemonians as well, the first of whom reigns in the sixteenth year of Samuel and Saul ^B I. Eurysthenes, 42 years. II. Agis, 1 year. III. Echestratus, 35 years. IV. Labotas, 37 years. V. Doristhus, 29 years. VI. Agesilaus, 44 years. VII. Archelaus, 60 years. VIII. Telecles, 40 years. IX. Alcamanes, 37 years. After these, an end is put, after 325 years.

17. In the other year of those men, which was the seventeenth of Samuel and Saul, there reign among the Corinthians: ^D I. Aletes, 35 years. II. Ixion, 37 years. III. Agelaus, 37 years. IV. Primnis, 35 years. V. Bacchis, 35 years. VI. Agelas, 30 years. VII. Eudemeus, 25 years. VIII. Aristomedes, 35 years. IX. Agemon, 16 years. X. Alexander, 25 years. XI. Telestes, 12 years. XII. Automenes, 2 years. They reigned for 324 years; and in the same year that the Lacedaemonians did, they ceased at the first Olympiad.

18. It pleased us to compile the final chronology of the Romans, for no one else among the rest has achieved our desire, namely, that of the Christ, the light flowing from heaven, the Sun of justice, I say. But although those whom I now proceed to write about set out on their journey in the night, and in the beginning, like the others, were spent in darkness, nevertheless, many of them were considered worthy to be illuminated by the splendor of that light, as you shall learn in its proper place.

Now, indeed, in the third year after the capture of Ilium, two years before Samson, and in the twenty-ninth year of Teutamus, there reigns among the Latins: I. Aeneas, 3 years. II. Ascanius, 38 years. III. Silvius, son of Aeneas, 29 years. IV. Latinus Silvius, 31 years. From Latinus, the race was called Latins for 460 years. V. Aeneas Silvius, 50 years. VI. Alba Silvius, 39 years. VII. Epitus Silvius, 26 years. VIII. Capys Silvius, 28 years. IX. Anchises Silvius, 13 years. X. Tiberius Silvius, 8 years. XI. Agrippa Silvius, 41 years. XII. Aremulus Silvius, 19 years. XIII. Aventius Silvius, 37 years. XIV. Procas Silvius, 21 years. XV. Amulius Silvius, 42 years. In his nineteenth year, the first Olympiad occurs. I. Romulus, 38 years. In his nineteenth year, which was the fourth of the eleventh Olympiad, he founded the temples and walls of Rome. Hence, the years of the founding of the city begin to be reckoned, which are counted as 1000 in the first year of Philip. Hence also the Latins had the name of Romans. Now, from Aeneas to Romulus, 426 years are gathered. II. Numa Pompilius, 41 years. He added two months to the year, Janus and February, namely January and February, whereas previously ten were spoken of. III. Tullus Hostilius, 32 years. IV. Ancus Marcius, 23 years. V. Tarquinius Priscus, 36 years. These bring an end to these, while they were still in possession of affairs.

After the kings, consuls began to preside over Rome, ^A starting with Brutus; then tribunes, and soon dictators (men of ready eloquence); then again consuls, who existed from the time of Tarquin down to Gaius Julius for 460 years.

After these, in the second year of the 184th Olympiad, Gaius Julius exercised supreme power among the Romans for five years, less seven months. Thereafter the appellation of Caesars prevailed. By this point, two years of Cleopatra are already numbered; the remaining twenty she passed under the Romans.

Augustus reigned for 56 years and 6 months. From his first year, the people of Antioch count their years. In his tenth year, the rulers of the Jews were removed, ^B and Herod the foreigner reigned. But behold, in the forty-second year of Augustus and the thirty-second year of Herod, the Son of God, lacking for no time, is born in time from the holy Virgin.

CHAPTER VII. The Armenian lineage of Japheth.

We have briefly reviewed the first two genealogies, namely those of Shem and Ham, and have drawn them out, so far as possible, through successions and times down to that year in which the Lord, who willingly assumed human nature, was made manifest. Come now, let us proceed to describe also the progeny of Japheth, as our previous discourse promised; his successive generations flow down even to the Parthians, whereby it finally comes about that we reach Him who made both things one, our Lord. ^C Since, therefore, the course of our aforementioned discourse has arrived at Thorgom, it follows that we should resume the narrative from that point.

1. Thorgom, says Moses of Khoren (1, 9), begat Haicus. Now this Haicus was of the number of those giants who, swollen with arrogance, conceived the impious plan of building a tower; and who, after the collapse of that immense edifice—when they could no longer understand one another due to the confusion of languages—being puffed up with pride, vied for mutual dominion. He, I say, Haicus, dared to withstand Belus, whose goal was to exercise a general tyranny, with all men subjected to him. Haicus, therefore, unwilling to obey Belus, took his son Armenacus, whom he had fathered in Babylon, and made for Ararathia, strengthened by three hundred men and other strangers who had joined him. ^D There, indeed, he built a dwelling at the roots of a mountain, and soon granting this to his son Cadmus, he himself progressed further to a region between the sunset and the north, which he called Sitam, and also Harchiam. Meanwhile, Belus, having obtained dominion over all the rest, summoned Haicus also to Babylon; and because Haicus would not carry out his commands, Belus, puffed up with immense arrogance, marched out against him. But he was struck by a shaft from Haicus and despoiled of life; Haicus himself, having lived on for not a few years after this, dying, left Armenacus as heir to his dominion.

2. Armenacus (14), the son of Haicus, left behind two brothers, Chorus and Manavazus, in the Harchensi province, after the death of his father, and also Bazus, the son of Manavazus (15). Furthermore, from Manavazus and Bazus are said to be named the satrapies of Manavazia and Beznunia, as well as that which is called Ordunia; and from Chorus, the Chorchorunian peoples. He himself, Armenacus, moved yet further, and sat down on a plain surrounded by mountain ranges; the higher one of these he named Aragazo. Then, having begotten Armæisus after some years of life, he finally satisfied nature, having long outlived that time.

3. Armæisus (16), son of Armenacus, built a station for himself on a hill by the bank of a river. And he called the station Armavira after his own name, and named the river Erasches after his grandson Erastus (17). Soon he sent his son Saræus, rich in offspring and voracious (18), toward the north into a place in the plain that was sufficiently rich and fruitful. From his name, that region was called Siracia. Armæisus begat Amasias, and after having lived for some time longer, he reached his final day.

4. Amasias, son of Armæisus, living a life of arms, begat Gelamius and Pharochus and Zolacius. He founded two towns at the roots of a mountain and granted them to his sons to inhabit, namely, to the brave Pharochus and the handsome Zolacius; these retain their names as Parachotum and Zolacerta. Finally, he called the mountain Masisium after his own name (19). Having supported his life for not a few years in addition to this, he died at Armavira.

5. Gelamius, son of Amasias, begat Harmam. He founded a town on the bank of a lake, and named the nearby mountain Gelus, the city Gelacunia, and finally the lake the Gelacunian Sea (20). Another son of Gelamius was Sisacus, for whom he established the boundaries of his domain from that lake eastward, where the river Erasches flows with a huge volume and noise, having fallen into those plains which are called Chalavazi. The name of that region is Siunia; but the Persians more conveniently call it Sisicania. He also founded the city of Gelamia, named after him, which later heard itself called Garnia from his grandson Garnicus. From this place, in subsequent times under Artaxerxes, arose that Varazus, the prefect of the hunt, Varaznu—

the source of the family. To his son Harma he gave Gelamius to manage, with the instruction that he live in Armavira, and ^A many years later he died. Harma, born to Gelamius, having fathered a son, Aramus, died after several years.

6. Aramus, the son of Harma, often performed outstanding deeds in the struggles of cruel war and extended his dominion in every direction. By the consensus of all nations, our region was named after him; for while the Greeks call us Armenians, the Syrians and Persians call us Armenich. He hanged in battle the captured Madem of Nychara from the wall of a tower. Ninus the Second called him second to himself and granted him the right to wear a royal diadem adorned with pearls, albeit only in appearance. The same man despoiled Barsamus of his life; then he also moved the titan Paeapus Chalide from the Mediterranean and drove him to a certain island of the Asian sea. In that Mediterranean region, he settled Mesacus, who was of his own lineage, and who founded Mazaca, which was later called Caesarea. Furthermore, he ordered the inhabitants of that land to learn the Haican language; for which reason that region is called by the Greeks πρώτη Ἀρμενία, namely, First Armenia. From there, he populated intermediate places as far as his own borders, which gained the appellations of Second, Third, and indeed Fourth Armenia. This corresponds word for word to Moses (21). However, other historians teach that the region from Caesarea of Cappadocia to the Pontic shore is called First Armenia; from Pontus to Melitene, Second Armenia; from there to the borders of Zophia, Third Armenia; from there to the city called the City of the Martyrs (22) in the region of Alznia, Fourth Armenia; and he wanted his own province, distinguished by its great size, to be named Greater Armenia (23). But Maurice (24) disturbed these divisions, as I shall relate when the occasion arises. Aramus, having begotten Araeus, finally closed his long life.

7. Araeus the Handsome, the son of Aramus, received the same honor that his father had been granted by Ninus. But after Ninus was dead, that impudent Semiramis pursued Araeus with war because he was not in the least submissive to her desire, so that she might bring him under her own power; but he perished in the heat of battle. Thereafter, the same impudent Semiramis founded that fortified town which to this very day retains the appellation Van (25); however, she transferred the name of Araeus to Cardosius, the captive son of Araeus. She was soon attacked in war by Zoroaster the magus, the prince of Media; that is, by that Zoroaster who, traveling into Armenia every year, used to allow him to govern Assyria. That war was also fatal to Araeus, the son of Araeus; indeed, the impure Semiramis, while she was planning her flight into Armenia, was killed by the hand of her own son Zamaeus, who is Ninuas.

8. Araeus, born to Araeus, had a son, Anusavanus. This Anusavanus, who claimed for himself the name of Sausius, displayed marvelous fortitude and prudence in actions and words; but after being treated with strange mockery by Zamaeus, he nonetheless obtained, by the protection of his friends, a significant part of our region; soon, he obtained the whole of it. After him, not by right of lineage, but just as each tyrant excelled in the strength of his power, they dominated our entire region, whose names are these: Paretus, Arbocus, Zavanus, Pharnaces, Surius. In his time, Jesus Navius, a chaste, holy, and strong man, when he had defeated the Canaanites, some of them fled to Agram, and having boarded ships, they reached Tharsis; this fact is verified by the inscription on a column in Africa in these words: "We, the princes of the Canaanites fleeing from the robber Joshua, transferred our seats to this place (26)." Among them, one Chnidas, a most honorable man among our people, held Armenia. Indeed, having carefully considered the matter, we have recognized that the Genthunian race was propagated by him: and indeed, the Canaanite origin is proven by the customs of the race itself.

9. After Surius came Havanacius, Vastacus, Haicacius. Haicacius is said to have lived in the time of Belochus (27), and to have died in a certain tumult rashly stirred up by himself. He was followed by Ambacus, Arnacus, Savarsus, Norerus, Varamus, Garus, Goracus, Rhantus, Enzacus, Gelacus, Hauraeus, Zarmaerus. This last one, while he was helping Priam, was sent by Tautanus (28) with an army of Ethiopians and was killed by the brave Greeks. Then Perzius, contemporary to David, king of Israel. Then Arbunius, Bazucus, Hoius, Jusacus, Cepacius, Schaordius, Paraerus. This Paraerus, son of Schaordius, born of the stock of Haicus, contributed his forces to Varbaces the Mede to despoil Sardanapallus of his kingdom; for which reason, having been gifted with a diadem by Varbaces, he was the first of the Haicani to be crowned.

10. Rhaciaeus, son of Paraerus, was named Rhaciaeus from the burning splendor of his eyes and the glow of his face (29). In his time, when Nabuchodonosorus had taken the citizens of Jerusalem into captivity, he himself obtained from Nabuchodonosorus a certain nobleman from among the Jewish captives by the name of Schambatus, whom he held at his court with great honor; and from him sprang the Bagratunian race. Wherefore the name of Sembatus also derived from Schambatus. After Rhaciaeus, Pharnavas obtained the diadem; then Pazazus, Cornacus, Phavus, Haicacus, Ervandus, Tigranes.

11. This Tigranes was the most powerful of all those who had preceded him; the praises of whose outstanding dignity can be known from the history of Great Moses. He lived as a satrap.

^A He was the ninth descendant from Parair, the first king, to whom the sons of Sennacherib, Adramelech and Sanasar, fled after they had slain their father. Parair settled Sanasar in the border regions facing Assyria, whose descendants’ expansion filled Mount Sim; and from among them, several who were distinguished for their prudence and loyalty attained to prefectures. From Adramolan have sprung the Arzerunii and the Genunii. From Pascham, a grandson of Haicacius, originated Angeldunus. Now this Tigranes Asdabage—which is interpreted as "dragon"—after he had slain his wife Anusa, resettled her—who had long before been his wife—along with all her progeny, bit by bit, to the foot of Mount Masisius, namely in Tambat as far as Golthia: from whom the Vernonzunii and the Astaiæ descended. Vahagus, from whom are the Vahagenii; Aravanius, from whom are the Araveniani. From Aravanus, Nerses; from Nerses, Zarehius, from whom is the clan of Zarehavania. From Zarebius, Armoges; from Armoge, Bagamus; from Bagamus, Vanus; from Vanus, Vahes. He, after clashing with Alexander the Macedonian, perished. With him the domination of the Haican race reached its end. But from this point on, it is not possible to offer anything certain regarding anyone reigning in Armenia, with everything held in turmoil and the populace rushing into mutual slaughter: which situation granted an easy entrance into Armenia to the Parthian Arsaces, who indeed appointed his own brother Valarsaces as king of Armenia. Moreover, from the time Belus was slain by the hand of Haicus up to Valarsaces, one thousand four hundred and ... years, or according to some 1442, are accumulated.

13. After the empire of the Haican race was destroyed by Alexander, and after the death of Alexander himself in the twelfth year of his reign, his empire was, as we have already said, divided into four rulers; of these, one, Seleucus, held Babylon after Alexander, and besides other nations, he also subdued the Parthians in a huge war, on account of which he bore the cognomen Nicanor. He reigned for 31 years. Then Antiochus Soter, his son, for 19 years. Then Antiochus Deus for 15 years. In the eleventh year of this man’s reign, the Parthians threw off the obedience of the Macedonians, among whom the first to reign was that strong Arsaces, sprung from the lineage of Abraham of the race of Cetura, in the city named Bahla, for 31 years. Then his son Artaxes for 46 years; after whom, the Great Arsaces for 54 years.

14. This Great Arsaces placed his brother Valarsaces upon the throne of our Armenia in the twenty-seventh year of Ptolemy Euergetes, which was the fourth year of the one hundred and twenty-seventh Olympiad, having allowed him those regions of ours which look toward the north and the west. But he, being a man as strong as he was ^B prudent, adorned many most useful institutions, distributed prefectures and principalities, and applied himself to the proper establishment of families, peoples, cities, castles, villages, soldiers, and governors, which matters must be briefly recounted.

15. For he began at the head, making the Jew Bagaratum a king-maker and knight, having granted him this honor, namely that he should place the diadem upon the king’s head. Furthermore, he chose certain Canaanites who should put on gloves for him, and that nation he called Genthunii, I know not whether from Choida. He made Malchazun, of the lineage of Chori Haicanus, his own bodyguard; but the clan retained the ancient name of the Malchazunii. He ordered Datum Carnicus, son of Gelamius, to be prefect of the hunts; whose son was Varazus; and from the name of the same, the clan was called Varazunia. Then he also entrusted the care of his provisions to Gabalus, and the administration of affairs to Abelus, with towns also handed over. The clans of Gabelia and Abelia retain their names. He also established the Arzrunii or Arzivunii; then also the Ghinunii or Ghiniunii. And these indeed were of the lineage of Sennacherib. He also made the Spandunii, who should have the meat market entrusted to them: likewise the Havenunii, who should carry and catch hawks: again, the Ziunacani, who should store ice in summer. Thereafter, he selected for himself royal guards from the progeny of the ancient kings, who are explicitly called Ostani, whom the Iberians still call Sephezulii. Finally, he made them second after the king, who were of the lineage of Asdahages the Mede, to whom the name Murenses is given.

16. But toward the east he established two prefectures. He constituted Sisacania, and therein the family of Cadmus; but toward the rising sun and the north he placed Aranus as prefect, from the lineage of Sisacus. That region, indeed, on account of the gentle character of its inhabitants, was called Aluana. From whose lineage flows the clan of the Utei: then the principalities of the Gardmanenses, the Zaudenses, and the Gargarenses. However, Gusaris, sprung from the lineage of Saraeus, received Cangaria and Zavachia to be held, as well as the principality of the Tasiri and Asozia. Now, from the region of the Caucasus, he settled a powerful people, of the lineage of Mithridates the satrap of Darius, and called it the prefecture of the Gugarenses. Thereafter, in the broad valley ^C of Basenia, he gave a principality to the lineage of Haicacius, called Orduniensis. Then, from the lineage of Pascham, he created a certain Torchum, who because of his stern expression was called Anghelius, as the western prefect, and the name of the province is Angheltunia.

17. Moreover, in Armenia he founded the fourth greatest prefecture, the Zophiensis, then also other prefectures.

^A He granted to Selacho, a bold and very brave man (though whether he was of the stock of Haic or descended from a more ancient race is not sufficiently explored), a few men, and ordered him to guard that mountain and to harass the tribes by hunting; and he called those people the Selacunii. He entrusted this office also to Miandacus, from whom the Mandacunii are derived. And having made priests from the descendants of Vahagenius, he distinguished that race under the name of Vahunii. Likewise also the Arravenii and Arehavenii. Then also he made Sarasanus, born of the family of Sanasar, a great prefect of that region which lies between the west and the south, and he permitted him the province of Arznensis and Taurus, that is, the mountain Simus, and all Coelesyria. In the same province, having encountered a certain Mocensis, he established another prefecture, and settled in those same places the Cordyaei, the Anzevenses and the Aceenses. However, regarding the Rhesunii and the Golthnenses, which are colonies of the Sisaceni, I do not know whether those provinces were named from the names of men, or whether the prefectures themselves derived their names from the appellations of the provinces.

18. Indeed, there is no time to write out all the constitutions of this king, nor likewise those of others who either preceded or followed him, whose achievements have been abundantly commended to literature. At present, however, we have pursued only the description of the prefectures, which if anyone were to desire to know, he would have them at hand along with many other royal sanctions. In the end, Valarsaces, after having reigned for twenty-two years, departed this life at Nisibis.

19. Artaxes, son of Arsaces, followed for xxv years. This man, excelling all in strength, did not suffer himself to be secondary to the king of the Persians; nay, he even placed the king of the Persians in the second rank of dignity, and having advanced with an innumerable army into the west, he conquered many nations until he was slain by his own men.

Tigranes, his son, xxxi years, who, not degenerate from the bravery of his father, became famous for his deeds; although he again sat in the second place of dignity after the Persians. In his age, a certain robber named Vaico was known, from whom the mountain of the Vaicornii derived its name. ^D

Artavazdes, son of Tigranes, xi years.

Arciamus, who is also Arsamus, brother of Tigranes, xx years, under whom a part of the Armenians began to pay tribute to the Romans.

Abgarus, son of Arsamus, xxxviii years. In the second year of his reign, all the Armenians became stipendiaries of the Romans. Indeed, as the evangelist says, ^A there went out an edict from Caesar Augustus that the whole world should be enrolled: for which cause it was also come into Armenia. In that year, indeed, our Lord and God Jesus Christ was born of the Virgin. Now this was the one hundred and seventeenth year from Valarsaces; the forty-second of Augustus reigning; the thirty-second of Herod the foreigner, king of Jerusalem; and finally it was the twenty-first of the king of the Arsacidae (who are also called Pahlavii), or of the Persians, Arsavirus, in whose twentieth year Abgarus had begun to reign among the Armenians.

20. Now, from the first Arsaces, these are held as kings of the Persians: I. Arsaces the Brave, xxxi years. II. Artaxes, xlvi years. III. Arsaces the Great, brother of Vatarsaces, liv years. IV. Arsacanus, xxxi years. V. Arsanacus, xxx years. VI. Arses, xx years. VII. Arsavirus, xlvi years. In the twenty-first year of this man, the nativity of Christ fell, which was the fourth year of the one hundred and ninety-fourth Olympiad.

21. Therefore, according to what we promised before, we reach the goal of our discourse, namely, having arrived at the manifestation of the Word of God united with flesh, taking our beginning from the first created man, which is a sum of 5,198 years, according to the Septuagint interpreters, which sum we shall write down individually as follows: from Adam to the deluge, years 2,242. From the deluge to the tower, years 525. From thence to Abraham, years 417. From the deluge to the birth of Abraham, years 942. From Abraham to Moses and the going out of Egypt, years 505. From the exodus to Solomon and the first building of the temple, years 480. From the first building of the temple to the second, years 511. Thereafter to the birth of Christ, years 518: the sum of which rises to 5,198 years. Again, from the nativity of Christ to divine Gregory, there are years 311; from thence on to the era of the Armenians, years 241.

22. And so indeed, O lord Gregory, compelled by your vehement urging, I have applied my small and crude talent to constructing this work; and I have endeavored, in the short interval of this bodily life, to unfold the very beautiful chronographia of divine Eusebius, which I have, so to speak, transcribed. Truly, as the rays of the rising sun sprinkle light upon dark places, [alt-version omitted] the era of divine Gregory falls into the year of Christ 307. Nevertheless, since the era of the Armenians begins from the year 551, and from divine Gregory to that era are counted 241 years, it seems to be manifest again that divine Gregory begins from the year of Christ 312. Regarding this error, therefore, one may suspect the amanuenses.

643 In this way, this divine treasure altogether rouses the obscure minds of men to the knowledge of this transitory time. Now, he who is thoroughly imbued with the doctrine of the present life attains also the knowledge of supreme wisdom, which is, indeed, ineffable and immense, and, as that blessed and capable man ^A and most deserving Evagrius teaches, leads to the worship of God.

Now come, I shall begin from the first year of the nativity of Christ, which I shall establish as the principal era, and I shall record the kings of the Romans, the Hebrews, the Persians, and of our own race, with the very diligent labors of their histories.

SAMUEL OF ANI SUMMARY OF TIMES PART TWO.

center table of chronology follows, with column headers: OLYMPIADES, CHRISTI annus primus, ROMANORUM Augustus, JUDEORUM Herodes, PERSARUM Arsavirus, ARMENIORUM Abgarus

JESUS CHRIST is born in Bethlehem. 195 1 – 42 – 52 – 21 – 2 Following which, Quirinus, having departed from Rome, makes a census of the world in Judea. 2 – 43 – 53 – 22 – 3 A second (Pythagorean) philosopher was recognized. 3 – 44 – 34 – 23 – 4 Abgarus kills Pheroras, the brother of Herod. 4 – 45 – 35 – 24 – 5 Judas the Galilean stirs up an insurrection of the Jews. 5 – 46 – 36 – 25 – 6 Herod, having learned of the birth of our Lord, puts the children to death. 196 6 – 47 – 37 – 26 – 7 Herod, tortured by great pains, dies.

ARCHELAUS rules for 9 years. 7 – 48 – 1 – 27 – 8 Augustus makes the tetrarchs, Herod, Antipas, Lysimachus, and Philip, the brothers of Archelaus. 8 – 49 – 2 – 28 – 9 9 – 50 – 3 – 29 – 10 197 10 – 51 – 4 – 30 – 11 Athenodorus of Tarsus, the natural philosopher, was recognized. 11 – 52 – 5 – 31 – 12 12 – 53 – 6 – 32 – 13 13 – 54 – 7 – 33 – 14 14 – 55 – 8 – 34 – 15 198 15 – 56 – 9 – 35 – 16 A solar eclipse, and the death of Augustus.

TIBERIUS rules for 23 years. HEROD rules for 24 years. 16 – 1 – 1 – 36 – 17 17 – 2 – 2 – 37 – 18 Abgarus builds the city of Edessa. 199 18 – 3 – 3 – 38 – 19 19 – 4 – 4 – 39 – 20 Thirteen cities in Bithynia are overthrown by an earthquake. 20 – 5 – 5 – 40 – 21 21 – 6 – 6 – 41 – 22 200 22 – 7 – 7 – 42 – 23 23 – 8 – 8 – 43 – 24 Philip the tetrarch builds Caesarea and names it [Philippi]. 24 – 9 – 9 – 44 – 25 25 – 10 – 10 – 45 – 26 201 26 – 11 – 11 – 46 – 27

ARTAXES rules for 34 years. 27 – 12 – 12 – 1 – 28 Abgar’s departure to the Parthians to secure peace between the two brothers. 28 – 13 – 13 – 2 – 29 29 – 14 – 14 – 3 – 30 Pilate is sent by Tiberius to govern Judea. 1202 30 – 15 – 15 – 4 – 31

John, the son of Zacharias, was preaching in the desert regions around the river Jordan, and was openly announcing to all that the ANOINTED of God was present among them. Indeed, Jesus himself, the Anointed of God, was then making the beginning of his life-giving and evangelic doctrine, and by his deeds and words was exhibiting the power of divine authority to the eyes of those who witnessed him.

There are reckoned, up to this fifteenth year of Tiberius Caesar, from the time the temple was rebuilt, 548 years (49); from Solomon and the first building of the temple, 1064 years; from Moses and the exodus from Egypt, 1540 years; from Abraham and Ninus and Semiramis, 2054 years; from the flood, 3276 years; and finally from Adam, 5228 years.

^A Jesus the Anointed of God, our Lord, was preaching his life-giving doctrine to all, and was performing the miracles which have been specifically recorded, while, at the same time, Jesus the Anointed of God, our Lord, was revealing the mystery of the kingdom of heaven to his disciples, and was commanding them to preach to the nations, so that they, as is fitting, might be turned toward the God of all.

Jesus the Anointed of God, our Lord, according to the prophecies written concerning him, approached his Passion in the nineteenth year of the reign of Tiberius. Indeed, we find it recorded word for word in other monuments of the Greeks from this same time: "The sun, in fact, was eclipsed, Bithynia was shaken by an earthquake, and the greater part of Nicaea was leveled to the ground." And these things harmonize precisely with what occurred at the Passion of our Life-giver. Phlegon, too, who has followed the olympiads from their very beginning, writes clearly in his thirteenth book: "In the fourth year of the two hundred and third olympiad, there was a great eclipse of the sun, such as no one had witnessed before: and at the seventh hour of the day such darkness fell that the stars shone in the sky: and Bithynia was shaken by a mighty earthquake, and the greater portion of Nicaea was thrown down." This is what the praised man hands down. And this is surely a great proof of the year in which our Life-giver was crucified, because John, in his Gospel, also confirms by his testimony (50) that after the fifteenth year of Tiberius there was a three-year ministry ^B of Christ. Not long after that time, Josephus also relates that during the days of Pentecost a certain rumbling and movement was first stirred up around the priests, and soon a sudden voice erupted from the inner recesses of the temple, saying: "Let us depart hence, let us depart." Josephus further writes that at that same time, Pilate the governor saw to it that the image of Caesar, which was forbidden, was set up in the temple: which event was the cause of a great tumult and sedition among the Jews. From this, the force of ultimate evils seized the Jewish nation.

James, the brother of the Lord, received the episcopacy of the Church of Jerusalem, being the first to have hands laid upon him by the apostles. ^C Philo the Alexandrian, a man of genius and learning, was acknowledged.

After the death of Abgar, who had conceded to our mystery, his kingdom was divided in two. His son Ananus reigns in Edessa. Sanatruces, however, the son of his sister, reigns in Armenia Major: who indeed believed Thaddaeus when he preached; but soon, having abandoned the faith, he killed the apostle and his daughter, Sanduxt.

SANATRUCES thirty years.

Addaeus is martyred in Edessa by the son of the already deceased Abgar.

GAIUS four years.

Petrus the Apostle first establishes the Church of Antioch: soon proceeding to Rome, he preaches and conducts himself as bishop there for twenty years (51).

AGRIPPA seven years.

(Table of dates across 206–212)

Marcus the Evangelist, interpreter of Peter, coming to Alexandria, preached Christ there for twenty-two years. Evodius is the first bishop of Antioch after Peter. A census taken at Rome found 6,941,000 men.

Bartholomew the Apostle suffered martyrdom in the Armenian town of Arebono. Sanatruces restored Nisibis with more magnificent work, and placed his own statue in the middle of the city holding a coin in its hand.

*Regarding the Egyptian about whom the tribune questioned Paul.*

Ananias becomes bishop of Alexandria after Mark for twenty-six years. After James, the brother of the Lord, was stoned to death by the Jews, Simavon, who is also Simeon, holds his episcopal see.

Lerubnas the rhetor who composed commentaries on the deeds of Abgar and Sanatruces.

Peter and Paul are put to death by martyrdom at Rome by Nero. However, after Peter, Linus is the first bishop of Rome for fourteen years. Ignatius is the second bishop of Antioch.

At length, by the final destruction of the temple, Titus besieged the Jews, razed Jerusalem to its foundations, and destroyed sixty myriad men by slaughter. Indeed, as Josephus reports, one hundred and twenty myriads were consumed by famine and the sword, while forty-two myriads were led away into captivity.

The total of time up to the second year of Vespasian, in which the Jews were destroyed by the supreme slaughter: from the life-giving preaching, forty-two years; from the siege under Antiochus, two hundred and thirty-eight years; from the second building of the temple, five hundred and ninety years; and finally, from the first building, one thousand one hundred and three years.

(Table of dates across 213)

ANI: SUMMARY OF TIMES, PART II.

| OLYMP. | CHRISTI | ROM. | PERS. | ARM. | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | | Vespasianus | Darius | Ervandus | | 214 | 78 | 8 | 18 | 11 | | | 79 | 9 | 19 | 12 | | | 80 | 10 | 20 | 13 |

TITUS, 2 years

| | 81 | 1 | 21 | 14 | | 215 | 82 | 2 | 22 | 15 |

Romæ, second bishop Anacletus, 8 years.

DOMITIANUS, 16 years

| | 83 | 1 | 23 | 16 | | | 84 | 2 | 24 | 17 | | 216 | 85 | 3 | 25 | 18 | | | 86 | 4 | 26 | 19 | | | 87 | 5 | 27 | 20 |

Ervandus and Ervazius are attacked by Artaxes in an internecine war.

Alexandria, second bishop Abilius, 13 years.

ARTAXES, 41 years

| | 88 | 6 | 28 | 1 | | | 89 | 7 | 29 | 2 | | 217 | 90 | 8 | 30 | 3 |

The names of two months were changed, namely September to Germanicus, and October to Parthicus.

Rome's third bishop, Clement, 9 years.

ARSACES, 17 years

| | 91 | 9 | 1 | 4 | | | 92 | 10 | 2 | 5 | | | 93 | 11 | 3 | 6 | | | 94 | 12 | 4 | 7 | | 218 | 95 | 13 | 5 | 8 | | | 96 | 14 | 6 | 9 | | | 97 | 15 | 7 | 10 | | 219 | 98 | 16 | 8 | 11 |

Artaxes built Artaxata at a place called "Hill," where the Araxes and the Mezamori rivers meet; thither he transferred all the ornaments of the city of Ervanda.

The Armenians and Persians by common consent refuse to pay tribute to the Romans.

John is exiled to the island of Patmos, where he saw the Apocalypse.

Alexandria's third bishop, Cerdon, 11 years.

NERVA, 1 year

| | 99 | 1 | 9 | 12 |

Rome's fourth bishop, whose name is missing in the manuscript.

TRAJANUS, 19 years

| | 100 | 1 | 10 | 13 | | | 101 | 2 | 11 | 14 | | 220 | 102 | 3 | 12 | 15 | | | 103 | 4 | 13 | 16 | | | 104 | 5 | 14 | 17 | | | 105 | 6 | 15 | 18 | | 221 | 106 | 7 | 16 | 19 | | | 107 | 8 | 17 | 20 |

John is released from the island of Patmos.

Rome's fifth bishop, Alexander, 11 years.

ARTAXES, 20 years

| | 108 | 9 | 1 | 21 | | | 109 | 10 | 2 | 22 |

Our Artaxes establishes his namesake, the King of Persia, after the death of his father Arsaces.

Jerusalem's third bishop, Justus. Alexandria's fourth bishop, Primus, 12 years.

Post-Egnatius, the third bishop of Antioch is Hermon.

APPENDIX TO EUSEBIUS' CHRONICLE

| OLYMP. | CHRISTI | ROM. | PERS. | ARM. | | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | | Trajan | Artaxes | Artaxes | | | 222 | 110 | 11 | 3 | 23 | Artaxes our king pays tribute to Trajan. | | | 111 | 12 | 4 | 24 | | | | 112 | 13 | 5 | 25 | | | | 113 | 14 | 6 | 26 | | | 223 | 114 | 15 | 7 | 27 | | | | 115 | 16 | 8 | 28 | | | | 116 | 17 | 9 | 29 | | | | 117 | 18 | 10 | 30 | | | 224 | 118 | 19 | 11 | 31 | | | | | | | | HADRIANUS 21 years. | | | | | | | The sixth bishop of Rome, Xystus, 11 years. | | | | | | | Artaxes establishes the principality of Dimachisium, Terunium, Amatunium, and Aravelianium. | | | 119 | 1 | 12 | 32 | | | | 120 | 2 | 13 | 33 | | | | 121 | 3 | 14 | 54 | Mazanes, the prince of priests, was seized by Artavazdes and Tiranes by an ambush while hunting and killed. | | 225 | 122 | 4 | 15 | 35 | | | | 123 | 5 | 16 | 36 | | | | 124 | 6 | 17 | 37 | | | | 125 | 7 | 18 | 38 | | | 226 | 126 | 8 | 19 | 39 | The seventh bishop of Rome, Telesphorus, 11 years. | | | 127 | 9 | 20 | 40 | | | | | | | | PEROZES 34 years. | | | 128 | 10 | 1 | 41 | | | | 129 | 11 | 2 | 1 | | | 227 | 130 | 12 | 3 | 2 | ARTAVAZDES son of Artaxes, 2 years. Artavazdes, while crossing the bridge of the Artaxerxians, was suddenly seized by a mental disturbance, and having been thrown from his horse into the deep abyss, vanished. | | | | | | | TIRANES son of Artaxes, 21 years. | | | 131 | 13 | 4 | 1 | | | | 152 | 14 | 5 | 2 | | | | 133 | 15 | 6 | 3 | | | 228 | 134 | 16 | 7 | 4 | | | | 135 | 17 | 8 | 5 | | | | 136 | 18 | 9 | 6 | Valentianus the heresiarch and Cerdon the Marcionite. | | | 137 | 19 | 10 | 7 | | | 229 | 138 | 20 | 11 | 8 | | | | 139 | 21 | 12 | 9 | | | | | | | | TITUS ANTONINUS, surnamed PIUS, with his sons AURELIUS and LUCIUS, 23 years. | | | 140 | 1 | 13 | 10 | | | | 141 | 2 | 14 | 11 | | | 230 | 142 | 3 | 15 | 12 | | | | 143 | 4 | 16 | 13 | |

Jerusalem's bishop after Justus: the fourth is Zachaeus, the fifth Tobias, the sixth Benjamin, the seventh John, the eighth Matthias, the ninth Philip. Alexandria's fifth bishop: Justus, 11 years. Jerusalem's bishop after Philip: the tenth is Enacas, the eleventh Justus, the twelfth Levinus, the thirteenth Ephremus, the fourteenth Joseph, the fifteenth Judas. These were from the circumcision until the city was besieged by Hadrian. Antioch's fourth bishop: Cornelius. Alexandria's sixth bishop: Eumenes, 12 years. Rome's eighth bishop: Lyginus, 4 years. Jerusalem's bishop: the sixteenth, but the first from among the Gentiles, Marcus. Rome's ninth bishop: Pius, 15 years.

Antioch’s fifth bishop: Hero. Alexandria’s seventh bishop: Marcion, 10 years. The strenuous Erachnavius of the Anzavensian clan is advanced to honors by Tiranes. Tiranes, while traveling, perished, overcome by a ball of snow.

TIGRANES, son of Artaxis, 13 years.

Perozes Volagæsus—that is, "the Victor," for he was so called because he invaded the Romans. Alexandria’s eighth bishop: Cæladion, 14 years.

Rome’s tenth bishop: Anicetus, 11 years; under him, Polycarp traveled to Rome and brought many from heresy to the good fruit of the faith. Jerusalem’s bishops: XVII Cassianus, XVIII Publius, XIX Maximus, XX Julius, XXI Gaianus, XXII Symmachus, XXIII Gaius, XXIV Julianus, XXV Apion.

VALARSES (51 years). Perozes Volagæsus, king of the Parthians, made a final incursion into the Roman provinces.

MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS, also called VERUS, and LUCIUS AURELIUS COMMODUS, 19 years.

Rome’s eleventh bishop: Soter, 9 years. A persecution being stirred up, Polycarp suffered martyrdom. Antioch’s sixth bishop: Theophilus, many of whose volumes are circulated to this day. Dionysius, bishop of Corinth. Ruphosia, a prefecture, took its name from Rupha, wife of Tigranes. Alexandria’s ninth bishop: Agrippinus, 12 years. Apollinaris, bishop of the Hierapolitan diocese, was acknowledged. Rome’s twelfth bishop: Eleutherus, 15 years. Antioch’s seventh bishop: Maximus, 4 years.

COMMODUS, 13 years.

Irenæus, bishop of the Gallic city of Lugdunum. Alexandria’s tenth bishop: Julianus, 10 years.

Hierosolymorum (Jerusalem’s) twenty-sixth bishop Maximus, twenty-seventh Antoninus, twenty-eighth Valens, twenty-ninth Dolichianus, thirtieth Narcissus, thirty-first Dius, thirty-second Germanio, thirty-third Narcissus again. Their times are not very well ascertained; for it is hidden how long each served in the episcopacy.

Alexandria’s eleventh bishop Demetrius, 44 years.

At this time there was a dispute regarding the paschal day, as Eusebius relates. Rome’s thirteenth bishop, Victor, 13 years. Antioch’s eighth bishop, Serapion.

AELIUS PERTINAX, 1 year. VALARSES, 20 years.

Clement, presbyter of Alexandria, and Pantænus, a philosopher of our dogma, were known. Caesarea’s bishops, Polycrates and Bachylas. Rome’s fourteenth bishop, Zephyrinus, 12 years.

SEVERUS, 18 years. Valarses founded Valarsavanam in the province of Basena. The same man surrounded the town of Vardghesem with walls on the bank of the Chasali river, and called this new city Valarspatam. Leonides, father of Origen, suffered martyrdom.

A huge victory by our Valarses over the Chaziri and Baslii, northern peoples who had made an incursion. But in a second engagement, Valarses was wounded and fell in battle.

ARTABANUS, 31 years.

ANTONINUS, son of Severus, by the surname CARACALLUS, 7 years. Rome’s fifteenth bishop, Callistus, 9 years. Antioch’s ninth bishop, Asclepiades.

CHOSROES, 48 years. After assembling the Armenian forces and crossing a great mountain, Chosroes avenged the death of his parent Valarses, having routed the enemies, and a monument was constructed in that same place. Jerusalem’s thirty-sixth bishop, Alexander.

THE SECOND PART OF THE SUMMARY OF THE TIMES BY SAMUEL OF ANI

| OLYMP. | CHRISTI | ROM. | PERS. | ARM. | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | | Antoninus Caracallus | Artabanus | Chosroes | | 249 | 218 | 5 | 6 | 4 | | | 219 | 6 | 7 | 5 | | | 220 | 7 | 8 | 6 | | | | MACRINUS, year 1 | | | | | 221 | 1 | 9 | 7 | | Antiochia’s tenth bishop, Philippus. | | | | | | | | ANTONINUS the second, years IV | | | | | 222 | 1 | 10 | 8 | King Abgarus of Edessa. | | Romæ’s sixteenth bishop, Urbanus. | 223 | 2 | 11 | 9 | | | 250 | 224 | 3 | 12 | 10 | | | | 225 | 4 | 13 | 11 | | | | | ALEXANDER, son of Mammaea, years XII | | | | 251 | 226 | 1 | 14 | 12 | | | | 227 | 2 | 15 | 13 | | | | 228 | 3 | 16 | 14 | | | | 229 | 4 | 17 | 15 | | | 252 | 230 | 5 | 18 | 16 | | | Antiochia’s eleventh bishop, Zebennus. | 231 | 6 | 19 | 17 | | | | 232 | 7 | 20 | 18 | | | Romæ’s seventeenth bishop, Pontianus. | 233 | 8 | 21 | 19 | Origenes was living at the lyceum in Alexandria. | | 253 | 234 | 9 | 22 | 20 | | | | 235 | 10 | 23 | 21 | | | | 236 | 11 | 24 | 22 | | | Alexandria’s twelfth bishop, Idimus, years XVI. | 237 | 12 | 25 | 23 | | | 254 | 238 | 13 | 26 | 24 | | | | | MAXIMINUS, years III | | | | | 239 | 1 | 27 | 25 | | | Romæ’s eighteenth bishop, Antherus, one month. Then the nineteenth, Fabianus. | 240 | 2 | 28 | 26 | | | | 241 | 3 | 29 | 27 | | | | | GORDIANUS, years VI | | | | 255 | 242 | 1 | 30 | 28 | | | | 243 | 2 | 31 | 29 | | | | | ARTASIRES, son of Sasan, years XLVI. This man, having killed Artabanus, abolished the rule of the Arsacids, which had lasted CCCCLIV years. | | | | 256 | 244 | 3 | 1 | 30 | | | | 245 | 4 | 2 | 31 | | | | 246 | 5 | 3 | 32 | | | | 247 | 6 | 4 | 33 | | | | | PHILIPPUS, years VII | | | | | 248 | 1 | 5 | 34 | | | | 249 | 2 | 6 | 35 | The thousandth year of the foundation of Rome was reached. |

| OLYMP. | CHRISTI. | ROM. | PERS. | ARM. --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | Philip-pus | Arta-sires | Cho-sroes 257 | 250 | 3 | 7 | 36 | 251 | 4 | 8 | 37 | Chosroes' incursions against the Sassanid Persians for the sake of avenging the murder of his kinsman Artabanus, at which time he drove Artasires as far as the Indians. | 252 | 5 | 9 | 38 | 253 | 6 | 10 | 39 258 | 254 | 7 | 11 | 40

Rome's 20th bishop, Cornelius, 3 years. Alexandria's 13th bishop, Dionysius, 17 years. Rome's 21st bishop, Lucius, 8 months. Then the 22nd, Stephanus, 2 years.

[DECIUS year 1.]

| 255 | 1 | 12 | 41 Jerusalem's 37th bishop, Melbanus.

[GALLUS and VOLUSIANUS, 1 year and 9 months.]

| 256 | 1 | 13 | 42 Rome's 23rd bishop, Xystus, 11 years. Antioch's 12th bishop, Babylas. Then the 13th, Fabianus. ^A

| 257 | 2 | 14 | 43

[VALERIANUS and GALIANUS, 15 years.]

259 | 258 | 1 | 15 | 44 | 259 | 2 | 16 | 45 | Novatianus caused a schism. Antioch's 14th bishop, Demetrianus. 260 | 260 | 3 | 17 | 46 | 261 | 4 | 18 | 47 260 | 262 | 5 | 19 | 48

Antioch's 15th bishop, Paul of Samosata, who, having been convicted of heresy, was cast out by divine will. Chosroes was killed by Anacus. The kingdom of the Armenians remained without a ruler, which indeed had lasted from Valarsaces for 398 years.

[ANARCHY OF THE ARMENIANS, 23 years.]

263 | 263 | 6 | 20 | 1 | Artavazdes Mandacunius brought Tiridates, son of Chosroes, having taken him away from the fury of Artaxis, to the court of Caesar. 264 | 264 | 7 | 21 | 2 | 265 | 8 | 22 | 3 | 266 | 9 | 23 | 4 261 | 267 | 10 | 24 | 5 | 268 | 11 | 25 | 6

Rome's 24th bishop, Dionysius, 9 years. Alexandria's 14th bishop, Maximus, 19 years. Jerusalem's 36th, Himerius. Artemon of Samosata renewed the schism. After he was cast out, Domnus became the sixteenth.

262 | 269 | 12 | 26 | 7 | 270 | 13 | 27 | 8 | 271 | 14 | 28 | 9 | 272 | 15 | 29 | 10

[CLAUDIUS, 2 years.]

263 | 273 | 1 | 30 | 11 | 274 | 2 | 31 | 12

[AURELIANUS, 6 years.]

264 | 275 | 1 | 32 | 13 | Tiridates' heroic deeds in the interregnum of the Armenians. | 276 | 2 | 33 | 14 | 277 | 3 | 34 | 15 | Laodicea's bishop, Anatolius. | 278 | 4 | 35 | 16 | 279 | 5 | 36 | 17 | 280 | 6 | 37 | 18

Rome's 25th bishop, Eutychianus. Then the 27th, Gaius.

SAMUEL OF ANI, SUMMARY OF TIMES, PART II

| Olymp. | Christi | Rom. | Pers. | Arm. | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | | Probus | Artasires | Anarchia | | | | | | | | 265 | 281 | PROBUS years VII | 1 | 38 | 19 | | | 282 | | 2 | 39 | 20 | | | 283 | | 3 | 40 | 21 | | | 284 | | 4 | 41 | 22 | | | 285 | | 5 | 42 | 23 | | 266 | 286 | | 6 | 43 | 24 | | | 287 | | 7 | 44 | 25 |

Alexandria’s 15th bishop, Theonas, 19 years. Antioch’s 17th, Cyrillus. The insane sect of the Manichaeans crept into the customs of men. CARUS with his sons Carinus and NUMERIANUS, 2 years.

| 288 | 1 | 45 | 26 | | 289 | 2 | 46 | 27 |

While Carus was dying in Mesopotamia, Numerianus likewise perished in Thrace, as did Carinus in battle against Cornacus. Cornacus, the supreme commander of the armies of Tiridates, the father of the great Chosroes, who is said to have prolonged his life to the 169th year, with his sight, hearing, hair, and teeth intact until his death, and also with the physical strength of a youth. He defeated Caesar Carus, who fell in battle with his son.

Thus far we have proceeded without doubt, guided by the certain authority of the books of the masters whom we named before. From this point on, concerning those things which remain to be added to our account, we are tossed about by anxieties and perplexities, because there is disagreement among the later historians, some of whom wrote more, some less, or remained silent altogether. We, however, insisting on the footsteps of the more sincere, shall pursue the truth to the best of our ability: and first, let us align the first year of Tiridates with the second year of Diocletian according to the opinion of Moses, the historian of the Armenians, not with the ninth or the first, as has pleased certain others. Now, if you believe that Sapor the Persian reigned for 73 years, you must start from the slain Chosroes; then 46 years are to be considered contemporary with Tiridates, such that he reigned for 26 years while his father Artasires was still alive, and the remaining 46 after his death: and in this way, with God’s help, we shall arrange our canon right up to the era of the Armenians, preferring what is more certain from among many.

DIOCLETIAN, 20 years. | 267 | 290 | I | [27] | [27] | SAPOR, 46 years. TIRIDATES, 56 years.

| 291 | 2 | 1 | 1 | | 292 | 3 | 2 | 2 | | 293 | 4 | 3 | 3 | | 268 | 294 | 5 | 4 | 4 | | 295 | 6 | 5 | 5 | | 296 | 7 | 6 | 6 | | 297 | 8 | 7 | 7 | | 298 | 9 | 8 | 8 | | 269 | 299 | 10 | 9 | 9 | | 300 | 11 | 10 | 10 | | 301 | 12 | 11 | 11 | | 270 | 502 | 13 | 12 | 12 | | 503 | 14 | 13 | 13 |

Mamgo of the Genenses, a satrap, fled to the Persians, and from there to the Armenians: from him the Mamicunia clan and prefecture among us are noble. Rome’s 28th bishop, Marcellinus, 10 years. Saint Gregory, having been cruelly tortured, was thrown into a pit of the condemned. Notable deeds performed by Tiridates in Persia and Assyria before he became a disciple of the faith. Aschenia, daughter of the king of the Alans, Aschadaris, is given in marriage to Tiridates and crowned queen of the Armeno-Arsacids.

APPENDIX TO EUSEBIUS' CHRONICLE

OLYMP. CHRISTI ROM. PERS. ARM. Diocle- Sapor Tirida- tianus tes — — — — — Hierosolymorum XXXVIII 304 15 14 14 episcopus Zabdas, et XXXIX 305 16 15 15 episcopus Hermon.

In the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiridates, the religious virgins, led by the holy Rhipsimia, bravely suffered martyrdom in the city of Valarsapata, and many signs were divinely offered to Tiridates and the kingdom of the Armenians. Saint Gregory, however, led out of the prison of the pit by divine visitation, began to preach his luminous doctrine: then he also restored the wounded to health; at which time the station for the founding of the holy cathedral was shown to him by God, as well as those of other martyr-shrines.

Soon, at the beginning of the following year, the great Tiridates himself was baptized together with Queen Aschenia, his sister Chosroidochta, and other nobles of the court, by the hand, that is to say, of Saint Gregory, who had then returned with episcopal authority from Caesarea. From that time, stirred by royal edicts, many thousands of people throughout the regions of Armenia, having cast aside the pagan rite, voluntarily hastened to the baptism of the sacred font, served by those whom Saint Gregory had appointed.

OLYMP. CHRISTI ROM. PERS. ARM. PATRI- ARCHA Diocle- Sapor Tirida- S. Grego- tianus tes rius — — — — — — Antiochiae XIX episco- 271 306 17 16 16 pus Tyrannus. 307 18 17 17 1 308 19 18 18 2 Alexandriae XVI episco- 309 20 19 19 3 pus Petrus, annis X.

Primus annus Armeniorum ad cognitionem Dei vocatorum. S. GREGORIUS annis XXX. Decimo septimo regnantis Tiridatis anno sanctus Gregorius thronum S. Thaddaei apostoli insidet.

CONSTANTINUS annis XXXIV.

Hoc anno sancti Praecursoris aedes aedificata est, dictumque Claci coenobium, quod S. Gregorius condidit adveniens episcopus Caesarea, allatis indidem ejusdem Praecursoris reliquiis ibique collocatis. 272 310 1 20 20 4 311 2 21 21 5 312 3 22 22 6 313 4 23 23 7 Romae XXIX episcopus Eusebius, tum XXX Miltiades. Hoc anno Constantinus Byzantium ampliavit, eodemque Romanum imperium transtulit, atque urbem de nomine suo Constantinopolim dixit.

273 314 5 24 24 8 315 6 25 25 9

Alexandriae martyrium Petri; cujus excepit episcopatum XVII Achillas mensibus VII. 274 316 7 26 26 10 317 8 27 27 11 318 9 28 28 12 Agathangelus Tiridatis regis diligens librarius a secretis.

Alexandriae episcopus XVIII Alexander annis XV. 319 10 29 29 13 320 11 30 30 14 321 12 31 31 15 Romae episcopus Silvester.

OLYMP. | CHRISTI | ROM. | PERS. | ARM. | PATR. --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Constanti- | Sapor | Tirida- | S. Grego- | | nus | | tes | rius 275 | 322 | 13 | 32 | 32 | 16 | 323 | 14 | 33 | 33 | 17 Ariii cum Alexandro | 324 | 15 | 34 | 34 | 18 contentio. | 325 | 16 | 35 | 35 | 19 276 | 326 | 17 | 36 | 36 | 20 | 327 | 18 | 37 | 37 | 21 | 328 | 19 | 38 | 38 | 22 | 329 | 20 | 39 | 39 | 23 HIC FINIS CHRONICORUM | | | | | EUSEBII LIBRORUM. | | | | | Sancta synodus Nicæna | 277 | 330 | 21 | 40 | 40 | 24 Patrum trecentorum et | 331 | 22 | 41 | 41 | 25 octodecim. Ad Nicæ- | | | | | nam synodum S. Grego- | 332 | 23 | 42 | 42 | 26 rius et Tiridates miserunt | 333 | 24 | 43 | 43 | 27 legatum suum Aristacem. | 278 | 334 | 25 | 44 | 44 | 28 | 335 | 26 | 45 | 45 | 29 | 336 | 27 | 46 | 46 | 30

Hierosolymarum episcopus Marcius; deinde Symmachus; deinde Cyrillus, cujus ætate crux apparuit. Post vicesimum Constantini annum dicti sunt Græcorum et Romanorum reges, quia Constantinopoli regnaverunt.

S. Gregorius cum in Maniæ specum secessisset, publice interdum ob gregem suum in fide confirmandum regionem invisebat. Verum ubi Aristaces a Nicæna synodo reversus est, ille jam nemini conspiciendum se dedit: cumque compluribus annis ibidem vitam produxisset, moriens demum inter angelorum choros delatus est. Pastores autem cum S. Gregorium defunctum deprehendissent, nec hominem agnovissent, ibidem eumdem tumulo mandaverunt. Sed demum multis post annis res divino nutu patefacta est solitario homini, cui nomen Carnico, sanctique reliquiæ in Thordanum oppidum delatæ sunt.

NERSEHUS annis IX.

ARISTACES annis VII.

| | 337 | 28 | 1 | 47 | 1 | | 338 | 29 | 2 | 48 | 2 | 279 | 339 | 30 | 3 | 49 | 3 | | 340 | 31 | 4 | 50 | 4 | | 341 | 32 | 5 | 51 | 5 | 280 | 342 | 33 | 6 | 52 | 6 Valde beatus Constan- | 343 | 34 | 7 | 53 | 7 tinus ad quietem conces- | | | | | sit die XXII mensis Maii, | | | | | qui est Ahecan. | | | | |

CONSTANTIUS, CONSTANS et CONSTANTINUS filii Constantini annis XXIV. Archelaus S. Aristacem, qui se reprehenderat, in provincia Zophia interemit.

VERTHANES annis XV.

Sanctæ crucis revelatio | 344 | 1 | 8 | 54 | 1 Hierosolymis, episcopa- | 345 | 2 | 9 | 55 | 2 tum gerente Cyrillo. | | | | |

ORMIZDAS annis III.

| 281 | 346 | 3 | 1 | 56 | 3 | Potentissimus rex Tiridates veneno sibi a militibus suis propinato obiit. Ex eo tempore res Armeniorum in pejus ferri cœperunt.

CHOSROES, 9 years. 347: 4 | 2 | 1 | 4. 348: 5 | 3 | 2 | 5. After the death of Tiridates, there ensued disturbance and conflict concerning the prefecture. Finally, through the efforts of the great Verthanes, with aid provided by Constantius Caesar, Chosroes, the son of Tiridates—a man inferior to his father in virtue—assumes the kingdom.

349: 6 | 4 | 3 | 6. 350: 7 | 5 | 4 | 7. 351: 8 | 6 | 5 | 8. Post the death of Tiridates, Sanatrucus in the regions of Aluania gave Saint Gregoris, who was the elder son, to be trampled by horses in the field of Vatniensis. The relics of this holy man were later translated from there to the town of Amarasum.

352: 9 | 7 | 6 | 9. 353: 10 | 8 | 7 | 10. 354: 11 | 9 | 8 | 11. 355: 12 | 10 | 9 | 12. The beginning of the two-hundred-year cycle, as it is called, of Andreas. The admirable Jacob, bishop of Nisibis, flourished at this time. A Bagaratius, a knight, and Vahan, prince of the Amatunians, performed excellent deeds against the rebels.

TIRANES, 13 years. 356: 13 | 11 | 1 | 13. 357: 14 | 12 | 2 | 14. 358: 15 | 13 | 3 | 15. Saint Verthanes, although often set upon by the treachery of the nobles, nevertheless died a natural death. At this time the book of Artemon is said to have been finished.

JUSICHUS, 6 years. 359: 16 | 14 | 4 | 1. 360: 17 | 15 | 5 | 2. 361: 18 | 16 | 6 | 3. 362: 19 | 17 | 7 | 4. 363: 20 | 18 | 8 | 5. 364: 21 | 19 | 9 | 6. Tiranes killed the holy Jusichus as well as Daniel the presbyter. Jusichus and Gregoris were brothers, born, as it were, of Verthanes.

PHARNERSEHUS, 5 years. 365: 22 | 17 | 10 | 1. 366: 23 | 18 | 11 | 2. 367: 24 | 19 | 12 | 3. Pharnersehus was not born of the same lineage, but from the town of Astisata in Taronia.

Tiranes, our king, advanced to meet Julian Caesar, and having attacked the Persian forces, he put them to flight; having routed their guard, he led the same Julian across the Euphrates with his army: for which reason he was treated most honorably by him.

JULIANUS, 1 year and 8 months. 368: 1 | 20 | 13 | 4.

ARSACES, 30 years. 369: 2 | 21 | 1 | 5.

JOVIANUS, 8 months.

NERSES, 33 years. 287: 370 | 1 | 22 | 2 | 1. Saint Nerses restored all the orders of the Church well and decently. He was in fact born at Athanagine, a descendant of Jusichus, who in turn was a grandson of Saint Gregory.

Arsaces, devoting himself to hunting, kills by treachery Gnelus, the son of his brother, and takes Pharansem, Gnelus's wife, to himself in marriage; she, however, envying the majesty of the queen to the former wife of Arsaces, having used the ministry of an unworthy priest to mix a poison into a medicinal draught, deprived her of life. ^A

Blessed Chadus, bishop of Bagrevand and the Arsarunians, was a companion to Saint Nerses in rightly ordering the public affairs. ^B By Valens, very many calamities were inflicted upon the Christian dogma, on account of the Arian sect. For this reason, Nerses also, having been sent by Arsaces for the sake of reconciling their friendship, is sent into exile to an inhospitable island. At the same time, the great Basil and his brother Gregory, as well as Gregory surnamed the Theologian, were living. ^C

In India, elephant-bulls, camel-leopards in the shape of horses, and other manifold beasts were seen. ^D

Gratianus builds Rhazlam.

Many benefits are reported to have been conferred by the great Theodosius, especially upon the Armenians. For he also summoned Saint Nerses, brought back from exile, to his presence and treated him with much honor: until the true and right faith was at length manifested in the synod.

The holy synod of Constantinople of one hundred and fifty Fathers against Macedonius, the denier of the Spirit. It was, moreover, the sixty-fifth year after the Nicene synod.

Zuithas, a presbyter of Artaxata, suffers martyrdom under Sapor.

Arsaces, in the manner of Saul, takes his own life, and meets his final day in the fortress which bears the surname Oblivion in Chusitania. His son Papus, however, enters upon the kingdom.

Meruzanes the Arzerunian, defecting from Arsaces and forsaking the Christian faith, implores the aid of the Persians so that he might obtain the scepter of Armenia. And so, having been made a leader of the Persian forces, he bursts into Armenia and inflicts many slaughters in our fatherland: until, a mighty battle having been joined on the plain of Zirav, he is captured by the great knight Sembatus, and perishes by a dire punishment. Being crowned with a red-hot iron rod twisted into the shape of a crown by Sembatus, he ended his life.

OLYMP. CHRISTI CONST. PERS. ARM. PATR.

Theodosius Magnus Sapor Papus Nerses

400 14 52 2 31

295 401 15 53 3 32

402 16 54 4 33 S. Nerses is killed by Papus with a deadly draught.

SCIAHACUS for 5 years.

403 17 55 5 1 Sciahacus was of the Albani race, from the province of Harchia, town of Manazocerta.

404 18 56 6 2

Papus is punished by Theodosius with a dire penalty, and in his place he established one of the Arsacid race, Varazdates. 405 19 57 7 3 VARAZDATES for 4 years.

296 406 20 58 1 4

407 21 59 2 5

ZAVENUS for 4 years.

408 22 60 3

409 23 61 4 2

ARSACES and VALARSACES for 4 years.

297 410 24 62 1 3

411 25 63 2 4

Admirabilis John Chrysostom at this time held the bishopric of the city of Constantinople. The kings of the Greeks and Persians divide Armenia in two during the age of Arsaces, who fixed his seat near the borders of the Greeks. Thus Arsaces held the western regions of Armenia; but Sapor made Chosroes the Arsacid king of the eastern parts of the same. ARCADIUS and HONORIUS for 26 years.

ASPURACES for 5 years. (This man was the brother of Sciahacus and Zavenus.)

412 1 64 3 1

413 2 65 4 2 CHOSROES for 5 years.

298 414 3 66 1 3

415 4 67 2 4 The Greeks, weary of wars, voluntarily divide Mesopotamia and Armenia in two.

416 5 68 3 5

S. ISAACUS for 51 years.

299 417 6 69 4 1

418 7 70 5 2 Chosroes replaces S. Isaacus, son of the great Nerses, in the patriarchal see of the Armenians.

Mesrobes, born in the town of Haseci in Taronia, was brought up and educated by the great Nerses; afterwards he was appointed as secretary to the royal court. But at length, despising worldly honor, he sought the solitary life, and occupied himself with instructing the common people through the interpretation of the sacred books; in which matter, struggling with no small difficulties, he conceived the plan of devising characters proper to the Armenian language, so that he might most accurately interpret the divine Scriptures. For up to this time, the Armenians used Persian letter forms in courtly affairs, and in ecclesiastical matters they used Greek and sometimes Syriac.

At the time when S. Isaacus was elected to the bishopric, Chosroes, king of the Armenians, forbade him to be consecrated by the Metropolitan of Caesarea, as had been the custom ever since the time of S. Gregory. Hence the custom prevailed among the Armenians of consecrating among themselves by their own right. From this time, too, is believed to have begun the peculiar rite of the Armenian Church, which in succeeding times was gradually increased and embellished: for at first the Armenians seem to have used the Syriac or rather the Greek rite.

OLYMP. CHRISTI CONST. PERS. ARM. PATR. Arca- dius et Hono- rius Sapor. Veram- sabuhus S. Isaa- cus VERAMSABUHUS annis XXI. 419 8 71 1 3 420 9 72 2 4 ARTASIRES annis III. 300 421 10 1 3 5 422 11 2 4 6 423 12 3 5 7 VERAMUS, idemque GERMANUS, annis xi. 301 424 13 1 6 8 425 14 2 7 9 426 15 3 8 10 427 16 4 9 11 428 17 5 10 12 429 18 6 11 13 302 430 19 7 12 14 INITIUM LITTERATURÆ ARMENIORUM. Beatus ille Mastosius, idemque Mesrobes, cum magno Isaaco litterarum formas a Daniele excogitatas non sine aliis sociis perfectius elaborant, annique intervallo his divinitus datis formis operam impendunt, et sacra Biblia diligentissime interpretantur. Magnus Isaacus Ctesiphontem pergit, indeque non sine honorificentia donisque ab Artasire Persarum rege collatis regreditur. 303 431 20 8 13 15 432 21 9 14 16 435 22 10 15 17 434 23 11 16 18 Discipuli Athenas, Byzantium Alexandriamque mittuntur. ISDIGERDES annis x. 435 24 1 17 19 436 25 2 18 20 437 26 3 19 21 THEODOSIUS Junior annis XXXIV. 304 438 1 4 20 22 439 2 5 21 23 Prima synodus Ephesina Patrum ducentorum adversus Nestorium. Erant autem post Constantinopolitanam synodum anni XLII, post Nicænam CVII. 440 3 6 CHOSROES alter anno 1. 1 24 Veramsabuhus pie diem supremum obiit. Deinde regnabat frater ejus Chosroes anno uno. Tum Sapor Persa Isdigerdis filius, quem idcirco pater Armeniis præfecit, ut hos pedetentim ad Aramazdis sacra pertraheret, atque a fide et societate Græcorum abduceret. SAPOR ISDIGERDIS filius annis IV. 305 441 4 7 1 25 442 5 8 2 26 443 6 9 3 27 444 7 10 4 28 Carina urbs conditur.

^A VERAMUS, 21 years. ANARCHY, 1 year. 445 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 29

ARTAXES, also called ARTASIRES, 6 years. 306 | 446 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 30 306 | 447 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 31 306 | 448 | 11 | 4 | 3 | 32 306 | 449 | 12 | 5 | 4 | 33 307 | 450 | 13 | 6 | 5 | 34 307 | 451 | 14 | 7 | 6 | 35 This Artaxes, called Artasires by the Persians, on account of his youthful age and corrupt morals, was the last of the Arsacid line.

Here, finally, was the Armenian kingdom of the Arsacids destroyed, as well as the patriarchate of the line of St. Gregory. For although St. Isaac survived for sixteen more years, and his excellent teaching shone in our Armenia, affairs were nevertheless under the control of impious prefects and Persian procurators. Indeed, in place of King Artasires, Vehmirsapor ruled, and in place of St. Isaac, the spiteful Sormacus, who remained for one year; then Barchisius, worse than him, for three years; after them, one Samuel, more wicked than both, for seven years (94). But we shall place the times of these in the category of an interregnum,lest the order of our canon fall into confusion: indeed, we shall ascribe them to St. Isaac, extending the series after his thirty-fifth year of office right up to the beginning of the prefecture of Vardan.

INTERREGNUM, 13 years. 308 | 452 | 15 | 8 | 1 | 36 308 | 453 | 16 | 9 | 2 | 37 308 | 454 | 17 | 10 | 3 | 38 308 | 455 | 18 | 11 | 4 | 39 308 | 456 | 19 | 12 | 5 | 40 308 | 457 | 20 | 13 | 6 | 41 309 | 458 | 21 | 14 | 7 | 42 309 | 459 | 22 | 15 | 8 | 43 309 | 460 | 23 | 16 | 9 | 44 309 | 461 | 24 | 17 | 10 | 45 310 | 462 | 25 | 18 | 11 | 46 ^B 310 | 463 | 26 | 19 | 12 | 47 310 | 464 | 27 | 20 | 13 | 48 Again, because of Flavian, the second synod of Ephesus occurred in the twenty-fourth year after the first, Cyril of Alexandria having now died.

The Blessed Alanus, of the noble house of the Arzerunii, valuing the fleeting glory of the age at nothing in his youth, pursued the heavenly, and devoted himself to the refinement of letters and spiritual exercises.

VARDANUS, 17 years. 465 | 28 | 21 | 1 | 49 By Veramus, Vardanus is appointed supreme prefect of the Armenians (95).

ISDIGERDES, 19 years. 311 | 466 | 29 | 1 | 2 | 50 311 | 467 | 30 | 2 | 3 | 51

Here ends the history of the Armenians written by Moses. Following the death of St. Isaac, his episcopal see was occupied by his disciple Joseph for two years, with the approval of Mesrob, who in the same year exchanged life for death.

SUMMARY OF THE EPOCHS BY SAMUEL OF ANI, PART II

^A Joseph [ruled] for 11 years.

^B Giudius [ruled] for 15 years. Giudius was a disciple of St. Isaac, from the province of Taia, in the town of Arahezo.

The Council of Chalcedon [was held] by the order of Marcian and Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius. There were 636 Fathers gathered.

Marcianus [ruled] for 5 years.

Eznich and Corion [were] disciples of our interpreters. The labors of the holy Vardanites under Isdigerdes, which the blessed Elisaeus, the most learned among the disciples of the interpreters, described in a lucid style. The slaughter of the holy Leontianites by the Persians [occurred] two years after the aforementioned events.

Mambræus, brother of Moses, returns to Armenia. He is held to be the third philosopher.

Leo Magnus [ruled] for 17 years.

They say that Isdigerdes repented that he had afflicted Armenia with slaughters; at which time Vasac also died a cruel death, as Elisaeus reports.

^C Obedience and Interregnum of the Armenians for 6 years.

Perozes [ruled] for 22 years.

Joannes Mandagunius [ruled] for 12 years; from the province of Arsamunia, town of Zachnodo.

Magnus, or Pabenus, [ruled] for 19 years.

David the philosopher became famous in the world, born in the province of Harchia and the city of Hertha.

Moses, surnamed the father of philologists, who at the request of Prince Isaac Bagratuni composed the history of the Armenians.

^D Zeno [ruled] for 13 years.

Associated with Zeno in the empire for some time were Leo the Younger and Basiliscus. Zeno wrote a decree for the orthodoxy of the twelve anathemas of the Council of Chalcedon.

Saint Thathulius, with his elder brother, having left all things for Christ, is dedicated to God.

APPENDIX TO THE CHRONICON OF EUSEBIUS

[Table: Years by Olympiad, Christ, Constantine, Persia, Armenia, and Patriarchs]

BABGHENIUS, 5 years. From the town of Othmes in Vanand. The blessed Carnicus finds the relics of Saint Gregory in a cave in Mania, which are soon placed at Thordan.

SAMUEL, 5 years. From the city of Arzghia in Beznunia.

The deeds of Vahan Mamikonian against the Persians.

ANASTASIUS, 17 years. VALARSACES, 3 years. VAHANUS, 31 years. MUSEUS, 8 years.

Lazarus of Pharpi, presbyter, a distinguished historian and orator. Museus from the town of Elaberium in Cotia.

Vahanus embellished temples, especially the cathedral, by restoring them. The same Vahan Mamikonian pressed the Alans with a siege.

CAVATUS, 7 years.

Anastasius and Zeno are considered orthodox. The Armenians, receding from obedience, prepare for battle against Cavatus.

ISAACUS, 5 years. From the town of Ulcus in Harchia. Cavatus takes Amida.

CIAMASPES, 2 years.

CAVATUS, anew, 17 years.

CHRISTOPHORUS, 5 years. Lord Christophorus, from the town of Tirargium in Bagrevantia.

SAMUEL OF ANI'S SUMMARY OF TIMES PART II.

OLYMP. CHRIST CONST. PERS. ARM. PATR. Justi- Cava- Vaha- Chri nus tus nus stopho- rus 524 1 6 18 5 JUSTIN 9 years. LEONTIUS 2 years, from the town of Arberu- 326 525 2 7 19 1 nium, from Erastus the younger. 526 3 8 20 2 NERSES 9 years. 527 4 9 21 1 Lord Nerses of Bagrevand, An eclipse of the whole sun, from the great town which was followed by a of Astarach. most savage famine, of the kind which never seized Armenia. The same also extended to Persia and to Assyria for a space of almost three years. 528 5 10 22 2 529 6 11 23 3 Mezezius of the Gnuni, a 327 530 7 12 24 4 noble prefect, victories against the incursions of the Huns. Esdras of Angel, a disciple of Moses, bishop of Bagrevand, 531 8 13 25 5 increased the ranks of the 532 9 14 26 6 rhetoricians. JUSTINIAN 36 years. 328 533 1 15 27 7 534 2 16 28 8 535 3 17 29 9 CHOSROES 45 years. JOHN 15 years, from the town of Gabelenium, 536 4 1 30 1 Synselnius. 537 5 2 31 2 Vahan Mamikonian died piously. His brother Vardus succeeded him. VARDUS 3 years. 329 538 6 3 1 3 539 7 4 2 4 540 8 5 3 5 Chosroes, having captured Antioch, transferred colonies from there to Persia, PREFECTS OF THE PERSIANS after Vardus and took care to have them marked with his own ruled the Armenians for 4 years. name. 541 9 6 1 6 330 542 10 7 2 7 543 11 8 3 8 After St. Gregory, 252 Horrendous plague of men, years. which no one knows the equal of, took its beginning from the regions of the West. MEZEZIUS GNUNIUS 30 years. 545 13 10 1 10 331 546 14 11 2 11 The strong Mezezius, of the 547 15 12 3 12 Gnuni clan, having driven out the enemies, 548 16 13 4 13 obtained the prefecture.

683 APPENDIX TO EUSEBIUS' CHRONICLE. OLYMP. CHRIST. CONST. PERS. ARMEN. PATR. Justinian | Chosroes | Mezezius | John 332 | 549 | 17 | 14 | 5 | 14 332 | 550 | 18 | 15 | 6 | 15

684 MOSES 30 years. Prodigies in Ostania of the Armenians, by which the blessed Machozius was moved to embrace the faith. 551 | 19 | 16 | 7 | 1 552 | 20 | 17 | 8 | 2 553 | 21 | 18 | 9 | 3 Lord Moses from the town of Aragazola, Elivardus. St. Managirhus, who was called Gregory, of the Rhazich clan, completed his martyrdom.

This year, 551, was completed after the birth of Christ, at which time the cycle of two hundred years of Andrew was also being concluded. And from this the era of the Armenians immediately arose for this reason. Since the last full moon of the two-hundred-year cycle fell on the 25th day of March, but the beginning of the day had been in April, it could not go further, because after the 25th day of March, the 13th day of April should have been placed, on which the ninth full moon fell: and therefore all the feasts, as is evident, and the calculations of the Calendar were disturbed. Then at last the wise men of that age held a convention and founded the Armenian era, so that the paschal feast of the Lord and the rest might be directed. But indeed, since after nine years they had experienced that they did not yet hold a sufficiently firm rule, in the tenth year of the era, a certain Oeas, endowed with a clever mind, and the sagacious men of great genius invoked by him, by common consent established the cycle which is called the five-hundred-year cycle. This is the origin of the Armenian era, which we shall adopt into these canons for the sake of presenting the times more readily.

OLYMP. CHRIST CONST. PERS. ARMEN. PATR. ARM. ERA Justinian | Chosroes | Mezezius | Moses | first year Peace having been established between Justinian and Chosroes, all the affairs of the Church were enjoying a prosperous course. 333 | 554 | 22 | 19 | 10 | 4 | 1 555 | 23 | 20 | 11 | 5 | 2 556 | 24 | 21 | 12 | 6 | 3 The schism of the Iberians against us is placed here by some. 334 | 557 | 25 | 22 | 13 | 7 | 4 558 | 26 | 23 | 14 | 8 | 5 559 | 27 | 24 | 15 | 9 | 6 560 | 28 | 25 | 16 | 10 | 7 561 | 29 | 26 | 17 | 11 | 8 335 | 562 | 30 | 27 | 18 | 12 | 9 563 | 31 | 28 | 19 | 13 | 10 564 | 32 | 29 | 20 | 14 | 11 565 | 33 | 30 | 21 | 15 | 12 566 | 34 | 31 | 22 | 16 | 13 Nerses the patrician, an Armenian by race, was flourishing in the court of the Greek emperor. 336 | 567 | 35 | 32 | 23 | 17 | 14 568 | 36 | 33 | 24 | 18 | 15

St. Istbutzius, who is also Machosius, underwent martyrdom for Christ. The same was suffered by Isaac and Samuel and Izinuchius, born of the same Persian race. In this year the five-hundred-year cycle was founded. Irion violated the paschal canon.

SAMUEL OF ANI, SUMMARY OF TIMES, PART II

^A In this age, again, the plague of men. JUSTIN, 14 years.

In this age, dissensions, battles, immense disasters, captivities, plunderings, imprisonments, dire famine, pestilence, and other manifold calamities.

TYRANT PERSIO-SARACENS, 36 years.

The nobles of the Armenians, impatient of the Persian yoke, under the leadership of Vartho, son of Vasac Mamicunius, betook themselves to the protection of the Greeks.

ABRAHAM, 22 years. Abraham previously bishop of the Rhestunians from the same province, but from the town of Albathani.

TIBERIUS, 5 years.

ORMIZDAS, 12 years.

Turbulence anew on account of the Council of Chalcedon.

MAURICIUS, 20 years.

Varthanes and Gregorius, doctors, journeyed to the Greeks; but when they could not establish harmony, they returned with an anathema.

Mauricius, general of the Greek forces, an Armenian by race, succeeds to the empire.

In this age, certain Syrian vagabonds arrived in Armenia in order to zealously propagate the sect of Nestorius, but they were expelled with an anathema. Some, however, clung to them, and these translated their fallacious books, namely: the Cortosacium, the Cyriacosacium, the Vision of Paul, the Penitence of Adam, the Diathecen, the Childhood of the Lord, likewise the Sebium, the Bunch of Blessing, open codices, and the Narration of the Gospel of Manes. But whoever placed their faith in these were struck with an anathema.

Manifest schism.

^A Sembatus Bagratunius, having successfully performed many battles against the hosts of Chosroes, brought back honors from Chosroes, and was adorned with the prefecture of Hyrcania; upon arriving there, he found in Sagastania Armenians who were captives and now forgetful of their own language and script. Being studious of their cultivation, he took pains so that a certain Habelus might be created as bishop of that place by the Patriarch of the Armenians. He desired that this diocese belong to the See of St. Gregory.

Many slaughters. Maurice, on account of the cruelty of his character, is consumed by a miserable destruction at the hands of his own army, along with his children and his entire progeny. Horianus, commander of the Persian forces, having captured Jerusalem, killed fifty thousand men and sold one hundred thousand into slavery; indeed, he carried off the life-bearing wood of the Cross, along with the rest of the sacred equipment, into the treasury of King Chosroes.

Sembatus Bagratunius restores the temple of St. Gregory in the city of Devina, more magnificently and wonderfully, by dressing the stones.

^B JOANNES of the town of Cogotia, Bagaranio, for 26 years. Some historians report that Lord Joannes and Lord Abraham died in the same year; others, however, report as we do.

When the tyrants were removed by mutual slaughter—namely Gihr-Burzen, Gihr-Vesnasbohene, and Gihr-Vezonmihano and the remaining Perso-Saracens—DAVID SAHARUNIUS rules for 30 years.

The Cathedral church of Merenius is founded by David Saharunius.

HERACLIUS for 31 years.

In this age, the Iberians withdrew from the communion of the Armenians on account of the Council of Chalcedon; however, they were joined to the Greeks through their prelate Cyrion.

Some historians report the manifestation of Mahomet in year 65 of this era, others in year 62, and others finally in year 68. We, however, clinging to an older codex in which this passage concerning the various opinions about the Hegira is wanting, shall hand it down as year 95 of the Armenian era.

Argiesa city is captured.

Part II of the Summary of Times of Samuel of Ani

| Olymp. | Christi | Const. | Pers. | Arm. | Patr. | Æræ Arm. | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | | Heraclius | Chosroes | David | Comitas | |

Comitas, 8 years, from the town of Aragazia, Alzio. ^A This great patriarch restores the martyrium of the holy heroine Rhipsime with a more wonderful and illustrious structure—what had previously been a very common building. Having found the bones of the same holy woman buried there, he did not dare to open the chest sealed by the seals of Saint Gregory and Saint Isaac; indeed, having fortified it with his own seal as well, he deposited it there again.

352 | 630 | 15 | 35 | 20 | 1 | 77 | | 631 | 16 | 36 | 21 | 2 | 78 | | 632 | 17 | 57 | 22 | 3 | 79 Heraclius kills Chosroes, King of the Persians.

Cavatus, 1 year. ^B | | 633 | 18 | 1 | 23 | 4 | 80

Artasires, 2 years. 353 | 634 | 19 | 1 | 24 | 5 | 81 | | 635 | 20 | 2 | 25 | 6 | 82

Horianus, 1 year. | | 636 | 21 | 1 | 26 | 7 | 83 Heraclius imposes Horianus on the Persians as king, receiving the Life-giving Cross from him in return. However, his own soldiers killed him. ^C

Chosroes, 1 year. | | 637 | 22 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 84

Parbormus and Zarmdochtes, 1 year.

Christophorus, 2 years. This man, of noble Apahunian birth and a devout lover of religion, when he had sought in vain to correct the depraved morals of our nobles, left the see two years later, built a monastery for himself near the town of Ulesius, and remained there in seclusion until his death.

Varaztirozes, a Bagratuni prince, son of Sembat, ^D treated with great honor by Chosroes, returns into Armenia. 354 | 638 | 23 | 1 | 28 | 1 | 85

Isdigerdes, 12 years. | | 639 | 24 | 1 | 29 | 2 | 86

- The Arab War.

Esdras, 9 years, from the province of Nighia, Pharaznocerta. | | 640 | 25 | 2 | 30 | 1 | 87

Theodorus Rhestunius, 25 years. When Heraclius had gathered a council in the city of Carina, Esdras, patriarch of the Armenians, consented regarding the Chalcedonian controversy, the reward for which he brought back: the third part of the province of Colbensis and all of Alesia, which lands the Greeks had taken away from the diocese of our patriarchs. 355 | 642 | 27 | 4 | 2 | 89 | | 643 | 28 | 5 | 3 | 90 | | 644 | 29 | 6 | 4 | 91 Persians capture the city of Devina, which Chosroes, son of Tiridates, had founded and chosen as his royal seat.

The sect of the disciples of John of Mairacom emerges, whose leader was Sergius, an arrogant man swollen with ambition.

356 | 646 | 31 | 8 | 6 | 93 Constantinus, 3 years. | | 647 | 1 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 94 | | 648 | 2 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 95

During these days, the manifestation of the false prophet of the Saracens, an adherent of Cerinthus and the Arians, became illustrious; his name was Mahomet, an Ishmaelite by race, a son of Agar. He utilized as his instructor a certain solitary man, named Bechira, of the Arian sect, an inhabitant of the Sinai desert, to which place in fact the Ishmaelites were flowing and increasing in number, from the time when Sara expelled her handmaid Agar.

In the reign of Constantine son of Heraclius, Devina was captured by the Saracens, as a certain historian says, and on the feast day of the Epiphany twelve thousand men were slaughtered in the church of Saint Sergius, in such a way that the holy table and the baptismal font overflowed with the blood of the slain; more than thirty-five thousand people were led away into captivity. Soon after, the Patriarch Nerses collected the bodies of those who had fallen in this war and had them placed in the same holy church, which he restored.

Now the king of the Ishmaelite race fixed his seat in that same city; the first was named Chalarthus, concerning whom the Holy Bible had prophesied that the people of the Chalartalabii would satiate their swords with blood. He died eight years later, and Amaranus succeeded him for twelve years. But that Chalarthus had advanced as far as Damascus, and had devastated the city of Amida in Mesopotamia with infinite pillage. Afterward, he sent out three generals in different directions; to the Greek provinces, Jalum (or Joel), who slaughtered seventy thousand Greeks; and into Persia, Othman, Amir, and Mavius, the leader of the forces, who defeated twenty thousand of the soldiers of Myrdates, as well as the leader of the Armenians, Museus, with his cavalry; and thus it came about that they gained control of the Armenians, Persians, Syrians, Egyptians, Medes, Parthians, and Palestinians.

The reason, moreover, why they achieved this domination was as follows: A certain prince of the Damascus region, Sergius, was despoiling the Ishmaelite merchants of no small amount of their property. Chalarthus, after having often expostulated regarding these injuries, and seeing that the man would not desist from his nature, finally gathered the foot and horse forces of his race and made a triple assault upon the enemy; he not only regained his own property but also seized the property of others, and for that reason, having been carried into Armenia, he attempted by force to subvert the religious faith of the inhabitants.

Furthermore, the aforementioned king of the Ishmaelites found a certain man conspiring with him named Mahomet, a leader of the Egyptian merchants. He was moderately learned in the Mosaic laws, but was addicted to the sect of Arius and Cerinthus; he said that the kingdom of heaven was corporeal, in which there was earthly food for the belly, and also marriage after the resurrection. He also taught laws that were contrary to one another, devising absurd ancient and new statutes and preaching insolently, and94 too impudently corrupting that covenant of Abraham, by which it was commanded: "Every male among you shall be circumcised on the eighth day" (Gen. xxxiv, 15); yet he himself, shame to tell! circumcised not only the males but even the females, violating the seal of the Dominical covenant. He further ordered that they should wash perpetually only in the basin of baptism, and he taught many other absurd, insane, and ridiculous customs of this sort.

When the Saracens had made this Mahomet their lawgiver, oracle, and leader of their forces for twenty years, they devastated Beznunia, Aleovidia, and Taronia with total destruction (26). Although, in the end, Mahomet, having realized that the faithful were resisting his sect, granted by edict a concession specifically to the Armenian provinces to use the Christian rite, and, so to speak, sold the religion which they were practicing to them, by imposing a tax, namely, that each family should pay four coins, three measures of dry grain, one horse-bag, and one hair-cloth rope. He granted, however, that priests, nobles, and cavalrymen should be immune from this tribute. And the Saracens, after having extended the borders of their empire and gained control of everything, began to be called Amiralmumni (27). Now, after the twenty years of Mahomet (28), Abubechirus, Othman, and Omar reigned for thirty-eight years. In this storm, the empire of the Persians, which was called that of the Sasanids, was also removed, after it had lasted for four hundred and ten years; and the Saracens, who were called Amiralmumni, took the Persian scepter.

SARACEN AMIRALMUMNI (29). Mahomet, twenty years; Abubechirus, eight years; Othman, ten years; Omar, twenty years; Mavius, twenty-two years; Meruanus, one year; Jezithus, three years; Abdelmelichus, twenty years; Velithus, four years; Omar, [one year]; Ezithus, six years; Heschemus, nineteen years; Velithus, one year; Meruanus, eight years; Abdla, twenty years; Abdelazizus, [one year]; Mahdis, nine years; Musis, ten years; Harunus, twenty-three years; Mahmetus, five years; Maimunus, twenty-six years; Ibenmeretus, nine years; Harunus, eighteen years; Ciaphares, eleven years. May their memory be buried in destruction.

SAMUELIS ANIENSIS SUMMARII TEMPORUM PART II.

^A NERSES, twenty years; previously bishop of Daia, from the same province. ^B

CONSTANTIUS, twenty-eight years. ABUBECHIRUS, fourteen years. Nerses the patriarch builds a wonderful temple of Saint Gregory; after he had built another for Saint Sergius in Devina, and yet another over the well of Saint Gregory.

Schism of Easter. Sedition of the city of Erevan, an accurate description of which you may read in the older historians, Sapuhius and Asolnichius. The Greeks set fire to the city of Devina and likewise to Petizius.

MAVIEUS, twenty-two years. HAMAZASPES, seven years.

^C ANASTASIUS, six years, born in Aguria at the roots of Mount Masis. Patriarch Anastasius summons the great doctor Ananias from the town of Anienia, in order to adorn the calendar for us, making it firm, just as it is among other nations; which was accomplished with diligent care. But indeed, when it was to be confirmed by the votes of the synod, the lord Anastasius dies in the interim; since his successors neglected the matter, it was persisted in the ancient rite.

GREGORIUS, ten years. ELIAS, six years.

The cathedral church of Arugii is built, and in it the martyr of Christ, David—formerly called Surhanus, born of the Persian province—is baptized, who, having confessed Christ, was hanged on wood in the city of Devina. Some write eight years for Elias, or Israel.

^D The labor to conform to the system of other nations was in vain through Ananias. The Armenians still use the astronomy of the doctor Ananias, surnamed Siracunius. Asolnichius mentions his chronology when he says: "Between the exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt and the building of the temple, according to Origen and Ananias, four hundred and ninety years elapsed."

OLYMP. | CHRISTI | CONST. | PERS. | ARM. | PATR. | ERA ARM. ---|---|---|---|---|---|--- | | Constantinus | Ma-viæus | Gregorius | Elias | | 364 | 678 | 1 | 14 | 6 | 4 | 125 | 679 | 2 | 15 | 7 | 5 | 126 | 680 | 3 | 16 | 8 | 6 | 127 | | CONSTANTINUS son of Constantius, 14 years. | | | | | | | | ISAACUS, 23 years. | | | | 365 | 681 | 4 | 17 | 9 | 1 | 128 | 682 | 5 | 18 | 10 | 2 | 129 | | | NERSEHUS, 3 years. | | | | | 683 | 6 | 19 | 1 | 3 | 130 | 684 | 7 | 20 | 2 | 4 | 131 | 685 | 8 | 21 | 3 | 5 | 132 | | | | | | | Isaac had previously been bishop of the Rhodians, originating from the town of Suraphore in Arcunasena. ^A Nersehus Siracanus succeeded Gregorio Mamicunio in the prefecture of the Armenians, after he was killed in battle by the Khazars. | | | ASUSTIUS, 3 years. | | | | 366 | 686 | 9 | 22 | 1 | 6 | 133 | | | EZITHUS, 4 years. | | | | | 687 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 134 | 688 | 11 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 135 | | | | | | | Asustius is killed by the Saracens. | | | NERSEHUS CAMSARACANUS, 3 years. | | | | | 689 | 12 | 3 | 4 | 9 | 136 | 690 | 13 | 4 | 5 | 10 | 137 | | | | | | | ^B Gregory, bishop of Arsarunia and a philosopher, and the leader Nerses Camsaracanus flourished in wisdom. | | | MERVANUS, 1 year. | | | | | 691 | 14 | 1 | 3 | 11 | 138 | | | JUSTINUS, 12 years. | | | | | | | ABDELMELICHUS, 21 years. | | | | | | | SEMBATUS, 20 years. | | | | | 692 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 12 | 139 | 693 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 13 | 140 | | | | | | | ^C Sembatus Bagratunius, byname Byratius, holds the principate. Justinus, having had his nose truncated in a military sedition that arose, escaped as far as India; there, having gathered an army, he returned, killed the nobles, and recovered the empire. Malimus built Mamestia with higher walls. ^D A savage winter; the sea of Beznunia is constricted by ice. The province of Baguana in Bagrenobium is devastated by the slaughter of St. Gregory. Isaac the patriarch, a man conspicuous for wisdom and integrity of morals, together with other princes of our nation, is taken in bonds to Damascus by Abdela. The battle of Vardanocertum took place under the energetic and brave leader Sembatus. 368 | 694 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 14 | 141 | 695 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 15 | 142 | 696 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 16 | 143 369 | 697 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 17 | 144 | 698 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 18 | 145 | 699 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 19 | 146 | 700 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 20 | 147 | 701 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 21 | 148 370 | 702 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 22 | 149 | 703 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 23 | 150

SAMUELIS ANIENSIS SUMMARII TEMPORUM PART II.

| OLYMP. | CHRISTI | CONST. | PERS. | ARM. | PATR. | ERA ARM. | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | | | Leo | Abdelmelichus | Sembatus | Elias | | | 371 | 704 | 1 | 13 | 13 | 1 | 151 | Mahmetus pugna in mari Gelamio conserta | | | 705 | 2 | 14 | 14 | 2 | 152 | cepit insulam Sevaniam. | | | 706 | 3 | 15 | 15 | 3 | 153 | | | | ABSIMARES annis IV. | | | | | | | 372 | 707 | 1 | 16 | 16 | 4 | 154 | Casmus Amira Vaspuracanorum | | | 708 | 2 | 17 | 17 | 5 | 155 | principes cædit. | | | 709 | 3 | 18 | 18 | 6 | 156 | | | | 710 | 4 | 19 | 19 | 7 | 157 | | | | JUSTINUS annis VI. | | | | | | | | 711 | 1 | 20 | 20 | 8 | 158 | Ananiæ doctoris auditores Hermon, Tiridates, | | | | | | | | | Azarias, Ezechiel et Cyriacus. |

At this time, the princes of the Armenians were consumed by fire in the city of Nachiciavana; for which reason the series of the dominion is broken off here. Now, concerning this interval of time, lord Joannes speaks thus in his eloquent and elaborate History: "When the dominion of the Agarenes had prevailed thoroughly in Armenia, the native nobles of our region ceased: but if any by chance remained, they were living under a servile yoke and in hiding. Therefore," he says, "in this History the series of our princes labours from a defect." Nevertheless, in the age of lord Tiridates, with the incursions of the enemies ceasing, I shall again place the aforementioned princes in the canon.

| OLYMP. | CHRISTI | CONST. | PERS. | PATR. | ERA ARM. | | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | | Justinus | Abdelmelichus | Elias | | | | | 712 | 2 | 21 | 9 | 159 | | | | | VELITIUS annis IX. | | | | | | 373 | 713 | 3 | 1 | 10 | 160 | | | | 714 | 4 | 2 | 11 | 161 | | | | 715 | 5 | 3 | 12 | 162 | Susanna Vahani Camsaracani filia | | | 716 | 6 | 4 | 13 | 163 | cum in potestatem infidelium venisset | | | | PHILICUS VARDANUS an. IV. | | | | martyrium fecit Charris. | | | 717 | 1 | 5 | 14 | 164 | | | | | JOANNES OZNIENSIS annis XI. | | | | | | 374 | 718 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 165 | Sanctus Joannes philosophus | | | 719 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 166 | legibus optimis ecclesiarum | | | 720 | 4 | 8 | 3 | 167 | majestatem confirmabat. Idem | | | | ARTEMUS an. I. | | | | accitus ad aulam principis | | | 721 | | 9 | 4 | 168 | Saraceni, ob eximiam formæ | | | | LEO annis XXIV. | | | | elegantiam magnis honoribus | | | | SULIMANUS annis II. | | | | auctus est. | | 375 | 722 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 169 | Darbantiam capit Sulimanus. | | | 723 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 170 | |

| OMARUS years 3. 724: 3 | 1 | 7 | 171 725: 4 | 2 | 8 | 172 376: 726 | 5 | 3 | 9 | 173 [The death of Prince Asutius Bagratunius.]

EZITHUS years 6. 727: 6 | 4 | 10 | 174 728: 7 | 5 | 11 | 175

DAVID years 13. 729: 8 | 1 | 1 | 176 377: 730 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 177 731: 10 | 3 | 3 | 178 732: 11 | 4 | 4 | 179 [Lord David, a native of Cotia Aramunia, in which place he also built a temple and patriarchal buildings, the see having been transferred there from the city of Devina, on account of the intolerable molestations which were happening at the hands of the wicked nation of the Mahumetans.]

SAHMSEMUS years 19. Darbantia was restored. 378: 733 | 12 | 1 | 5 | 180 734: 13 | 2 | 6 | 181 735: 14 | 3 | 7 | 182 736: 15 | 4 | 8 | 183 737: 16 | 5 | 9 | 184 379: 738: 17 | 6 | 10 | 185 739: 18 | 7 | 11 | 186 St. Gregory's monastery was burned down. 740: 19 | 8 | 12 | 187 741: 20 | 9 | 13 | 188

TIRIDATES years 23. 380: 742: 21 | 10 | 1 | 189 [Lord Tiridates from the town of Othmeso, a man endowed with integrity, holiness, and every kind of virtue.] 743: 22 | 11 | 2 | 190 744: 23 | 12 | 3 | 191 745: 24 | 13 | 4 | 192

CONSTANTINUS years 37. 381: 746: 1 | 14 | 5 | 193 747: 2 | 15 | 6 | 194 748: 3 | 16 | 7 | 195 [Vahanus, son of Prince Chosroes of Golthania, bravely suffered martyrdom.] 749: 4 | 17 | 8 | 196 382: 750: 5 | 18 | 9 | 197 751: 6 | 19 | 10 | 198 Constantinus, son of Leo, surnamed Cabalinus, which is to say "collector of dung," was so named because, when he was pressed by an army of Saracens who were encamped on the bank of the Halyos river, he ordered the collected dung to be thrown into the flowing water; by which occurrence the enemy, suspecting a vast army and fearing, took to flight. It is reported that the same man killed five lions in one day by continuous blows.

VELITHUS years 2. 752: 7 | 11 | 199 753: 8 | 12 | 200

MERUANUS years 6. 754: 9 | 1 | 13 | 201 755: 10 | 2 | 14 | 202 756: 11 | 3 | 15 | 203 757: 12 | 4 | 16 | 204 758: 13 | 5 | 17 | 205 759: 14 | 6 | 18 | 206 383: Junior Mahmet, having undertaken an expedition into Armenia, secured the dominion of the Armenians and Persians.

AMIR-ABDLA years 3. 760: 15 | 1 | 19 | 207 761: 16 | 2 | 20 | 208 762: 17 | 3 | 21 | 209 385: Two stars appeared, one toward the east, the other in the west.

ABDLA years 22. 763: 18 | 1 | 22 | 210 764: 19 | 2 | 23 | 211 Schism concerning Easter. Isaac, the noble Bagratunid, a man abounding in virtues and a lover of peace. At this age, Isaac and Hamazaspes, the sons of the prince Vahan of the Artsrunis, having made a sudden attack against the invaders in the parts of Vaspurakan, crushed many of them in battle, until, pierced by the wounds of their enemies, they died most gloriously.

ASUTIUS years 17. TIRIDATES years 3. Hinc denuo exordiamur [Here let us begin again] the succession of the Armenian prefects, the first of whom is Asutius Bagratunius (41). 765: 20 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 212 766: 21 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 213 767: 22 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 214 386: Lord Tiridates, the second from the province of Dasnavore.

SION years 8. 768: 23 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 215 769: 24 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 216 770: 25 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 217 771: 26 | 9 | 7 | 4 | 218 772: 27 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 219 387: Constantine captured the city of Karin, which Ezithus Amira restored two years later. Lord Sion from the province of Baguana, at the foot of Mount Simi. He restored the perennial waters to a dried-up spring through vigils and prayers. At this time occurred the slaughter of Chaleni Arenii and Thalnae (42), in which place seven hundred men were killed, and one thousand two hundred were taken captive.

Muselius Mamicunius and Samuel, along with their families and other prominent men from the Armenian army, were killed by the Ishmaelites during the Easter days. At this age flourished Stephanus, prince of the priests in the court, a most learned man and most polished in every philosophical and grammatical discipline, not without a retinue of spiritual virtues. Likewise known were the illustrious teachers of the Armenian provinces: the lords Ephrem, and Anastasius, and Crucedatus, and David surnamed Romanerus, and the great philosopher Stephanus Siuniensis, a student of Moses.

(41) Here in truth begins the dominion of the Bagratunids, who finally shone forth with the royal title. (42) These names perhaps contain some error.

APPENDIX TO THE CHRONICLE OF EUSEBIUS.

ISAIAS [held the patriarchate] for 13 years. The Lord Isaias [was] from the town Elipatrusa of Nighia. He was the son of a widow who lived at the gates of the patriarchal residence with him, and who nurtured her son there with great hope. In truth, he was finally and most deservedly raised to the patriarchal dignity.

SEMBATUS [held the patriarchate] for 22 years.

LEO [held the patriarchate] for 5 years.

BAHADINUS [held the patriarchate] for 10 years.

CONSTANTINE and his mother IRENE [ruled] for 10 years.

In the time of these rulers, the images were restored in Rome. (43) It also happened that a certain enormous marble chest was seen, which, after it was opened by those who were struck with wonder, these words were found written therein: "Why does it concern you to cover me, since it is in the time of Constantine and Irene that I shall see the sun?" (44)

Upon the death of Isaias, Ipendaclus (45) despoiled the church of Devin; but the lord Stephen of Devin succeeded him only after a massive sum of money had been paid.

STEPHEN, year 1.

JOABUS, Curopalates of Ostania, year 1.

SOLOMON, year 1, from the monastery of the Macheni, a man of advanced age. (46)

GEORGIS [held the patriarchate] for 3 years; he was born at the roots of Mount Aracasi.

SUMMARY OF THE EMPERORS AND TIMES, PART II

^A Constantinus, after having reigned for ten years with his mother, is said to have cast her from power, and, having secured the state alone for seven years, later his mother Irene is said to have put out the eyes of her captive son and to have reigned alone for five years. YEAR FROM ADAM 6000, ^B YEAR FROM CHRIST 802.

Plague among animals. False king Thomas came to the city of Carina. Sembatus and Gregorius, born of Churdeus, were abducted to Syria.

^C Hostile Chrysophyllen arrived, and many cities were captured, among which Adrianople, the chief city of Macedonia. Leo cast down the images. The same [man] built Byzus and Arcadiopolis and captured Camachum.

^D Sevata the Hagarene, having taken a wife from the Arusiac Bagratuni line, devised a plan with the Armenian nobles to free themselves from the yoke of the Saracen Amirs.

[TABLES FOLLOW]

^A This Joseph was of the family of the Aragazii, and an inhabitant of the monastery of Saint Gregory.

^B Two brothers, Isaac and Joseph, having renounced Ishmaelism, suffered martyrdom, professing the Holy Trinity in the city of Carina, on the fifteenth day of the month of Araz (47), a Thursday.

^C Asutius, son of Sembatus, by the surname Mesagher (48). David [was] born from the town of Mazala, [near] Calao.

^D Nicephorus, having set out against the Bulgarians, perished with his entire retinue.

Famine was everywhere so violent that in the city of Carina three thousand men perished in one day.

Mahmetus (49), year 3. …enemies often and bravely slaughtered.

Theophilus, having set out for Syria, captured the city of Upatra; then in Armenia he took the fortress of Palin, and Mezcerta, and Anlia in the province of Dednia, and Chosana.

Sembatus built an immense and most ornate temple at Erazgavora, which is now called Siracuana.

Sembatus, son of Asutius, nicknamed Aplabasus.

He fought a battle with Thomas the Deserter.

John was born in the town of Ova in Cotia. Theophilus captured Trebizond and repelled the Persians.

In the eighth year of the Lord John, certain malevolent men of the same court burdened the holy man with envious slanders. These men, however, met a most wretched end to their lives.

At that time, Ciaphares was the great Amira of the Ishmaelite nation, and Sembatus the Confessor was likewise the great leader of the Armenians. By the command of this same Amira, a certain legate, Abusethus, came into Armenia, who immediately seized Prince Bagaratum and sent him, bound in chains, to Ciaphares. But the inhabitants of the Taurus mountains, who are now called the Sasunii, in order to exact vengeance for the things which had been done against Bagaratum, gathered a tumultuous force of soldiers, routed the troops of Abusethus, and slew him (51).

SECOND PART OF THE SUMMARY OF THE TIMES OF SAMUEL OF ANI

| OLYMP. | CHRISTI | CONST. | AMIR. | ARM. | PATR. | ERA ARM. | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | | Michael | Ciaphares | Sembatus | Joannes | | | 407 | 850 | 9 | 2 | 27 | 18 | 297 | | | 851 | 10 | 3 | 28 | 19 | 298 | | | 852 | 11 | 4 | 29 | 20 | 299 | | 408 | 853 | 12 | 5 | 30 | 21 | 300 | | | 854 | 13 | 6 | 1 | 22 | 301 |

ZACHARIAS for 22 years, from the town of Zaga in Cotia. | 855 | 14 | 7 | 32 | 1 | 302 |

^A Finally, the worst of all, Bugha (52), arriving with a powerful army—whom the impious Ciaphares sent into Armenia to avenge the slaughter of Abusethus—tormented the nation with many calamities and a varied type of punishments and slaughter, especially the nobles and the order of the equestrian militia. Those to whom he granted life, he urged with flatteries to abandon Christ and yield to the impiety of his sect. But many, being men of strong spirit, putting on the shield and armor of Christ, despised all the terror of tortures and pains which threatened them from that wicked man, for the sake of the blessings of the life to come. Among them was Atomus of the province of Albage, beloved of God, who, with his companions, suffered a great force of torments and attained the most precious crown; and these were nearly one hundred and fifty, besides those who became martyrs in other provinces, whose feast day is celebrated on the twenty-fifth of the month of Mehegan (53). Not a few, however, impatient of these pains, stained themselves with disgrace; and these, having lost eternal life, did not attain the present one either (54).

^B That wicked and savage Bugha, therefore, when he perceived that matters were being carried out according to his own design, brought the nobles of the region under his own power, partly by treachery and partly by authority. Among them was the great duke of the Armenians, Sembatus, surnamed Aplabasus, truly desirable to the angels on account of the true knowledge of Christ, who was also called a confessor. Now, indeed, that evil Bugha, hastening his return to the great Amira, led off the rest in chains, but Sembatus he took with him by fraud and insidious promises of rewards. Meanwhile, because Joannes had departed this life, Zacharias was substituted in the holy dignity, who, in the space of one day, leaped from the priesthood—nay, from the diaconate—to the summit of the patriarchal throne.

^C But truly, all those who had been abducted by the wicked Bugha were immediately, by the order of the supreme tyrant, locked in prison and doomed to die under dire tortures unless they should curse the law of Christ. And indeed not a few, terrified by the slaughter of their bodies, fell from the faith, except the glorious Sembatus, who, although he constantly and openly confessed Christ, nonetheless died in chains. Meanwhile, a certain prefect, Stephanus by surname Conus, having fearlessly confessed Christ, was gifted with the palm of martyrdom in the three hundred and second year of the Armenian era. Moreover, the body of the aforesaid confessor Sembatus was carried by the faithful with great pomp and psalms to the sacred church of Saint Daniel, to that place, indeed, where he had once been thrown into the den of lions.

^D After Sembatus was extinguished, his son Asutius took hold of the reins of affairs; and he shone above all his ancestors, and so commended himself by his integrity and kindness that he obtained the love of all. Because of such an outstanding reputation, a certain person named Aly-Armenus was sent by the great Amira into Armenia with gifts, who, beyond the prefecture, conferred also upon Asutius the title of prince of princes. In this dignity he remained for thirty years, until, for the sake of his virtue and best works, he was also adorned with a royal diadem, being proclaimed king by two kings—the Ishmaelite and the Greek—in the final five years of his reign (55).

56).

APPENDIX TO EUSEBIUS' CHRONICLE

^A ASUTIUS, 36 years. Asutius, son of Sembat, surpassed all his ancestors in magnificent honor and authority (409). ^B Zacharias the Patriarch rightly ordered his diocese (56).

Basilius is said to have been born in the province of Armenia, in the district of Taron, in the town of Thilis, where he also built a church which is called Saint Duces (411).

The robber Ciabapus, having assembled an army of eighty thousand men, set out to occupy our region. But Abasus, leader of the Armenian forces, attacked Ciabapus with forty thousand soldiers near the river Eraschus, and inflicted upon him such a slaughter that he barely escaped with sixteen men. ^C

^A AHMATUS, 4 years. By a most violent earthquake, many places were overturned during the time of Lent, and that shaking persisted for three months following. ^B

The baptism of the Bulgarians (57).

The Persians occupy the city of Carina. ^C

ABUABDALLA, 3 years. ^D

MAHMETUS, 31 years. Hamamus was known as a man versed in every branch of knowledge (58). ^A

GEORGIUS from the great town of Carnio, 22 years. ^B

Photius was patriarch at Constantinople, who recently had written a letter to our patriarch Zacharias for the sake of entering into communion (59). ^C

With the dominion of the Arsacids removed, the years of the Bagratuni kingdom reached 434. ^D

LEO, 26 years.

ASUTIUS, PRINCE OF PRINCES, KING OF ARMENIA.

(56) That part of Zacharias the patriarch’s Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew is extant in the libraries of the Armenians. (57) This passage is missing in the older codex. (58) Certain minor works of Hamamus still exist, especially a grammatical one written in a most polished style. (59) This long epistle of Photius exists in the Armenian codices of the Venetian College of Saint Lazarus.

[Table of Dates: OLYMP. 417, CHR. 889, CONST. 2, AMIR. 17, ARM. 34, PATR. 13; 890, 3, 18, 35, 14; 891, 4, 19, 36, 15. Asutius, having ordained everything according to God’s pleasure, is translated in death to the order of holy kings. ^A]

[Table: 892, 5, 20, 1, 16; SEMBATUS, 24 years. Sembatus, son of Asutius, succeeds his father.]

[Table: 893, 6, 21, 2, 17; 894, 7, 22, 3, 18; 895, 8, 23, 4, 19; 896, 9, 24, 5, 20; 897, 10, 25, 6, 21; 419, 898, 11, 26, 7, 22. Abasus, commander of the military and brother of King Asutius, bears the rule of Sembatus with resentment. Lord Mastosius was considered famous for his religious way of life and philosophical disciplines. MASTOSIUS, native of Sevania, year 1.]

[Table: 899, 12, 27, 8, 1. JOANNES, 28 years. 420; 900, 13, 28, 9, 1; 901, 14, 29, 10, 2; 902, 15, 30, 11, 3; 903, 16, 31, 12, 4. This Lord Joannes was a disciple of his (Mastosius), and therefore joined by a double affinity with the spiritual and divinely given man of God, Mastosius: he was, however, a native of Carnio, which was also the homeland of Georgius, who had preceded these men.]

^B This is the place to indicate how the tyranny of the Ismaelite race began to verge toward its end. For although the Bagratunia family ruled not without the consent of the Ismaelites, nevertheless the greater part of Armenia was, during that time, just as it is now, in their power; it was not, however, under the nod of one Emir, as had been the custom from the first Mahomet down to Ciaphar and his children. Indeed, in the times that followed, governors were appointed rashly as they pleased. This is a sign of a weak and dying empire, especially if the rule is distributed among many, which is what was happening to them at that time. For Sanphares ruled in the region of Chorasan; Lavicus Abuthoraphus in the city of Dara; Ises, son of Sechus, in Palestine; Abidelphi, son of the former, in the province of Telma; and others, in fine, indulging in disturbances elsewhere, were striving for tyranny against one another. Hence it happens that the names of these impious tyrants are confused in the chronological Canon. Meanwhile, malevolent and savage procurators were sent from them everywhere into our regions; namely, that beastly Bula; and his most iniquitous son Aphsinus, who had previously presided over the wicked Abusigitha; and also the malignant and destructive Tusuphus, brother of Aphsinus; then Nesras, nicknamed Sbercha; then others like them, enemies of Christ, who, until the domination of the Amiralmumnors of the Scythian race, which still persists, harassed the borders of our Armenian countrymen with perpetual devastations. We say that the names of these—as far as we have seen—cannot be set out individually in written histories, especially since they are not written in the book of life, but in the records of the impious.

^C Afterward, the Scythians occupied the tyranny in this manner, as I find written by the great doctor Sarcavacus, who speaks thus: “While the Persians and Medes fight among themselves with alternating fortune to this very day, the Scythian race (I do not say the Greek type, but the barbarian) having entered their regions is said to have occurred in this way. With many nations defeated, the kings of that age, whose names are unknown to us (because..."

no one had a care to propagate the memories of deeds and the names of these princes to posterity), finally they themselves also, having endured long-standing disasters at the hands of the Indians, sought the aid of the aforementioned barbarians for the war in the hope of the greatest gifts: increased by their alliance, they soon defeated the rebel in successful battles. Soon, the war being renewed against him, they kept at a distance those barbarians who were offering help. And in the meantime the king was departing from this life. Then the Medes, having entered into an alliance with these barbarians, were expelling the Persians: and thus the dominion was strengthened, as some record, of the Scythians, or rather, as I think, of the Bactrians, who destroyed the kingdoms of many nations in the greatest and most internecine wars. ^A Our philologist has indeed pursued the deeds in this writing up to the reign of Melichsah, which we will mention in its own place using the same author; we pursue the times of his father, namely the cruel Alphaslan, and then his grandfather and great-grandfather, whose names are reported as Tullubech, Mahmut, and Selgiuk: for we once read this explicitly in a codex written by his own hand: if we should again have access to this codex, we will indeed use it for this composition; if not, we will by all means omit those men who, trusting in their own strengths and leaning upon a vain thing, have been barred from ^B the sanctuaries of God and the land of the living. But let us, trusting in the mercy of God, confess His name, who did this; and let us bear it with an equable mind, because He is gentle towards His saints.

Now, therefore, let us return to the interrupted order of the canons, and in one series, having excluded it for the aforementioned reason, let us say joyfully: Into your hand they have been repelled; but we are your people and the sheep of your pasture. ^C

[TABLE]

^D Iusuf, for the sake of stirring up discord, forced another upon the Armenians as king, Asutius, who was the cousin of king Asutius. Asutius, having set out to the emperor of the Greeks, was heaped with honors by him, and was deemed worthy to succeed in the kingdom by right to his renowned father Sembatus.

^A STEPHANUS year 1.

THEODORUS 11 years.

ABASUS 24 years.

Abasus, son of Sembatus and brother of Asutius.

Abasus, son of Sembatus, raises a cathedral temple of wondrous magnificence in the city of Kars. In his age the regions of the Armenian kingdom enjoyed tranquility, since he diligently restrained the turbulence of brigands. Under him were founded the sacred monasteries which are called Camerzazora and Caputcar, in the province of Arsarunia; and likewise in the province of Siracia, the renowned monasteries of Rhomosin and Debrevanca.

^B The movement of the Greeks against the Armenians regarding Bero, whom Abasus defeated when he revolted from him, and deprived of his eyes.

Great Chosroes, bishop of the Ansevansians, was flourishing in learning.

By the Lord Elias, Gagik obtained Agathamara, attributed in turn to Ilio; and he built a temple there. The same man was buried at Berdazora.

CONSTANTINUS, son of Leo, 16 years.

ANANIAS of Moxo, 22 years.

Ananias the patriarch held the see for five years in Agathamara, and seventeen years in Varagho.

Marasa is taken by storm. Carina is captured.

Amtunisiara is laid waste. Abasus, a great king, died a peaceful death.

Famine, violent.

ASUTIUS, son of Abasus, 27 years.

^D An infinite swarm of locusts descends.

^A David, bishop of Moghia, from the monastery of Aparania, was known for his learning and holiness.

957 | 13 | 3 | 11 | 404 958 | 14 | 4 | 12 | 405 | Samuathuma captured. 959 | 15 | 5 | 13 | 406 960 | 16 | 6 | 14 | 407 | Anarzaba and Halapus captured.

ROMANUS 4 years.

Halbata and Sanahina are founded by Queen Chosroanusa, wife of Asutius, called Sahinsahi.

961 | 1 | 7 | 15 | 408 | Asutius confirmed his rule, having placed Goro in command of ninety thousand soldiers. When, however, he had crushed Amadanem, ^B who had revolted from the great Amira, he was girded by him with a double tiara.

NICEPHORUS 7 years.

962 | 2 | 8 | 16 | 409 963 | 3 | 9 | 17 | 410 964 | 4 | 10 | 18 | 411 965 | 1 | 11 | 19 | 412 966 | 2 | 12 | 20 | 413 967 | 3 | 13 | 21 | 414 968 | 4 | 14 | 22 | 415

VAHANUS 1 year.

969 | 5 | 15 | 1 | 416

After the death of Lord Ananias, Lord Vahanus, archbishop of Siunia from the province of Balia, occupied the throne of St. Gregory. But indeed, after one year of the patriarchate had passed, a controversy was stirred up against him because of the suspicion of schism. Wherefore in the fortress of Ania, while Asutius, son of Abasus, reigned, many bishops and cross-bearing monks, having held an assembly, deposed him from his seat and gave him as a successor Stephen, a relative of the man of God Mastosius, originally from Sevania. Yet Vahanus, having stayed in the province of Vaspuracania, and being held there as the legitimate successor of St. Gregory, provided a handle for a destructive and grave schism: for they disturbed the whole of Armenia with competitive anathemas and public hostilities, until by the will of God, both died in the same year. One year of interregnum followed these. Soon, by the order of Asutius, named the Largitor, men endowed with integrity and holy bishops assembled and placed the blessed man of God in the patriarchal seat, Lord Chacichius, brother of Lord Ananias the great patriarch, by whose upright and eloquent teaching ^C and holiness of morals the mouth of the wicked was stopped.

STEPHANUS 2 years.

970 | 6 | 16 | 1 | 417 971 | 7 | 17 | 2 | 418 | The admirable St. Gregory of Narek shone at this time with the glory of sanctity.

CYRUS JOANNES 6 years.

972 | 1 | 18 | 1 | 419 | They say that Cyrus Joannes was of Armenian race, from the city of Zimiscazaca.

SEAT VACANT 1 year.

CHACICHIUS 21 years.

973 | 2 | 19 | 1 | 420 | Lord Chacichius, formerly bishop 974 | 3 | 20 | 2 | 421 | of Arsarunia, places his seat in 975 | 4 | 21 | 3 | 422 | Arghene, near the city of Ania, 976 | 5 | 22 | 4 | 423 | in which place he builds a magnificent structure of a cathedral church. ^D

^A Abusah Arzerunius, king of Vaspuracania, dies; his children, Asutius, Gurghenius, and Senecherimus, succeed him (76).

977 | 6 | 23 | 5 | 424 | BASILIUS, 51 years. 978 | 1 | 24 | 6 | 425 | 979 | 2 | 25 | 7 | 426 | 980 | 3 | 26 | 8 | 427 | 981 | 4 | 27 | 9 | 428 | Asutius, who was a father to the poor and needy, died piously.

SEMBATUS, 13 years. 982 | 5 | 1 | 10 | 429 | Sembatus, son of Asutius, surnamed Sahensahus. 983 | 6 | 2 | 11 | 430 | 984 | 7 | 3 | 12 | 431 | Great prince of the Armenians, Gregorius Pahlavunius, born of the lineage of St. Isaac, was very long-lived, specifically one hundred and five years; he died in the province of Nighia. ^B 985 | 8 | 4 | 13 | 432 | 986 | 9 | 5 | 14 | 433 | 987 | 10 | 6 | 15 | 434 | 988 | 11 | 7 | 16 | 435 | 989 | 12 | 8 | 17 | 436 | [In the beginnings of his reign, Sembatus laid the foundations of the most noble cathedral church in the same city, after he had gathered materials near the walls of the city of Ania and built very high towers, occupying the entire space from the river Achura to the valley which is called Florum; he was prevented from finishing what he had begun by his death.]

990 | 13 | 9 | 18 | 437 | 991 | 14 | 10 | 19 | 438 | 992 | 15 | 11 | 20 | 439 | 993 | 16 | 12 | 21 | 440 | The magnificent monastery of Marmasinia was begun by the upright prince of princes Vahram in the year of the era 437, and completed in the year 443.

SERGIUS, 24 years. 994 | 17 | 13 | 1 | 441 | After the nineteenth year of the lord Chacichius, our Church was without a bishop for three years, which we record in his years.

GAGHICUS, 29 years. 995 | 18 | 1 | 2 | 442 | 996 | 19 | 2 | 3 | 443 | Gaghicus, son of Asutius and brother of Sembatus Sahensahus, also called Sahensahus, surpassed all the Bagratunian kings in wisdom and fortitude. ^C 997 | 20 | 3 | 4 | 444 | 998 | 21 | 4 | 5 | 445 | Stephanus Asolnichius was known as an Armenian historical doctor (78).

999 | 22 | 5 | 6 | 446 | 1000 | 23 | 6 | 7 | 447 | 1001 | 24 | 7 | 8 | 448 | 1002 | 25 | 8 | 9 | 449 | 1003 | 26 | 9 | 10 | 450 | 1004 | 27 | 10 | 11 | 451 | 1005 | 28 | 11 | 12 | 452 | 1006 | 29 | 12 | 13 | 453 | 1007 | 30 | 13 | 14 | 454 | 1008 | 31 | 14 | 15 | 455 | 1009 | 32 | 15 | 16 | 456 | [That divine sheepfold of the rational flock of Christ, which King Gaghicus had begun to build in the city of Ania in the valley of Florum (similar to that most famous and magnificent monastery built by the patriarch Nerse), he finished in the thousandth year after our Lord had assumed human nature.] ^D

^A The cathedral temple of extraordinary beauty, which had been begun in his city of Ani by Sembat, was now finally crowned with its summits by command and at the expense of Queen Katramide, spouse of Gagik Sahansah, who was the brother of Sembat. Sembat the Magister built a heavenly temple, namely a most desirable college, whose name is Orbag nair. It was, moreover, an asylum for pious men.

John, Doctor of Coze, a man of eloquence.

When the regions of the Vaspuracanians were being devastated by the incursions of the Saracens, their king, Senecherim, having endured countless troubles for twenty-two years, finally transferred his domain into the power of the Emperor Basil in the year of the era 470, from whom he received in return the city of Sebaste with its provinces. However, Senecherim did not hand over to Basil the monasteries, which numbered 115. In the region, moreover, of which Basil took possession, 72 castles, 4,000 towns, and 8 cities were counted.

JOHN, 19 years. ^B This John, also called Sembat, was the son of Gagik Sahansah. The most illustrious Vest-Sergius not only built castles and sacred dwellings, but also adorned with great magnificence the beautiful chambers with which the temple, which is called Saint Sergius, is embellished.

ROMANUS, 5 years. Romanus gave the daughter of his own brother in marriage to our king, John. At this time, the city of Bergria was captured by the Saracens and overflowed with the blood of Christians at the destruction of the city itself.

^C At this time, the nobles, finding the actions of Patriarch Peter troublesome, disturbed him and intruded a certain Dioscurus from Sanahina, whom, however, the assembly of bishops did not venerate; nay, a synod of nearly four thousand men, partly ecclesiastical and partly also lay, having been gathered in the city of Ani, Peter was confirmed anew as patriarch in the apostolic see of the Holy Illuminator.

MICHAEL, 6 years.

Gregory the Magister, a Pahlavuni prince of the most learned sort, was known (82).

To King John (83), who died without offspring, succeeded Gaghicus, the son of Asutius. CYRA ZOE (84) — 11 years. GAGHICUS — 11 years. 1043 — 1 — 1 — 26 — 490 1044 — 2 — 2 — 27 — 491 MONOMACHUS — 12 years. 1045 — 1 — 28 — 492

Finally, after Gaghicus, no one from this lineage (85) was king. For the Greeks dominated for 21 years. Then Alphaslanus captured Ani, the metropolis of the Armenians, and utterly destroyed it.

Indeed, after the death of Sembat, who was also called John, the grandees, with the concurrence of the votes of the patriarch, Lord Peter, gathered in the magnificent cathedral church of the Armenian metropolis of Ani, and established Gaghicus, the nephew of King John through his brother, in the royal dignity of his uncle. But he neglected the martial studies upon which empires depend. Yet at these times, especially, powers needed to be sharpened, with the Ishmaelites raging, the Scythians making incursions, as we have already said, and finally the Greeks themselves seething with sedition, precisely because they saw their kingdom being administered by the judgment of a woman (86). This Gaghicus, I say, having been accustomed to being occupied in literary disciplines from his earliest youth, delighted in the same things even in imperial life. The Greeks, having understood this (for that race is fashioned of deceit), lured the man to themselves; making use first of the stratagems of our grandees, who, although they had confirmed by oath that his kingdom would be safely guarded by them, nevertheless did not keep the covenant of the Lord: which designs turned out with this result, that they themselves, indeed, as well as many others, perished in an inevitable destruction. For the Greeks, having removed the king to an island, sent governors every year: at which time the citizens and grandees of the city of Ani were contending in discord and ambition, and accusing one another of lèse-majesté against the emperor and of zeal for the Hagarenes. The nobles even dared to ensnare the patriarch himself with accusations, who in turn, compelled by necessity, brought them to judgment. Wherefore both were cast out from their homes and deported elsewhere: while meanwhile the common people lived almost lawless, according to their own whims. And this state of public affairs lasted for 21 years. When these had passed, a fiery whirlwind, driven by a southern blast, brought a man-eating beast, by whose conflagrations our nation was destroyed root and branch: indeed, the city of Ani itself was taken after a twenty-five-day siege, and its citizens

(82) Gregory, surnamed Magister, [held] the rank of magister with which the Greek emperor honored him. He is also called Pahlavuni and likewise Arsacide, on account of his lineage derived from the family of the Illuminator of the Armenians, St. Gregory. He is handed down as being endowed with a liberal and excellent character, a prince truly most learned, and skilled in the Greek and even Arabic languages. His grammatical treatise is held in his writings, and a volume of letters to friends filled with universal erudition: from which it is also known how greatly he desired to impel his own nation to every kind of discipline. (83) John, the penultimate king of the Armenians, and of the Bagratuni dynasty, which occupied [the throne] for about three hundred years, used for a long time the civil laws of the Sarmatian colony of the Armenians: on which account we rightly argue that the migration from Armenia into Sarmatia began around the eleventh century of the Christian era and that this same migration was subsequently increased because of the tyranny of the Saracens in Armenia. The Johannine law of this kind was not long ago abolished, when Joseph II Augustus, in the regions of Sarmatia subject to him, passed a law that both natives and Armenians should dispute in one kind of court, that is, by Austrian law. J. Zohrab had the Johannine code, translated into the Latin language (since a Haican exemplar did not appear), transcribed, and with other autographs and not insignificant fruits of his writings, he transferred them to Venice. (84) The name was corrupted in the Armenian codices. (85) Namely the Bagratuni. (86) The aforementioned Zoe.

727 APPENDIX TO EUSEBIUS' CHRONICLE 728

cut down like brushwood, so that the earth flowed with blood, and all things were defiled by lusts and debaucheries. The Lord is surely angered with fury, and has greatly abhorred His inheritance (87). Therefore, since the dignity of our kingdom is destroyed, it is fitting that the same should cease in our canon. For although some part of the scepter remained, that is, of those who resided in Cilicia (88) or elsewhere, nevertheless, even these, after the destruction of the metropolis, either came of their own accord under the power of the dragon or fled to the Greek emperor; and thus the enemies possessed our entire region. Now, however, we shall continue these canons down to our own age: and first, indeed, in the register [we shall present] the Creator clothed in human nature, then the emperors, then the patriarchs, and finally the era (89), starting from where we previously left off.

OLYMP. CHRISTI CONST. PATR. ÆRÆ ARM. Monomachus Petrus 456 1046 2 29 493 1047 3 30 494 1048 4 31 495 1049 5 32 496 457 1050 6 33 497 1051 7 34 498 1052 8 35 499 1053 9 36 500 458 1054 10 37 501 1055 11 38 502 1056 12 39 503 Master Peter [began] a journey to King Monomachus, Chachichius, his sister's son, [in the city of] Arz... Saracens made an incursion into the city of Arzam, and having put to the sword one hundred and forty thousand men, and led the rest into captivity, they consumed the city with fire.

(87) Ps. cv, 40. (88) He understands the Rubenian princes, who ruled over Cilicia, a part of Lesser Armenia, for nearly three hundred years. Now, how the royal dignity of Armenia passed from the Rubenian house to the Lusignan princes, who also possessed Cyprus, the learned Sammartinius teaches after others, p. 400 sqq. But how the Lusignan house transferred the kingdom of Armenia and Cyprus together to the princes of Savoy, it is pleasing to set forth here, having translated from the Italian language the letters which the associate of the Turin Academy and former head of the Royal Library, a most learned man and among the foremost illustriously, Baron Vernazza, wrote most diligently to us. Jacobus Hugone (Lusignan), born king of Cyprus, was invested with the diadem of the Cypriot kingdom in the year of Christ 1384 in the city of Nicosia. In the ninth year after, he was also called king of Armenia; although Armenia had been ruled for not a few years before by the stable authority of the Mahometans. From King Jacob was born John II, King of Cyprus, whose daughter Anna, Duchess of Savoy, died in the year 1462: whom indeed Ludovicus, son of Amedeus VIII—that is, the one who later held the Roman pontificate under the name Felix V—had married in the year 1452; having had of her no less than sixteen children, and surviving her by three years; until he had as successor that Amedeus IX, to whom the honor of Blessed is deferred by the Church. Anna, Duchess of Savoy, was the sister of John III, King of Cyprus. This John, however, besides an illegitimate male child named Jacob, begot of legitimate marriage an only daughter, Carlotta. Now this Carlotta, through the offices of her aunt Anna, wedded her cousin Ludovicus, Prince of Savoy, son of Duke Ludovicus. There exist in Guichenon, p. 386, among the authentic documents by which the genealogical history of the house of Savoy is supported, tables of these nuptials completed in the year 1458, on the sixth of the Ides of October, in which same year both parents of Carlotta died. Indeed, in the following year, on the ninth of the Ides of October, the nuptials of Ludovicus with Carlotta were celebrated in the city of Nicosia. Then also Duke Ludovicus, parent of the aforesaid Ludovicus, made the matter known to Charles VII, King of France, in letters written on the Ides of December, which letters Guichenon recites on p. 388. Carlotta, as it has been said, was the only daughter of John III, King of Cyprus, born of legitimate marriage: and therefore the Cyprian kingdom of her parent belonged to her alone by hereditary title, not without the right of Armenian lordship. And indeed, in the documents in Guichenon, p. 388, Duke Ludovicus writes these things to the King of France: "The marriage of Monsieur my son, the King, and Madame my daughter, Queen of Cyprus, of Jerusalem, and of Armenia (sic) has been solemnized and accomplished, and then Monsieur and his son were crowned." But indeed Jacob, the bastard, overcame Queen Carlotta with force and compelled her to depart from Cyprus. The bastard took as his wife Catharina Cornaria, a Venetian lady; and he was extinguished by poison in the year 1473. Then even after his posthumous son died two years later, Catharina persisted in the royal dignity. Therefore, two queens of Cyprus began to be called: the former, Carlotta, whose husband Ludovicus died in the month of August in the year 1482: she indeed, a queen by just right but using unjust fortune. The other, however, the domina, Catharina, the widow of the bastard, namely of him who had happily usurped the kingdom. Carlotta transferred whatever she had of royal dignity and right to the Duke of Savoy, Charles II, son of Amedeus IX, in the year 1485 on the seventh of the Kalends of March, and died at Rome in the month of July in the year 1487. Guichenon produces the documents of the matter on pp. 401 and 403. Catharina Cornaria in the year 1489 made the Republic of the Venetians the mistress of Cyprus, to whose empire Cyprus obeyed until the year 1571.

SAMUEL OF ANI, SUMMARY OF TIMES, PART II.

| OLYMP. | CHRISTI | CONST. | PATR. | ÆRÆ ARM. | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | | | Monomachus | | | | | | Petrus | |

CYRA THEODORA, ^A for three years. She consecrates and sets in her place [someone] in the year of the era 504. But after three years he returned and died at Sebaste in the year of the era 506.

James, the doctor of Sanahin, a man distinguished for literary praise.

CONSTANTINE DUCAS, ^B for ten years.

CHACICHIUS, for seven years. Lord Chacichius, the son of the sister of Lord Peter, occupied the see in the city of Ani. But having been summoned by Ducas, he suffered many grievances from him on account of the heavy tributes which he commanded be paid annually to the court of the Greeks by our patriarchs. Lord Chacichius died in the town of Thaupelurio.

GREGORAS, ^C for seventeen years. Lord Gregoras, who is also Vahram, the son of Gregory Magistros Pahlavuni, a man cultivated in the sciences, was elevated to the patriarchal dignity of the Armenians (90).

DIOGENES, for five years. Gaghicus, the King of Kings, ruler of Anandia, died. ^D

Diogenes, the king, accompanied by a huge army, attacked the Persians in war, and advanced as far as Manazacert, which he also occupied. When this was known, that tyrant Alphaslan at once stood against him, and in a great battle joined, Diogenes is overcome and captured. The victor later gifted him his liberty, on condition of tribute; but when his nation did not wish to obey him any longer, they created for themselves Michael, the son of Ducas, as king. Then Michael, having joined battle with Diogenes, departed the superior; but he [Diogenes], having lost his army, while clothed in a sack and being led to Michael by the soldiers, on the journey by command of Michael was deprived of his sight, and from the intolerable pain of this wound he died in the year of the era 521.

In the same year, the judgment of the most just Divinity shone forth against that tumid and unbridled beast whose name was Alphaslan. While he, with a horrible roar, was panting for the dominion of the earth, and while he was preparing to vomit the most bitter venom of his soul against those whom he had not yet ensnared in his claws, the wicked man was suddenly cut down by a sword-stroke from the earth and did not see the glory of God. Yet, before he emitted his most impure spirit, he is said to have looked at his slayer with admiration and stupor; and thus, killed, he cast himself down to the underworld with intense bitterness and a spirit stained by the slaughter of so many innocent and pious people.

I shall here fulfill my promises, namely, I shall pursue the remaining narration of this time, which it was necessary to pass over in the place above. That divine philologist (the doctor Sarcavacus) therefore continues to say: When that happy Melichsahus, after the death of Alphaslan his father, was flourishing in the glory of the empire, he used a system of government that was truly in a most beautiful order. For he was indeed, as his name indicated, the King of Kings.

(90) To this Patriarch Gregoras, the son of Gregory Magistros, the cognomen Vegaiaser was attached—that is, "Lover of Martyrs"—because, among many other things which he translated from the Greek language, he saw to the compilation of the Armenian Menologium, partly by himself and partly by his command.

He did not emulate the character or customs of his father; indeed, he held such contrary inclinations that he thought there was nothing more unjust, nor anything more opposed to peace or to human life in general, than his father's counsels and desires. Having therefore arranged all things well, and excelling many kings—and certainly all those who have existed in our memory—in prudence and fortitude, there was nothing he strove for more earnestly than to live most justly and to be a burden to no one by injury or pride. Moreover, he was endowed with a liberal natural spirit and a profound sagacity of mind, as well as a stature of body which became a king; and there was such great gentleness and sweetness of manner in him that he was wondrously beloved. And for my part, I consider only a king of this sort to be rich. In a short time, he brought almost the entire world under his sway, whereas other kings, even after a long time, or indeed never, are accustomed to possess such an empire. But he, to be sure, made use of benevolence and civility rather than military force. Since he attained so much in such a short time, it would surely have come to pass, as I judge, that not even Europe would have withdrawn itself from the borders of his kingdom, had he not departed this life too soon. These things Sarcavacus recounts regarding his life; he reigned for twenty years. Soon I shall append what the aforementioned author narrates concerning his death.

[TABLE: OLYMP. | CHRISTI | CONST. | PATR. | ERE ARM. | Michael | Gregoras]

MICHAEL, 8 years.

1075 | 1 | 9 | 522

In the year 1081 of the era, while the tyranny of the Saracens was in force, Prince Ausinus departed from his hereditary domain named Maireaz Ciurch, situated against Ganzaga, accompanied by his brother Algamus, his mother, his wife, and others of the highest nobility, having also carried off all his household goods. Having entered Cilicia, he reclaimed for himself from the power of the Saracens the most celebrated fortress of Lamprunia, at the roots of Mount Taurus, where the metropolis of Tarsus is also located.

1076 | 2 | 10 | 523 1077 | 3 | 11 | 524 464 | 1078 | 4 | 12 | 525 | Lord Gregoras goes to Constantinople for the interpretation of books that was to be undertaken.

In the year 525 of the era, King Gaghicus betook himself to Tarsus to Apelgaripus, an Armenian prince who was his kinsman. But when he retreated from there, he was attacked by force by the Greek princes near Argia and ended his life by a noose. Others, however, say that he was addicted to hunting and, while sleeping by chance, was captured by the Mandaliani, then taken to the fortress of Candruscoria and killed there. The remaining princes of the Armenians were terrified by this alarm and slipped away in flight. Yet among their number, a certain prince, a kinsman of Gaghicus named Rubenus, who held the fortress of the Causitae, upon learning of the death of Gaghicus, migrated with his whole house into the parts of Phrygia and occupied the town of Colmesolum. By chance, many colonists of the Armenian race were living in the mountains there; having joined these to himself, the illustrious Rhupenius became sufficiently strengthened, held the mountainous region by arms, and, having driven out the Greeks, inhabited their towns.

1079 | 5 | 13 | 526 1080 | 6 | 14 | 527 1081 | 7 | 15 | 528 465 | 1082 | 8 | 16 | 529

Georgius and Stephanus, doctors, become famous for their writings and deeds.

ALEXIUS, 38 years.

1083 | 1 | 17 | 530

^A 1084 | 2 | 1 | 531 1085 | 3 | 2 | 532 1086 | 4 | 3 | 533 1087 | 5 | 4 | 534 1088 | 6 | 5 | 535 1089 | 7 | 6 | 536 1090 | 8 | 7 | 537 1091 | 9 | 8 | 538 1092 | 10 | 9 | 539 1093 | 11 | 10 | 540 1094 | 12 | 11 | 541

After the death of the lord Gregora Pablavuni, the lord Basilius, the son of his sister, succeeded him, whom the lord Gregorius himself had previously consecrated while he was preparing for a journey into foreign lands for the sake of translating books and other business. † BASILIUS, 32 years. ^B A horrendous famine devastated our region, when, as it is evident, the measure of our sins had been completed. In this year, the Sultan Melichsahus died.

Truly, since the entire world, and especially Armenia, enjoyed peace while Melichsahus reigned—to which indeed previous tyrants had for so long proffered a deadly cup—it is fitting to transcribe the laudatory words of the aforementioned excellent doctor, who, after he had finished the matters of his life, writes again a highly elaborate and lengthy oration, narrating his death in this way: "In the year of the era 541, the supreme minister of the Persian king Melichsahus was killed, whose name was Hasanus, but whose title of dignity was Vezrucius Chogia. Twenty-eight days later, Melichsahus himself also perished by poison, as is the rumor, corrupted by his wife: a man benevolent and most mild toward everyone, but almost singularly so toward Christians. ^C His death was followed by an incredible disturbance of all nations for four years. For both his brother Dedusius and his son Bechiaruchus, waging wars in these years, overturned every kind of good institution, while neither firmly possessed the kingdom. Meanwhile, blood flowed like mountain torrents, not only of those struggling in war, but also of citizens and provincials of every rank: besides other hardships of famine and captivities. Thus, indeed, happiness departed with the life of the king: to whom, indeed, the labor of royal cares had pertained; but to others, whether nobles or plebeians, the fruits and comforts of those cares had redounded—namely, the security of life, the abundance of goods, and the pushing away of evils. He loved our nation to such a degree that he requested prayers and blessings; for which cause he also summoned the patriarch to his court. And would that he had passed over to Christian rites and customs!" The seat of his empire was Aspahana, which is the metropolis of the Persians, and there he ended his life.

1095 | 13 | 12 | 542 1096 | 14 | 13 | 543 1097 | 15 | 14 | 544 1098 | 16 | 15 | 545 1099 | 17 | 16 | 546

The cycle of five hundred years turns (95). Dedusius, king of Damascus, Palestine, and the neighboring region, is killed in battle at Aspahana by Bechiaruchus in the year of the era 544. ^D Our prince Constantinus, son of Ruben, having treated the Roman nation with abundant humanity, was in turn adorned with honor.

The Romans cross through Thrace into Asia, that they might go to avenge the injuries of the Scythians, Persians, and Saracens against the Christians. They are, however, afflicted by many inconveniences by the son of Satan, Alexius, king of the Greeks in the city of Constantinople. He raged against them partly with secret, partly with manifest treachery, even with deadly food: then, he astutely signaled to the barbarians by what method they might be captured—even while he committed his own men to the worst artifice of their command. May the Lord eventually avenge these things! Since this man, and his mother as well, as we have heard from many, were alien to the Christian rite. The doctor Sarcavacus also commemorates this.

The Romans take Jerusalem by force from the Saracens, with sixty-five thousand of the enemy slain in the temple, and still more in the city. The lord Vahramus was staying in Jerusalem while the city was being captured (96).

APPENDIX TO THE CHRONICLE OF EUSEBIUS

OLYMP. | CHRISTI | CONST. | PATR. | ÆRA ARM --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Alexius | Basilius | | 470 | 1100 | 18 | 17 | 547 | 1101 | 19 | 18 | 548 | 1102 | 20 | 19 | 549 | 1103 | 21 | 20 | 550 | 1104 | 22 | 21 | 551 | 1105 | 23 | 22 | 552 | Bechiaruchus, son of Melichsahi, died. 471 | 1106 | 24 | 23 | 553 | Chezilus takes the Laura, and moreover burns the sacred monasteries of Halba and Sanahina. | 1107 | 25 | 24 | 554 | 1108 | 26 | 25 | 555 | 1109 | 27 | 26 | 556 472 | 1110 | 28 | 27 | 557 | The Scythian tyrant Chezilus (which is interpreted as "Red") is killed while the city of Devina, besieged for the sixth month already, was being taken. | 1111 | 29 | 28 | 558 | 1112 | 30 | 29 | 559 | Manucieus, emir of Ani, died. | 1113 | 31 | 30 | 560 | The pious and splendid prince Gol-Vasilius, lord of many provinces, died in Christ. 473 | 1114 | 32 | 31 | 561 | 1115 | 33 | 32 | 562

The lord Basilius, patriarch of the Armenians, died, and the lord Gregorius took up his dignity, residing with great glory on the throne of the diocese of St. Gregorius the Illuminator of the Armenians, of whose lineage it was established that he had sprung. Adorned abundantly with the grace of God, he attained testimonies of the highest honor not only from our own men, but also from foreign kings and princes, and indeed even from the kings and pontiffs of the Romans, on account of the integrity and sanctity of his character. He undertook a journey to the holy city of Jerusalem, and there gazed in veneration upon the holy places in which God, humbled to human nature, became a participant in the passion of Christ so that he might also become a sharer in his glory. For there, indeed, the Roman nation, mistress of those same places, which they designate by the name of the Franks, recognized how great was the abundance of divine grace in our patriarch: for from the exquisite form of his body and his majesty, the beauty of his spirit was easily understood, as well as the genuine orthodoxy of his faith, which he expressed clearly and according to the truest canons, and not without decorous eloquence. By these things the Romans, marvelously delighted, were joined to our patriarch and to the Armenian nation by a bond of the highest love. Thus are all things administered by the providence of God: for the Lord did not cast off his people, as the words of the Psalmograph testify. In the same year of the epoch in which patriarch Basilius died, Georgius the doctor, known as Melricius, was translated to the Lord in death (97).

Again, in the same year, the brave Roman Tancred, who held Antioch and many other cities and provinces—an excellent and upright man—was put to death by poison by his patriarch in the same city of Antioch. Finally, in that same year, during the forty-day fast of holy Easter, on the Wednesday of the fifth week, on the day the stars were once created, there was an eclipse of the sun.

GREGORIUS (98) for 53 years.

| | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- 474 | 1116 | 34 | 1 | 563 | The Christians build Characum Saupacum. | 1117 | 35 | 2 | 564 | 1118 | 36 | 3 | 565 | Upon the death of Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, the second Baldwin, surnamed Tepurus (99), a kinsman of the former, reigns for 15 years. | 1119 | 37 | 4 | 566 | 1120 | 38 | 5 | 567

CALOJOANNES reigned for no few years.

1121 | 6 | 568 | Upon the death of Alexius, his son Calojoannes reigns. 1122 | 7 | 569 | David, king of the Iberians, inflicts a great defeat on Elchazius and Melchius. 1123 | 8 | 570 | King David captures Tiflis. 1124 | 9 | 571 1125 | 10 | 572 1126 | 11 | 573 | A fierce battle at Carmirovitis, in which the army of the Franks and the Armenians was defeated through the treachery of the nobles. At that time, Rogerius, the prefect of Antioch, was also longed for [i.e., killed or lost], together with a great number of soldiers.

Weary at last of the incursions, robberies, destructions, and slaughters with which the Iberians and Saracens were vying with one another to vex the province of Ani and the region of Siracene, the inhabitants, in order to drive this storm away from themselves, decided to flee to the protection of David, king of the Iberians. Consequently, a conspiracy was formed against the emir Apelsuarus, son of Manucie, who, after the death of his father, had succeeded to the rule of Ani. King David, however, was received into the city through gates that were opened to him; and through this sudden entry, no one suffered any injury to their life. He took with him the captive Apelsuarus and his children into Iberia; he settled them in a place so pestilential that, before long, the father and two of his children perished. Meanwhile, when the brave David had also bowed to the laws of nature, Demetrius, his son—abounding in every virtue of youthful discipline—accrued the kingdom of Iberia. Then indeed Phatlunus, the eldest of the sons of Apelsuarus, who had been lingering for so long with the great emir in Khorasan, having learned of the calamity of his parent and the noxious nature of the location, hastened to swoop down into our regions; and having defeated the suburban prefects, he surrounded the metropolis with a siege. A cruel famine then lasted for an entire year; and when the citizens went out at night to procure food, the enemy, having laid traps, would slaughter the men, so that the earth rankled with blood and bones, while he sold the women and children. ^A Yet even so, distinguished men, leaders from Iberia, arrived from time to time, such as that famous and intrepid Ivanes, son of Abulethus, who with a brave heart cut down the invaders. When Phatlunus attacked the city with a great force, he, accompanied by only a few, with the aid of the citizens, delivered the city from danger. Nor should one pass over the manly deed of a certain woman in that struggle, who, quite boldly standing upon the walls, repelled the enemies with volleys of stones, scorning the arrows with which she was being attacked from outside. The woman’s name was Caprea, which was consistent with her swiftness. Nevertheless, the kingdom of the Iberians not yet being sufficiently established in that city, and with famine and slaughter raging daily, the citizens were forced to surrender the city back to the power of Phatlunus, after receiving an oath of fidelity from him that he would decree nothing against those who had betrayed his father and brothers. Although he did not decline this treaty at the time, nevertheless, once matters were settled, he attacked and punished them with various types of denunciations. During his reign, there was indeed peace in Armenia from the usual incursions, but both previous losses and the force of tributes and robberies resulted in extreme poverty and a scarcity of all things among us; which state of affairs, having grown with increments since that age, persists even to our own times. ^B But the holy patriarch and prelate of the faith, Lord Gregory, because he had made a friendly pact with Apelsuarus in order to protect his see, upon hearing of this conspiracy of the Anians, was vehemently enraged against the authors of the crime.

1127 | 12 | 574 1128 | 13 | 575 1129 | 14 | 576 1130 | 15 | 577 | Demetrius, king of the Charasgurians, who had shut himself up in the fortress of Athabeg with many soldiers, captured it. In the same year, Abulethus and Ivanes, son of Damania, took it. In the same year also, Ivanes and Sembatus took possession of Chunania. 1131 | 16 | 578 | In Halbata, the great doctor of the Armenians, Ioannes surnamed Sarcavacus, died in Christ. 1132 | 17 | 579 | The holy temple of the Redeemer at Ani collapsed on the 17th day of the month of Mareri, on a Thursday. 1133 | 18 | 580 | 1134 | 19 | 581 | This year died the most famous doctor David, son of Alucius. Phatlunus is killed in battle in the seventh year of his reign; his brother Mahmutus succeeds him.

^A 1135. Chuzus, amira of Abulethum, routed Ivanes. 1136. Demetrius captured Abulethum and Ivanes. 1137. 1138. 1139. 1140. On the fifteenth day of the month of Areg, the city of Ganzaga was destroyed by an earthquake, and two famous doctors, Gregory and Sergius, were crushed by the walls. In Halbata, too, the church was razed. In the same year, Charasgurus defeated Ivanes in Gangenchia.

1141–1149. [Table entries omitted] ^B 1150. There was an eclipse of the sun on the second day of August, a Wednesday, which lasted from the seventh hour of the day until the ninth hour in the afternoon. Doctor Egnatius was recounting the Gospel of Luke in a wonderful manner. Ciaulius took possession of the castles of Chacienia, deceiving their lords and princes with fraud and perjury. Thus he destroyed the region with famine, sword, and captivity.

In this year, the Roman race with an incalculable army crossed the sea around the same Thrace, through which their prior crossing had also taken place, which we recalled above in the year 546. They bore no memory of those troubles which they had once suffered at the hands of the son of Belial, Alexius: for they did not sense the cunning and deceitful guile of the Greeks, since they considered Alexius a companion of the faith and a servant of Christ. ^C For this reason, even at this time, unmindful of past evils, they were more gravely deceived and deluded by his nephew, whose name alludes to the Antichrist: for he, greatly abhorring the deeds and religion of Manuel, was called Manuel.

1151. Thorus, a prince, burning with anger against the Greeks, slaughtered ten thousand of their people, with the intent of avenging the murder of Stephen, whom they had cruelly thrown, while captured, into a boiling cauldron. 1152–1163. [Table entries omitted] Doctor Sergius was composing commentaries on the Catholic Epistles. The Iberians defeated Salduchinus near Ama and indeed captured him.

In the year of the era 601, the king of the Iberians, Georgius, captured Ani on the thirteenth day of June: shortly after, at the beginning of August, he routed eighty thousand soldiers with seven thousand: a fact which we saw with our own eyes, that is to say, recorded in the commentaries as twenty-three thousand, besides the remaining multitude which covered our field with their corpses. ^D When, however, the year of the era 602 arrived, on the twenty-first day of August, Georgius occupied the city of Devin, and from there he led away sixty thousand captives, and he also destroyed their superstitious chapels. Then, in the year of the era 612, the Sultan of Chorasan, with incalculable forces of armed men, progressed to the gates of our Ani and terrified the inhabitants with dread: but after the thirtieth day, the most cunning man secretly departed and, inflicting a great slaughter upon Georgius and his forces, he withdrew into his kingdom.

PART II OF SAMUEL OF ANI’S SUMMARY OF TIMES

The wicked Eltcuzus set fire to the large town of Asnaghi, in which conflagration it is believed that seven thousand men were consumed.

| OLYMP. | CHRISTI | CONST. | PATR. | ÆRÆ ARM. | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | | Manuel | Gregorius | | | | 1164 | 30 | 49 | 611 | | | 1165 | 31 | 50 | 612 | | 486 | 1166 | 32 | 51 | 613 | | | 1167 | 33 | 52 | 614 | | | 1168 | 34 | 53 | 615 |

At this time, a huge earthquake shook Ezencham. ^A

| 487 | 1169 | 35 | 1 | 616 | NERSES, 7 years. Upon the death of Lord Gregorius, his brother, Lord Nerses, succeeded him for seven years. | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | 1170 | 36 | 2 | 617 | | | | 1171 | 37 | 3 | 618 | | | | 1172 | 38 | 4 | 619 | | | | 1173 | 39 | 5 | 620 | | | | 1174 | 40 | 6 | 621 | | | 488 | 1175 | 41 | 7 | 622 | |

In this year, the great Armenian prince Thorus died. ^B

| | | GREGORIUS, 22 years. | | | After Lord Nerses was carried off to Christ by death, Lord Gregorius, surnamed Degha, succeeded him. | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | 1176 | 42 | 1 | 623 | | | | 1177 | 43 | 2 | 624 | | | 489 | 1178 | 44 | 3 | 625 | | | | 1179 | 45 | 4 | 626 | |

^C It seems that Samuel of Ani wrote this account of the times at the command of the prelate. Since we have seen the seal marked with the name of Gregorius, by which the Eusebian codex was distinguished, who can define with undoubted conjecture whether it indicates Gregorius Degha or any other patriarch of that name? Indeed, it is possible that Gregorius Degha kept that Eusebian codex, which was already very precious, in his library, and, moved by the reading of it, compelled the presbyter Samuel by his mandate not only to compile his summary but even to extend the history up to his own times. ^D

NOTICE

The chronological and astronomical treatises that follow, since they are held in high esteem by the learned, and since the ancient Christian chronologists rely upon them as if upon a foundation, we have thought it our duty to reprint them, confident that this not insignificant supplement to Eusebius’s Chronological Canons will be welcome to the studious reader. Ed.

TREATISES OF ANCIENT WRITERS ON CHRONOLOGY AND ASTRONOMY

DIONYSIUS PETAVIUS TO THE READER (a)

Among the authors edited below, the first is Geminus, who appeared more than forty years ago, in Greek and Latin, by the hand of Edone Hildericus; he is an ancient and learned writer. For he lived in the age of Sulla and Cicero, as is evident from those things which we observe in the notes on page 19. It is agreed among all that his homeland was Rhodes. But that he lived in Rome and in Italy is not a light conjecture, and that he wrote this commentary there, as we noted in the same annotations. And this is sufficiently evidenced by the very name of Geminus, showing that the man was involved in the usage and commerce of the Latins; and perhaps he was a freedman, or a client of some family which had this as a peculiar surname, namely that of the Servilii. Proclus, in his Commentaries on the prior books of Euclid, praises Geminus not once, whom he constantly names [Geminon], with the penult circumflexed: from which it is gathered that he wrote certain things about geometry. Evidence for this is provided by the catalog of books which have recently been brought into England from the Baroccian library, among which the book of Geminus exists, though not yet edited. But also the [Sphere] of Proclus is nothing other than certain chapters of the [Isagoge] of Geminus, which fact we have declared in its proper place. We have often and gladly used the testimony of this writer in those matters which pertain to the years of ancient Greece and Egypt. For concerning the former, there is no one who has spoken more diligently and expressly, and to whose antiquity and erudition greater account ought to be held. If Scaliger had taken him as a counselor, or if he had read him more attentively, he would not have brought that prejudged notion of his concerning the Greek year [to the consideration of his treatise], nor would he have produced those fictions of his concerning the Greek and Attic year, which are both most absurd and are refuted by the authority of Geminus alone above others.

Therefore, we have placed him first with the old Latin interpretation, which surely deserved a better and more elegant one: and it was our intention to undertake a new one, had I not judged it better to confer that labor on Hipparchus and others who had none at all. We have, however, exactly corrected the Greek according to the faith of the ancient manuscripts: from which we possessed one ourselves, not so ancient, but accurate and written primarily in an elegant manner. Another is found in the Oxford library, with which Henry Briggs, the Oxford mathematician, diligently compared the edition of Hildericus; and Luke Holstenius of Hamburg—a most learned man who today lives in Rome in the retinue of the illustrious Cardinal Barberini—had requested this from him in my name. By the help and benefit of both, we received an index of various readings, which, with a few exceptions, we found to be the same in our own codex. Wherefore, whatever you may find, studious reader, to be otherwise in this new edition of Geminus than in the former, know that it has been changed by the authority and consent of both. And those things are neither few nor light, as one who has read both will recognize.

After Geminus follows the book of Ptolemy, which is read in the ancient codex inscribed [Phasis atlanōn episēmasiōn], as we have edited it. A certain friend, who had transcribed it from an ancient codex, provided us with a copy of it. And afterward we found the same in the Royal Library; and we received it for use from that distinguished man, Nicholas Rigaltius, from which we have also corrected not a few things. Concerning the author of this, I have nothing to say beyond those things which I have set forth in the notes. To whom, indeed, three calendars of the same subject matter are appended. The first is that which was edited under the false name of Ptolemy by Leonicus, and translated from the Greek; what a tumultuous miscellany this is from various parapegmata...